Ultrastructure and large subunit rDNA sequences of Lepidodinium viride reveal a close relationship to Lepidodinium chlorophorum comb. nov. (= Gymnodinium chlorophorum)

Phycological Research

Volumn 55, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 25-41

  Hansen, Gert ^a   Botes, Lizeth ^b   De Salas, Miguel ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^b c/o MCM Research Aquarium ^*  (South Africa)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

Dinoflagellates; Endosymbiosis; Lepidodinium viride; Nuclear pores; Phylogeny; Ultrastructure

Indexed keywords

CHLOROPLAST; DINOFLAGELLATE; DNA; GENE; ISOLATED POPULATION; PHYLOGENETICS; PHYLOGENY; RELATEDNESS; SYMBIOSIS; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

DINOPHYCEAE; GYMNODINIUM; GYMNODINIUM CHLOROPHORUM; LEPIDODINIUM; LEPIDODINIUM VIRIDE;

EID: 33846932252     PISSN: 13220829     EISSN: 14401835     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1835.2006.00442.x     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Bolch, C. J. S. 2001. PCR protocols for genetic identification of dinoflagellates directly from single cysts and plankton cells. Phycologia 40: 162-7.
2. Bolch, C. J. S., Blackburn, S. I., Hallegraeff, G. M. and Vaillancourt, R. 1998. Molecular genetic variation among different global populations of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum revealed by RAPD-PCR. In Reguera, B., Blanco, J., Fernandez, M. L. and Wyatt, T. (Eds) Harmful Microalgae. Xunta de Galicia, IOC of UNESCO, Vigo, pp. 282-6.
3. Botes, L. 2003. Taxonomy, distribution and taxonomy of dinoflagellate species in the Southern Benguela Current, South Africa. PhD Thesis, University of Cape Town, Cape Town.
4. Botes, L., Price, B., Waldron, M. and Pitcher, G. C. 2002. A simple and rapid scanning electron preparative technique for delicate 'gymnodinioid' dinoflagellates. Microsc. Res. Tech. 59: 128-30.
5. Bradbury, P. C., Westfall, J. A. and Townsend, J. W. 1983. Ultrastructure of the the dinoflagellate Polykrikos. II. The nucleus and its connections to the flagellar apparatus. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 85: 24-32.
6. Calado, A. J., Craveiro, S. C. and Moestrup, Ø. 1998. Taxonomy and ultrastructure of a freshwater, heterotrophic Amphidinium (Dinophyceae) that feeds on unicellular protists. J. Phycol. 34: 536-54.
7. Calado, A. J., Hansen, G. and Moestrup, Ø. 1999. Architecture of the flagellar apparatus and related structures in the type species of Peridinium, P. cinctum (Dinophyceae). Eur. J. Phycol. 34: 179-91.
8. Chesnick, J. M., Kooistra, W. H. C., Wellbrock, U. and Medlin, L. K. 1997. Ribosomal RNA analysis indicates a benthic pennate diatom ancestry for the endosymbionts of the dinoflagellates Peridinium foliaceum and Peridinium balticum (Pyrrophyta). J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 44: 314-20.
9. Daugbjerg, N., Hansen, G., Larsen, J. and Moestrup, Ø. 2000. Phylogeny of some of the major genera of dinoflagellates based on ultrastructure and partial LSU rDNA sequence data, including the erection of three new genera of unarmoured dinoflagellates. Phycologia 39: 302-17.
10. Dodge, J. D. 1984. The functional and phylogenetic significance of dinoflagellate eyespots. Biosystems 16: 259-67.
11. Elbrächter, M. and Schnepf, E. 1996. Gymnodinium chlorophorum, a new, green, bloom-forming dinoflagellate (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) with a vestigial prasinophyte endosymbiont. Phycologia 35: 381-93.
12. Ellegaard, M. and Moestrup, Ø. 1999. Fine structure of the flagellar apparatus and morphological details of Gymnodinium nolleri sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), an unarmored dinoflagellate producing a microreticulate cyst. Phycologia 38: 289-300.
13. Farmer, M. A. and Roberts, K. R. 1990. Comparative analysis of the dinoflagellate flagellar apparatus IV. Gymnodinium acidotum. J. Phycol. 26: 122-31.
