Psychopharmacologic treatment of pediatric major depressive disorder

Psychopharmacology

Volumn 191, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 27-38

  Boylan, Khrista ^a   Romero, Soledad ^b   Birmaher, Boris ^b  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

Antidepressant; Diagnosis; Major depressive disorder; Pharmacotherapy; Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; Symptoms

Indexed keywords

AMFEBUTAMONE; AMITRIPTYLINE; AMOXAPINE; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ATOMOXETINE; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CITALOPRAM; ESCITALOPRAM; FLUOXETINE; FLUVOXAMINE; IMIPRAMINE; MAPROTILINE; MIRTAZAPINE; NEFAZODONE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NORTRIPTYLINE; PAROXETINE; SEROTONIN NORADRENALIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SERTRALINE; THEOPHYLLINE; TRAZODONE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; VENLAFAXINE; WARFARIN;

AKATHISIA; ANXIETY DISORDER; APPETITE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CHILD PSYCHIATRY; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMORBIDITY; DECREASED APPETITE; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DIAPHORESIS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HUMAN; HYPERACTIVITY; HYPOMANIA; INCREASED APPETITE; LETHALITY; LIVER FAILURE; LIVER INJURY; MAINTENANCE THERAPY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MONOTHERAPY; NIGHTMARE; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PRIAPISM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY; PSYCHOPHARMACOTHERAPY; RESTLESSNESS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SEDATION; SEROTONIN SYNDROME; SEXUALITY; SIDE EFFECT; SLEEP; SUICIDAL IDEATION; SUICIDE ATTEMPT; SYMPTOM; TACHYCARDIA; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VIVID DREAM; WEIGHT GAIN; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; CHILD; CHILD PSYCHOLOGY; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE; DRUG MONITORING; DRUG RESISTANCE; HUMANS; PATIENT SELECTION; PSYCHOTHERAPY; RECURRENCE; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; TREATMENT FAILURE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 33847092919     PISSN: 00333158     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00213-006-0442-z     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Alderman J, Wolkow R, Chung M, Johnston HF (1998) Sertraline treatment of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder or depression: pharmacokinetics, tolerability, and efficacy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37:386-394
2. Altschuler LL, Suppes T, Black DO, Nolen WA, Leverich G, Keck PE Jr, Frye MA, Kupka R, McElroy SL, Grunze H, Kitchen CMR, Post R (2006) Lower switch rate in depressed patients with bipolar II than bipolar I disorder treated adjunctively with second generation antidepressants. Am J Psychiatry 163:313-315
3. American Academy of Children and Adolescent Psychiatry (1998) Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37(Suppl 10):63-83
4. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (2004) Practice parameter for use of electroconvulsive therapy with adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 43:1521-1539
5. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (2006) Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry (submitted)
6. American Psychiatric Association (1994a) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), 4th edn. Washington, D.C.
7. American Psychiatric Association (1994b) Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 41:1-35
8. American Psychiatric Association (2000) Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder (revision). Am J Psychiatry 157(Suppl 4):1-45
9. Axelson D, Perel J, Rudolph G, Birmaher B, Brent D (2000a) Sertraline pediatric/adolescent PK-PD parameters: dose/plasma level ranging for depression. Clin Pharmacol Ther 67:169
10. Axelson D, Perel J, Rudolph G, Birmaher B, Nuss S, Brent D (2000b) Significant differences in pharmacokinetics/dynamics of Citalopram between adolescents and adults: implications for clinical dosing. Proceedings of the 39th annual meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, p 122 (abstract)
11. Beck AT (1967) Depression: clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. Harper & Row, New York
12. Birmaher B, Ryan ND, Williamson DE, Brent DA, Kaufman J, Dahl R, Perel J, Nelson B (1996a) Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10 years - part I. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35:1427-1439
