Aldosterone, mineralocorticoid receptors, and vascular inflammation

Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 134-142

  Fiebeler, Anette ^a,c   Muller, Dominik N ^a   Shagdarsuren, Erdenechimeg ^b   Luft, Friedrich C ^a  

^a MAX DELBRÜCK CENTER FOR MOLECULAR MEDICINE   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL RWTH AACHEN   (Germany)

^c FRANZ VOLHARD CLINIC   (Germany)

Author keywords

Aldosterone; Angiotensin; Mineralocorticoid receptor; Reactive oxygen species; Renin; Target organ damage

Indexed keywords

ALDOSTERONE; ANGIOTENSIN 1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; EPLERENONE; HYDRALAZINE; MINERALOCORTICOID ANTAGONIST; MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; RENIN; SPIRONOLACTONE;

ALDOSTERONE BLOOD LEVEL; APOPTOSIS; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; BLOOD PRESSURE; CELL PROLIFERATION; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DRUG EFFICACY; ENZYME INHIBITION; GENE MUTATION; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PLASMA RENIN ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEINURIA; RECEPTOR BLOCKING; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SODIUM BALANCE; SURVIVAL;

ALDOSTERONE; ANIMALS; BLOOD VESSELS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES; RECEPTORS, ALDOSTERONE; RENIN; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 33847075448     PISSN: 10624821     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MNH.0b013e32801245bb     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. Vallon V, Lang F. New insights into the role of serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase SGK1 in the regulation of renal function and blood pressure. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2005; 14:59-66.
2. Soundararajan R, Zhang TT, Wang J, et al. A novel role for glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper protein in epithelial sodium channel-mediated sodium transport. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:39970-39981.
3. Bhalla V, Soundararajan R, Pao AC, et al. Disinhibitory pathways for control of sodium transport: regulation of ENaC by SGK1 and GILZ. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 291:F714-721.
4. Bridgham JT, Carroll SM, Thornton JW. Evolution of hormone-receptor complexity by molecular exploitation. Science 2006; 312:97-101. This is a lesson in Darwinian complexity showing the probable evolution of the mineralocorticoid receptor through a series of crucial mutations.
5. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:709-717.
6. Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:1309-1321.
7. Cohn JN, Colucci W. Cardiovascular effects of aldosterone and postacute myocardial infarction pathophysiology. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97:4F-12F.
8. Pitt B, Fonarow GC, Gheorghiade M, et al. Improving outcomes in postacute myocardial infarction heart failure: incorporation of aldosterone blockade into combination therapy to optimize neurohormonal blockade. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97:26F-33F.
9. Schjoedt KJ, Rossing K, Juhl TR, et al. Beneficial impact of spironolactone on nephrotic range albuminuria in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2006; 70:536-542. This early controlled trial showed how mineralocorticoid receptor blockade can reduce proteinuria in patients with diabetes mellitus.
10. Milliez P, Girerd X, Plouin PF, et al. Evidence for an increased rate of cardiovascular events in patients with primary aldosteronism. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45:1243-1248. Patients with primary aldosteronism continue to be instructive in terms of teaching us the effects of aldosterone.
11. Pizzolo F, Pavan C, Guarini P, et al. Primary hyperaldosteronism: a frequent cause of residual hypertension after successful endovascular treatment of renal artery disease. J Hypertens 2005; 23:2041-2047.
12. Weir MR, Ferdinand KC, Flack JM, et al. A noninferiority comparison of valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide combination versus amlodipine in black hypertensives. Hypertension 2005; 46:508-513.
13. Weinberger MH, White WB, Ruilope LM, et al. Effects of eplerenone versus losartan in patients with low-renin hypertension. Am Heart J 2005; 150:426-433. This was an interesting clinical trial directed specifically at patients with low-renin hypertension. Eplerenone appeared superior in this study.
14. Nishizaka MK, Zaman MA, Calhoun DA. Efficacy of low-dose spironolactone in subjects with resistant hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2003; 16:925-930.
15. Stewart AD, Millasseau SC, Dawes M, et al. Aldosterone and left ventricular hypertrophy in Afro-Caribbean subjects with low renin hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2006; 19:19-24.