14. Green, B. R. 2004. The chloroplast genome of dinoflagellates - a reduced instruction set? Protist 155: 23-31.
15. Guillard, R. R. L. and Ryther, J. H. 1962. Studies of marine planktonic diatoms. I. Cyclotella nana Hustedt and Detonula confervacea (Cleve) Gran. Can. J. Microbiol. 8: 229-39.
16. Hackett, J.-D., Maranda, L., Yoon, H.-S. and Bhattacharya, D. 2003. Phylogenetic evidence for the cryptophyte origin of the plastid of Dinophysis (Dinophysiales, Dinophyceae). J. Phycol. 39: 440-8.
17. Hansen, G. 1993. Light and electron microscopical observations of the dinoflagellate Actiniscus pentasterias (Dinophyceae). J. Phycol. 29: 486-99.
18. Hansen, G. 2001. Ultrastructure of Gymnodinium aureolum (Dinophyceae): toward a further redefinition of Gymnodinium sensu stricto. J. Phycol. 37: 612-23.
19. Hansen, G. and Moestrup, Ø. 1998. Fine-structural characterization of Alexandrium catenella (Dinophyceae) with special emphasis on the flagellar apparatus. Eur. J. Phycol. 33: 281-91.
20. Hansen, G. and Moestrup, Ø. 2005. Flagellar apparatus and nuclear chambers of the green dinoflagellate Gymnodinium chlorophorum. Phycol. Res. 53: 169-81.
21. Hansen, G., Moestrup, Ø. and Roberts, K. R. 1997. Light and electron microscopical observations on Protoceratium reticulatum (Dinophyceae). Arch. Protistenk. 147: 381-91.
22. Hansen, G., Moestrup, Ø. and Roberts, K. R. 2000. Light and electron microscopical observations on the type species of Gymnodinium, G. fuscum (Dinophyceae). Phycologia 39: 365-76.
23. Heimann, K., Roberts, K. R. and Wetherbee, R. 1995. Flagellar apparatus transformation and development in Prorocentrum micans and P. minimum (Dinophyceae). Phycologia 34: 323-35.
24. Höhfeld, I. and Melkonian, M. 1995. Ultrastructure of the flagellar apparatus of Noctiluca miliaris Suriray swarmers (Dinophyceae). Phycologia 34: 508-13.
25. Honsell, G. and Talarico, L. 2004. Gymnodinium chlorophorum (Dinophyceae) in the Adriatic Sea: electron microscopical observations. Bot. Mar. 47: 152-66.
26. Horiguchi, T. 2003. Diversity and phylogeny of dinoflagellates with a diatom endosymbiont and moleular phylogenetics of the genus Protoperidinium. DINO7, Seventh International Conference on Modern and Fossil Dinoflagellate, Nagasaki, Japan, abstracts, 53.
27. Horiguchi, T. and Takano, Y. 2006. Serial replacement of a diatom endosymbiont in the marine dinoflagellate Peridinium quinquecorne (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae). Phycol. Res. 54: 193-200.
28. Huelsenbeck, J. P. and Ronquist, F. 2001. MrBayes: Bayesian inference of phylogeny. Bioinformatics 17: 754-5.
29. Inagaki, Y., Dacks, J. B., Doolittle, W. F., Watanabe, K. I. and Ohama, T. 2000. Evolutionary relationship between dinoflagellates bearing obligate diatom endosymbionts: insight into tertiary endosymbiosis. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 50: 2075-81.
30. Ishida, K. and Green, B. R. 2002. Second- and third-hand chloroplasts in dinoflagellates: phylogeny of oxygen-evolving enhancer 1 (PsbO) protein reveals replacement of a nuclear-encoded plastid gene by that of a haptophyte. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 9294-9.
31. Jacobson, D. M. 1999. A brief history of dinoflagellate feeding research. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 46: 376-81.
32. Keller, M. D. and Guillard, R. R. L. 1985. Factors significant to marine dinoflagellate culture. In Anderson, D. M., White, A. W. and Baden, D. G. (Eds) Toxic Dinoflagellates. Elsevier, New York, pp. 113-16.
33. Larsen, N. H., Moestrup, Ø. and Pedersen, P. M. 1994. Scandinavian Culture Centre for Algae & Protozoa. Catalogue. Department of Phycology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, p. 51.
34. Moestrup, Ø. 1982. Flagellar structure in algae: a review, with new observations particular on the Chrysophyceae, Phaeophyceae (Fucophyceae), Euglenophyceae, and Reckertia. Phycologia 21: 427-528.