13. Birmaher B, Ryan ND, Williamson DE, Brent DA, Kaufman J (1996b) Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10 years - part II. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35:1575-1583
14. Birmaher B, Brent DA, Kolko D, Baugher M, Bridge J, Holder D, Iyengar S, Ulloa RE (2000) Clinical outcome after short-term psychotherapy for adolescents with major depressive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:29-36
15. Birmaher B, Arbelaez C, Brent D (2002) Course and outcome of child and adolescent major depressive disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 11:619-637
16. Birmaher B, Axelson DA, Monk K, Kalas C, Clark DB, Ehmann M, Bridge J, Heo J, Brent DA (2003) Fluoxetine for the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42:415-423
17. Birmaher B, Williamson D, Dahl R, Axelson D, Kaufman J, Dorn L, Ryan N (2004) Clinical presentation and course of depression in youth. Does onset in childhood differ from onset in adolescence? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 43:63-70
18. Boyer EW, Shannon M (2005) The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med 352:1112-1120
19. Brent DA (2004) Antidepressants and pediatric depression: the risk of doing nothing. N Engl J Med 351:1598-1601
20. Brent DA, Poling K, McCain B, Baugher M (1993) A psychoeducational program for families of affectively ill children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 32:770-774
21. Brent DA, Kolko D, Birmaher B, Baugher M, Bridge J, Roth C, Holder D (1998) Predictors of treatment efficacy in a clinical trial of three psychosocial treatments for adolescent depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37:906-914
22. Bridge JA, Salary CB, Birmaher B, Asare AG, Brent DA (2005) The risks and benefits of antidepressant treatment for youth depression. Ann Med 37:404-412
23. Bridge JA, Iyengar S, Salary CB, Barbe RP, Birmaher B, Pincus H, et al (2006) Efficacy and risk of emergent suicidality with antidepressant medication treatment for pediatric major depressive, obsessive-compulsive, and non-OCD anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. (Submitted)
24. Cheung AH, Emslie GJ, Mayes TL (2005) Review of the efficacy and safety of antidepressants in youth depression. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 46:735-754
25. Clarke G, Debar L, Lynch F, Powell J, Gale J, O'Connor E, Ludman E, Bush T, Lin EH, Von Korff M, Hertert S (2005) A randomized effectiveness trial of brief cognitive-behavioral therapy for depressed adolescents receiving antidepressant medication. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44:888-998
26. Clein PD, Riddle MA (1995) Pharmacokinetics in children and adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 4:59-75
27. Daviss WB, Bentivoglio P, Racusin R, Brown KM, Bostic JQ, Wiley L (2001) Bupropion sustained release in adolescents with comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40:307-314
28. Daviss WB, Perel JM, Rudolph GR, Axelson DA, Gilchrist R, Nuss S, Birmaher B, Brent DA (2005) Steady-state pharmacokinetics of bupropion SR in juvenile patients. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44:349-357
29. Depression Guideline Panel (1993) Depression in primary care: vol I. Treatment of major depression. Clinical practice guidelines. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Services, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Rockville, MD
30. Emslie GJ, Mayes TL (2001) Mood disorders in children and adolescents: psychopharmacological treatment. Biol Psychiatry 49:1082-1090
31. Emslie GJ, Rush AJ, Weinberg WA, Kowatch RA, Hughes CW, Carmody T, Rintelmann J (1997) A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in children and adolescents with depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54:1031-1037
32. Emslie GJ, Rush AJ, Weinberg WA, Kowatch RA, Carmody T, Mayes TL (1998) Fluoxetine in child and adolescent depression: acute and maintenance treatment. Depress Anxiety 7:32-39
33. Emslie GJ, Mayes TL, Laptook RS, Batt M (2003) Predictors of response to treatment in children and adolescents with mood disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am 26:435-456
34. Emslie GJ, Heiligenstein JH, Hoog SL, Wagner KD, Findling RL, McCracken JT, Nilsson ME, Jacobson JG (2004a) Fluoxetine treatment for prevention of relapse of depression in children and adolescents: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 43:1397-1405