16. Keidar S, Gamliel-Lazarovich A, Kaplan M, et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor blocker increases angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activity in congestive heart failure patients. Circ Res 2005; 97:946-953. The role of ACE 2 is gradually being elucidated. The enzyme appears to be influenced by aldosterone in patients with heart failure.
17. Goodfriend TL, Ball DL, Raff H, et al. Oxidized products of linoleic acid stimulate adrenal steroidogenesis. Endocr Res 2002; 28:325-330.
18. Payet MD, Goodfriend TL, Bilodeau L, et al. An oxidized metabolite of linoleic acid increases intracellular calcium in rat adrenal glomerulosa cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; Jul 5 [Epub ahead of print].
19. Mizuno Y, Yasue H, Yoshimura M, et al. Adrenocorticotropic hormone is produced in the ventricle of patients with essential hypertension. J Hypertens 2005; 23:411-416.
20. Nakamura S, Yoshimura M, Nakayama M, et al. Possible association of heart failure status with synthetic balance between aldosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone in human heart. Circulation 2004; 110:1787-1793.
21. Gomez-Sanchez EP, Ahmad N, Romero DG, Gomez-Sanchez CE. Origin of aldosterone in the rat heart. Endocrinology 2004; 145:4796-4802.
22. Ye P, Kenyon CJ, MacKenzie SM, et al. The aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) and 11beta-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) genes are not expressed in the rat heart. Endocrinology 2005; 146:5287-5293.
23. Lam EY, Funder JW, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade but not steroid withdrawal reverses renal fibrosis in deoxycorticosterone/salt rats. Endocrinology 2006; 147:3623-3629.
24. Aldigier JC, Kanjanbuch T, Ma LJ, et al. Regression of existing glomerulosclerosis by inhibition of aldosterone. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16:3306-3314.
25. Nagase M, Shibata S, Yoshida S, et al. Podocyte injury underlies the glomerulopathy of Dahl salt-hypertensive rats and is reversed by aldosterone blocker. Hypertension 2006; 47:1084-1093. This interesting study addressed podocytes and proteinuria in a classic rat model of salt-sensitive hypertension.
26. Han SY, Kim CH, Kim HS, et al. Spironolactone prevents diabetic nephropathy through an anti-inflammatory mechanism in type 2 diabetic rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17:1362-1372.
27. Han KH, Kang YS, Han SY, et al. Spironolactone ameliorates renal injury and connective tissue growth factor expression in type II diabetic rats. Kidney Int 2006; 70:111-120.
28. Pechanova O, Matuskova J, Capikova D, et al. Effect of spironolactone and captopril on nitric oxide and S-nitrosothiol formation in kidney of L-NAME-treated rats. Kidney Int 2006; 70:170-176.
29. Suzuki J, Iwai M, Mogi M, et al. Eplerenone with valsartan effectively reduces atherosclerotic lesion by attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:917-921.
30. Johar S, Cave AC, Narayanapanicker A, et al. Aldosterone mediates angiotensin II-induced interstitial cardiac fibrosis via a Nox2-containing NADPH oxidase. Faseb J 2006; 20:1546-1548.
31. Ma J, Weisberg A, Griffin JP, et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 deficiency protects against aldosterone-induced glomerular injury. Kidney Int 2006; 69:1064-1072.
32. Sun GP, Kohno M, Guo P, et al. Involvements of rho-kinase and tgf-Beta pathways in aldosterone-induced renal injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17:2193-2201. This study provided insight into signaling mechanisms involving aldosterone and target-organ damage.
33. Vallon V, Wyatt AW, Klingel K, et al. SGK1-dependent cardiac CTGF formation and fibrosis following DOCA treatment. J Mol Med 2006; 84: 396-404.
34. Kobayashi N, Yoshida K, Nakano S, et al. Cardioprotective mechanisms of eplerenone on cardiac performance and remodeling in failing rat hearts. Hypertension 2006; 47:671-679.
35. Nagata K, Obata K, Xu J, et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and failure in low-aldosterone hypertensive rats. Hypertension 2006; 47:656-664.
36. Fiebeler A, Nussberger J, Shagdarsuren E, et al. Aldosterone synthase inhibitor ameliorates angiotensin II-induced organ damage. Circulation 2005; 111:3087-3094. This study clearly documents aldosterone-induced target-organ damage completely separate from blood pressure-related effects.
37. Xue C, Siragy HM. Local renal aldosterone system and its regulation by salt, diabetes, and angiotensin II type 1 receptor. Hypertension 2005; 46:584-590.
38. Wang X, Skelley L, Cade R, Sun Z. AAV delivery of mineralocorticoid receptor shRNA prevents progression of cold-induced hypertension and attenuates renal damage. Gene Ther 2006; 13:1097-1103.