35. Moestrup, Ø. 2000. The flagellate cytoskeleton. Introduction of a general terminology for microtubular flagellar roots in protists. In Leadbeater, B. S. C. and Green, J. C. (Eds) The Flagellates, Unity, Diversity and Evolution, Vol. 59. Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 67-94.
36. Nylander, J. A. A. 2004. MrModeltest v2. Program distributed by the author. Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
37. Posada, D. and Crandall, K. A. 1998. Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14: 817-18.
38. de Salas, M. F., Bolch, C. J. S., Botes, L., Nash, G., Wright, S. W. and Hallegraeff, G. M. 2003. Takayama (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) gen. nov., a new genus of unarmoured dinoflagellates with sigmoid apical grooves, including the description of two new species. J. Phycol. 39: 1233-46.
39. de Salas, M. F., Bolch, C. J. S. and Hallegraeff, G. M. 2004. Karenia asterichroma sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae), a new dinoflagellate species associated with finfish aquaculture mortalities in Tasmania, Australia. Phycologia 43: 624-31.
40. Saunders, G. W., Hill, D. R. A., Sexton, J. P. and Andersen, R. A. 1997. Small-subunit ribosomal RNA sequences from selected dinoflagellates: testing classical evolutionary hypotheses with molecular systematic methods. In Bhattacharya, D. (Ed.) Origins of Algae and Their Plastids, Vol. 11. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 237-59.
41. Shalchian-Tabrizi, K., Minge, M. A., Cavalier-Smith, T., Nederklepp, J. M., Klaveness, D. and Jakobsen, K. S. 2006. Combined heat shock protein 90 and ribosomal RNA sequence phylogeny supports multiple replacements of dinoflagellate plastid. J. Eukaryot. Mikrobiol. 53: 217-224.
42. Schnepf, E., Deichgräber, G. and Drebes, G. 1985. Food uptake and the fine structure of Paulsenella sp., an ectoparasite of marine diatoms. Protoplasma 124: 188-204.
43. Schnepf, E. and Elbrächter, M. 1999. Dinophyte chloroplasts and phylogeny - a review. Grana 38: 81-97.
44. Scholin, C. A., Herzog, M., Sogin, M. and Anderson, D. M. 1994. Identification of group- and strain-specific genetic markers for globally distributed Alexandrium (Dinophyceae). 2. Sequence analysis of a fragment of the LSU rRNA Gene. J. Phycol. 30: 999-1011.
45. Sournia, A., Belin, C., Billard, C. et al. 1992. The repetitive and expanding occurrence of a green, bloom-forming dinoflagellate (Dinophyceae) on the coasts of France. Crypotogamie: Algol. 13: 1-13.
46. Swofford, D. L. 2003. PAUP* Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods), Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
47. Takishita, K., Nakano, K. and Uchida, A. 1999. Preliminary phylogenetic analysis of plastid-encoded genes from an anomalously pigmented dinoflagellate Gymnodinium mikimotoi (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyta). Phycol. Res. 47: 257-62.
48. Tamura, M., Shimada, S. and Horiguchi, T. 2005. Galeidinium rugatum gen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new coccoid dinoflagellate with a diatom enosymbiont. J. Phycol. 41: 658-71.
49. Thompson, J. D., Gibson, T. J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F. and Higgins, D. G. 1997. The ClustalX windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 24: 4876-82.
50. Watanabe, M. M., Suda, S., Inouye, I., Sawaguchi, T. and Chihara, M. 1990. Lepidodinium viride gen. et sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyta), a green dinoflagellate with chlorophyll A- and B-containing endosymbiont. J. Phycol. 26: 741-51.
51. Watanabe, M. M., Takeda, Y., Sasa, T. et al. 1987. A green dinoflagellate with chlorophylls a and b: morphology, fine structure of the chloroplast and chlorophyll composition. J. Phycol. 23: 382-9.
52. Wilcox, L. W., Wedemayer, G. J. and Graham, L. E. 1982. Amphidinium cryophilum sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) a new freshwater dinoflagellate. II. Ultrastructure. J. Phycol. 18: 18-30.