35. Emslie GJ, Hughes CW, Crismon ML, Lopez M, Toprac MG, Boemer C (2004b) A feasibility study of the childhood depression medication algorithm: the Texas Children's Medication Algorithm Project (CMAP). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 43:519-527
36. Emslie GJ, Mayes TL, Ruberu M (2005) Continuation and maintenance therapy of early-onset major depressive disorder. Paediatr Drugs 7:203-217
37. Ferro T, Verdeli H, Pierre F, Weissman MM (2000) Screening for depression in mothers bringing their offspring for evaluation or treatment of depression. Am J Psychiatry 57:375-379
38. Findling RL, Reed MD, Myers C, O'Riordan MA, Fiala S, Branicky L, Waldorf B, Blumer JL (1999) Paroxetine pharmacokinetics in depressed children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 38:952-959
39. Findling RL, McNamara NK, Stansbrey RJ, Feeny NC, Young CM, Peric FV, Youngstrom EA (2006) The relevance of pharmacokinetic studies in designing efficacy trials in juvenile major depression. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 16:131-145
40. Fleck MP, Horwath E (2005) Pharmacologic management of difficult-to-treat depression in clinical practice. Psychiatr Serv 56:1005-1111
41. Fombonne E, Wostear G, Cooper V, Harrington R, Rutter M (2001) The Maudsley long-term follow-up of child and adolescent depression. 2. Suicidality, criminality and social dysfunction in adulthood. Br J Psychiatry 179:218-223
42. Geller B, Fox LW, Clark KA (1994) Rate and predictors of prepubertal bipolarity during follow-up of 6- to 12-year-old depressed children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33:461-468
43. Gershon AA, Dannon PN, Grunhaus L (2003) Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression. Am J Psychiatry 160:835-845
44. Goodyer IM, Herbert J, Secher SM, Pearson J (1997) Short-term outcome of major depression: I. Comorbidity and severity at presentation as predictors of persistent disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36:179-187
45. Goodyer IM, Herbert J, Altham PM (1998) Adrenal, steroid secretion and major depression in 8- to 16-year-olds, III. Influence of cortisol/DHEA ratio at presentation on subsequent rates of disappointing life events and persistent major depression. Psychol Med 28:265-273
46. Gould MS, Fisher P, Parides M, Flory M, Shaffer D (1996) Psychosocial risk factors of child and adolescent completed suicide. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53:1155-1162
47. Guy W (1976) Clinical global improvement scale. In: ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology. U.S. National Institute of Mental Health, Psychopharmacology Research Branch, Rockville, MD, p 76
48. Hammad (2004) US Food and Drug Administration. Relationship between psychotropic drugs and pediatric suicidality. http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ ac/04/briefing/2004-4065b1-10-TAB08-Hammads-Review.pdf
49. Hammad TA, Laughren T, Racoosin J (2006) Suicidality in pediatric patients treated with antidepressant drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63:332-339
50. Hamilton M (1960) A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 23:56-61
51. Hamilton JD, Bridge J (1999) Outcome at 6 months of 50 adolescents with major depression treated in a health maintenance organization. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 38:1340-1346
52. Hazell P (2005) Depression in children and adolescents. Clin Evid 13:329-342
53. Hughes C, Preskorn S, Weller E, Weller R, Hassanein R, Tucker S (1990) The effect of concomitant disorders in childhood depression on predicting treatment response. Psychopharmacol Bull 26:235-238
54. Hughes CW, Emslie GJ, Crismon ML, Wagner KD, Birmaher B, Geller B, Pliszka SR, Ryan ND, Strober M, Trivedi MH, Toprac MG, Sedillo A, Llana ME, Lopez M, Rush AJ (1999) The Texas Children's Medication Algorithm Project: report of the Texas consensus conference panel on medication treatment of childhood major depressive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 38:1442-1454
55. Joffe RT, Singer W (1990) A comparison of triidothryonine and thyroxine in the potentiation of antidepressants. Psychiatry Res 32:241-252
56. Kendall PC (1994) Treating anxiety disorders in children: results of a randomized clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psychol 62:100-110
57. Keller MB, Ryan ND, Stober M, Klein RG, Kutcher SP, Birmaher B, Hagino OR, Koplewicz H, Carlson GA, Clarke GN, Emslie GJ, Feinberg D, Geller B, Kusumakar V, Papatheodorou G, Sack WH, Sweeney M, Wagner KD, Weller EB, Winters NC, Oakes R, McCafferty JP (2001) Efficacy of paroxetine in the treatment of adolescent major depression: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40:762-772