39. Chhokar VS, Sun Y, Bhattacharya SK, et al. Hyperparathyroidism and the calcium paradox of aldosteronism. Circulation 2005; 111:871-878.
40. Vidal A, Sun Y, Bhattacharya SK, et al. Calcium paradox of aldosteronism and the role of the parathyroid glands. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 290:H286-H294.
41. Shagdarsuren E, Wellner M, Braesen JH, et al. Complement activation in angiotensin II-induced organ damage. Circ Res 2005; 97:716-724. Complement and C-reactive protein appear to participate in angiotensin II-induced target-organ damage. Apparently aldosterone has effects on complement activation as well.
42. Mervaala E, Muller DN, Park JK, et al. Cyclosporin A protects against angiotensin II-induced end-organ damage in double transgenic rats harboring human renin and angiotensinogen genes. Hypertension 2000; 35:360-366.
43. Muller DN, Shagdarsuren E, Park JK, et al. Immunosuppressive treatment protects against angiotensin II-induced renal damage. Am J Pathol 2002; 161:1679-1693.
44. Ahokas RA, Warrington KJ, Gerling IC, et al. Aldosteronism and peripheral blood mononuclear cell activation: a neuroendocrine-immune interface. Circ Res 2003; 93:e124-e135.
45. Bodary PF, Sambaziotis C, Wickenheiser KJ, et al. Aldosterone promotes thrombosis formation after arterial injury in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:233.
46. Nagata D, Takahashi M, Sawai K, et al. Molecular mechanism of the inhibitory effect of aldosterone on endothelial NO synthase activity. Hypertension 2006; 48:165-171.
47. Nishiyama A, Yao L, Fan Y, et al. Involvement of aldosterone and mineralocorticoid receptors in rat mesangial cell proliferation and deformability. Hypertension 2005; 45:710-716.
48. Callera GE, Montezano AC, Yogi A, et al. c-Src-dependent nongenomic signaling responses to aldosterone are increased in vascular myocytes from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 2005; 46:1032-1038.
49. Jaffe IZ, Mendelsohn ME. Angiotensin II and aldosterone regulate gene transcription via functional mineralocortocoid receptors in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 2005; 96:643-650.
50. Mazak I, Fiebeler A, Muller DN, et al. Aldosterone potentiates angiotensin II-induced signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circulation 2004; 109:2792-2800.
51. Min LJ, Mogi M, Li JM, et al. Aldosterone and angiotensin II synergistically induce mitogenic response in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 2005; 97:434-442.
52. Nagai Y, Miyata K, Sun GP, et al. Aldosterone stimulates collagen gene expression and synthesis via activation of ERK1/2 in rat renal fibroblasts. Hypertension 2005; 46:1039-1045.
53. Terada Y, Kobayashi T, Kuwana H, et al. Aldosterone stimulates proliferation of mesangial cells by activating mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/2, cyclin D1, and cyclin A. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16:2296-2305.
54. Nakamura Y, Suzuki S, Suzuki T, et al. MDM2: A novel mineralocorticoid-responsive gene involved in aldosterone-induced human vascular structural remodeling. Am J Pathol 2006; 169:362-371. MDM2, well known to the oncology community, appears to be involved in aldosterone signaling in vascular cells.
55. Ishizawa K, Izawa Y, Ito H, et al. Aldosterone stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation via big mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 activation. Hypertension 2005; 46:1046-1052.
56. Grossmann C, Freudinger R, Gassner B, Gekle M. Interaction between the mineralocorticoid receptor and the epidermal growth factor receptor [abstract]. Acta Physiologica Congress; 2006. Abstract number 13357. http://www. blackwellpublishing.com/aphmeeting/abstract.asp?MeetingID=716&id=48356. [Accessed 27 October 2006]
57. Grossmann C, Benesic A, Krug AW, et al. Human mineralocorticoid receptor expression renders cells responsive for nongenotropic aldosterone actions. Mol Endocrinol 2005; 19:1697-1710.
58. Marumo T, Uchimura H, Hayashi M, Hishikawa K, Fujita T. Aldosterone impairs bone marrow-derived progenitor cell formation. Hypertension 2006; 48:490-496.
59. Geller DS, Farhi A, Pinkerton N, et al. Activating mineralocorticoid receptor mutation in hypertension exacerbated by pregnancy. Science 2000; 289:119-123.
60. Geller DS, Zhang J, Zennaro MC, et al. Autosomal dominant pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1: mechanisms, evidence for neonatal lethality, and phenotypic expression in adults. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17:1429-1436. This provides important clinical information on a rare defect in mineralocorticoid receptor function.