58. Klein DN, Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR, Rohde P (2001) A family study of major depressive disorder in a community sample of adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:13-20
59. Kovacs M (2001) Gender and the course of major depressive disorder through adolescence in clinically referred youngsters. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40:1079-1085
60. Kovacs M, Goldston D, Gatsonis C (1993) Suicidal behaviors and childhood-onset depressive disorders: a longitudinal investigation. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 32:8-20
61. Kowatch RA, Fristad M, Birmaher B, Wagner KD, Findling RL, Hellander M (2005) Treatment guidelines for children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44:213-235
62. Kroll L, Harrington R, Jayson D, Fraser J, Gowers S (1996) Pilot study of continuation cognitive-behavioral therapy for major depression in adolescent psychiatric patients. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35:1156-1161
63. Lake MB, Birmaher B, Wassick S, Mathos K, Yelovich AK (2000) Bleeding and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in childhood and adolescence. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 10:35-38
64. Leonard HL, March J, Rickler KC, Allen AJ (1997) Review of the pharmacology of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36:725-736
65. Lewinsohn PM, Allen NB, Seeley JR, Gotlib IH (1999) First onset versus recurrence of depression: differential processes of psychosocial risk. J Abnorm Psychol 108:483-489
66. Lim CJ, Leckman JF, Young C, Martin A (2005) Antidepressant-induced manic conversion: a developmentally informed synthesis of the literature. Int Rev Neurobiol 65:25-52
67. Luby JL, Mrakotsky C, Heffelfinger A, Brown K, Hessler M, Spitznagel E (2003) Modification of DSM-IV criteria for depressed preschool children. Am J Psychiatry 160:1169-1172
68. Mandoki MW, Tapia MR, Tapia MA, Sumner GS, Parker JL (1997) Venlafaxine in the treatment of children and adolescents with major depression. Psychopharmacol Bull 33:149-154
69. Mann JJ, Emslie G, Baldessarini RJ, Beardslee W, Fawcett JA, Goodwin FK, Leon AC, Meltzer HY, Ryan ND, Shaffer D, Wagner KD (2006) ACNP task force report on SSRIs and suicidal behavior in youth. Neuropsychopharmacology 31:473-492
70. Martin A, Young C, Leckman JF, Mukonoweshuro C, Rosenheck R, Leslie D (2004) Age effects on antidepressant-induced manic conversion. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 158:773-780
71. March JS, Biederman J, Wolkow R, Safferman A, Mardekian J, Cook EH, Cutler NR, Dominguez R, Ferguson J, Muller B, Riesenberg R, Rosenthal M, Sallee FR, Wagner KD, Steiner H (1998) Sertraline in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. JAMA 280:1752-1756. Erratum in: JAMA 283:1293
72. Merry S, McDowell H, Hetrick S, Bir J, Muller N (2004) Psychological and/or educational interventions for the prevention of depression in children and adolescents. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, issue 2. Art. No.: CD003380.pub2. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD003380.pub2
73. Mufson L, Weissman MM, Moreau D, Garfinkel R (1999) Efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56:573-579
74. Mufson L, Dorta KP, Wickramaratne P, Nomura Y, Olfson M, Weissman MM (2004) A randomized effectiveness trial of interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61:577-584
75. Pine DS, Cohen P, Gurley D, Brook J, Ma Y (1998) The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55:56-64
76. Pliszka S (2000) Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 9:1056-4993
77. Poznanski EO, Freeman LN, Mokros HB (1984) Children's depression rating scale-revised. Psychopharmacol Bull 21:979-989
78. Rao U, Hammen C, Daley SE (1999) Continuity of depression during the transition to adulthood: a 5-year longitudinal study of young women. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 38:908-915
79. Renaud J, Brent DA, Baugher M, Birmaher B, Kolko DJ, Bridge J (1998) Rapid response to psychosocial treatment for adolescent depression: a 2-year follow-up. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37:1184-1190
80. Research Units of Pediatric Psychopharmacology (RUPP) Anxiety Group (2001) Fluvoxamine for anxiety in children. N Engl J Med 344:1279-1285
81. Riddle MA, Reeve EA, Yaryura-Tobias JA, Yang HM, Claghorn JL, Gaffney G, Griest JH, Holland D, McConville BJ, Pigott T, Walkup JT (2001) Fluvoxamine for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40:222-229
82. Rothschild AJ, Williamson DJ, Tohen MF, Schatzberg A, Andersen SW, Van Campen LE, Sanger TM, Tollefson GD (2004) A double-blind, randomized study of olanzapine and olanzapine/fluoxetine combination for major depression with psychotic features. J Clin Psychopharmacol 24:365-373
83. Rueter MA, Scaramella L, Wallace LE, Conger RD (1999) First onset of depressive or anxiety disorders predicted by the longitudinal course of internalizing symptoms and parent-adolescent disagreements. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56:726-732
84. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, Stewart JW, Nierenberg AA, Thase ME, Ritz L, Biggs MM, Warden D, Luther JF, Shores-Wilson K, Niederehe G, Fava M; STAR*D Study Team (2006) Buproprion-SR, sertraline, or venlafaxine - XR after failure of SSRIs for depression. N Engl J Med 354:1305-1307
85. Ryan ND, Puig-Antich J, Copper TB, Rabinovich H, Ambrosini P, Fried J, Davies M, Torres D, Suckow RF (1987) The clinical picture of major depression in children and adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44:854-861
86. Ryan ND, Puig-Antich J, Rabinovich H, Fried J, Ambrosini P, Meyer V, Torres D, Dachille S, Mazzie D (1988a) MAOIs in adolescent major depression unresponsive to tricyclic antidepressant. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 27:755-758
87. Ryan ND, Meyer V, Dachille S, Mazzie D, Puig-Antich J (1988b) Lithium antidepressant augmentation in TCA-refractory depression in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 27:371-376
88. Sallee FR, Vrindavanam NS, Deas-Nesmith D, Carson SW, Sethuraman G (1997) Pulse intravenous clomipramine for depressed adolescents: a double-blind, controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 154:668-673
89. Schachter SC (2004) Vagus nerve stimulation: mood and cognitive effects. Epilepsy Behav 5(Suppl 1):56-59
90. Shaffer D, Gould MS, Brasic J, Ambrosini P, Fisher P, Bird H, Aluwahlia S (1983) A children's global assessment scale (CGAS). Arch Gen Psychiatry 40:1228-1231
91. Shaffer D, Craft L (1999) Methods of adolescent suicide prevention. J Clin Psychiatry 60(Suppl 2):70-74; discussion 75-76, 113-116
92. Shelton RC, Tomarken AJ (2001) Can recovery from depression be achieved? Psychiatr Serv 52:1469-1478
93. Simon GE, Savarino J, Operskalski B, Wang PS (2006) Suicide risk during antidepressant treatment. Am J Psychiatry 163:41-47
94. Strober M, Carlson G (1982) Bipolar illness in adolescents with major depression: clinical, genetic, and psychopharmacologic predictors in a three- to four-year prospective follow-up investigation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39:549-555
95. Strober M, Freeman R, Rigali J, Schmidt S, Diamond R (1992) The pharmacotherapy of depressive illness in adolescence: II. Effects of lithium augmentation in nonresponders to imipramine. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31:16-20
96. Swedo SE, Allen AJ, Glod CA, Clark CH, Teicher MH, Richter D, Hoffman C, Hamburger SD, Dow S, Brown C, Rosenthal NE (1997) A controlled trial of light therapy for the treatment of pediatric seasonal affective disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36:816-821
97. Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS) Team (2005) The Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS): demographic and clinical characteristics. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44:28-40
98. Valuck RJ, Libby AM, Sills MR, Giese AA, Allen RR (2004) Antidepressant treatment and risk of suicide attempt by adolescents with major depressive disorder: a propensity-adjusted retrospective cohort study. CNS Drugs 18:1119-1132
99. Weissman MM, Wolk S, Goldstein RB, Moreau D, Adams P, Greenwald S, Klier CM, Ryan ND, Dahl RE, Wickramaratne P (1999a) Depressed adolescents grownup. JAMA 281:1707-1713
100. Weissman MM, Wolk S, Wickramaratne P, Goldstein RB, Adams P, Greenwald S, Ryan ND, Dahl RE, Steinberg D (1999b) Children with prepubertal-onset major depressive disorder and anxiety grown up. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56:794-801
101. Weisz JR, McCarty CA, Valeri SM (2006) Effects of psychotherapy for depression in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 132:132-149
102. Weller EB, Weller RA (2000) Treatment options in the management of adolescent depression. J Affect Disord 61(Suppl 1):23-28
103. Wilens TE, Wyatt D, Spencer TJ (1998) Disentangling disinhibition. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37:1225-1227