Dinophyte chloroplasts and phylogeny - A review

Grana

Volumn 38, Issue 2-3, 1999, Pages 81-97

  Schnepf, Eberhard ^a   ElbräChter, Malte ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

^b ALFRED WEGENER INSTITUTE FOR POLAR AND MARINE RESEARCH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DINOFLAGELLATE; PHYLOGENY; SYMBIONT;

DINOPHYSIALES; GLENODINIUM FOLIACEUM; GYMNODINIUM AERUGINOSUM; GYMNODINIUM CHLOROPHORUM; GYMNODINIUM MIKIMOTOI; LEPIDODINIUM VIRIDE; PERIDINIUM BALTICUM; PODOLAMPAS BIPES; PROROCENTRALES;

EID: 0033499020     PISSN: 00173134     EISSN: 16512049     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00173139908559217     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Bhattacharya, D. & Medlin, L. 1995. The phylogeny of plastids: a review based on comparisions of small-subunit ribosomal RNA coding sequences. Journal of Phycology 31: 489-498.
2. Blank, R. J. 1986. Unusual chloroplast structures in endosymbiotic dinoflagellates: A clue to evolutionary differentiation within the genus Symbiodiniuni (Dinophyceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 151: 271-280.
3. Bockstahler, K. R. & Coats, D. W. 1993. Spatial and temporal aspects of mixotrophy in Chesapeake Bay dinoflagellates. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 40: 49-60.
4. Bralcwska, J. M. & Witek, Z. 1995. Heterotrophic dinoflagellates in the ecosystem of the Gulf of Gdansk. Marine Ecology Progress Series 117: 241-248.
5. Calado, A. J., Cravciro, S. C. & Moestrup, O. 1998. Taxonomy and ultrastructure of a freshwater, heterotrophic Amphidinium (Dinophyceae) that feeds on unicellular protists. Journal of Phycology 34: 536-554.
6. Carpenter, E. J., Janson, S., Boje, R., Pollehne, F. & Chang, J. 1995. The dinoflagellate Dinophysis norvegica: biological and ecological observations in the Baltic Sea. European Journal of Phycology 30: 1-9.
7. Cavalier-Smith, T. 1982. The origin of plastids. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 17: 289-306.
8. Cavalier-Smith, T. 1992. The number of symbiotic origins of organelles. BioSystems 28: 91-106.
9. Cavalier-Smith, T. 1993. The origin, losses, and gains of chloroplasts. In : The origins of plastids (ed. R. A. Lewin), pp. 291-348. Chapman & Hall, New York-London.
10. Chesnick, J. M. & Cox, E. R. 1986. Specialization of endoplasmic reticulum in response to bacterial symbiosis in Peridinium baliicum (Pyrrhophyla). Journal of Phycology 22: 291-298.
11. Chesnick, J. M. & Cpx, E. R. 1989. Fertilization and zygote developement in the binucleate dinoflagellate Peridinium balti-cum (Pyrrhophyta). American Journal of Botany 76: 1060-1072.
12. Chesnick, J. M., Kooistra, W. H. C. F., Wellbrock, U. & Medlin, L. A. 1997. Ribosomal RNA analysis indicates a benthic pennate diatom ancestry for the dinoflagellate Peridinium foliaceum and Peridinium balticum (Pyrrhophyta). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 44: 314-320.
13. Chesnick, J. M., Morden, C. W. & Schmieg, A. M. 1996. Identity of the endosymbiont of Peridinium foliaceum (Pyrrhophyta): analysis of the rbcLS operon. Journal of Phycology 32: 850-857.
14. Coats, D. W. & Harding, L. W., Jr. 1988. Effects of light history on the ultrastructure and physiology of Prorocentrum mariae-lebouriae (Dinophyta). Journal of Phycology 24: 67-77.
15. Coleman, A. W. 1985. Diversity of plastid DNA configuration among classes of eukaryotic algae. Journal of Phycology 21: 1-16.
16. Conrad, W. & Kufferath, H. 1954. Recherches sur les eaux saumâtres des environs de Lilloo. Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique Mémoire 127: 1-346.
17. Crawford, R. M. & Dodge, J. D. 1971. The dinoflagellate genus Woloszynskia. II. The fine structure of W. coronata. Nova Hedwigia 22: 699-705.
18. Crawford, R. M., Dodge, J. D. & Happey, C. M. 1970. The dinoflagellate genus Woloszysnkia. I. Fine structure and ecology of W. tenuissimum from Abbott's Pool, Somerset. Nova Hedwigia 19: 825-840.
19. Dahlberg, O. L., Klaveness, D., Tengs, T., Shalchian-Tabrizi, K., Rudi, K. & Jakobsen, K. S. 1998. Phylogenetic analyses of plastid 16s rRNA sequences from the dinoflagellates Gyrodinium aureolum, Gymnodinium galalheanum and Gymnodinium breve reveal that their plastids are related to haptophytes. Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapellige Unversitet Vitenskapsmuseet Rapport Botanisk Serie 1998-1: 26-27.
20. Dodge, J. D. 1971. A dinoflagellate with both a mesokaryotic and a eukaryotic nucleus. I. Fine structure of the nuclei. Protoplasma 73: 145-157.
21. Dodge, J. D. 1974. A redescription of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium simplex with the aid of electron microscopy. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 54: 171-177.
22. Dodge, J. D. 1975. A survey of chloroplast ultrastructure in the Dinophyceae. Phycologia 14: 253-263.
23. Dodge, J. D. 1983. A re-examination of the relationships between unicellular host and eukaryotic endosymbiont with special reference to Glenodinium foliaceum (Dinophyceae). In: Endocytobiology II. (ed. H. E. A. Schenk & W. Schwemmler), pp. 1015-1026. De Gruyter, Berlin.
24. Dodge, J. D. 1987. General ultrastructure. In: The Biology of Dinoflagellates (ed. F. J. R. Taylor), pp. 93-119. Blackwell, Oxford.
25. Dodge, J. D. & Bibby, B. T. 1973. The Prorocentrales (Dinophyceae). I. A comparative account of the fine structure in the genera Prorocentrum and Exuviaella. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 67: 175-187.
26. Dodge, J. D. & Crawford, R. M. 1969. Observations on the fine structure of the eyespot and associated organelles in the dinoflagellate Glenodinium foliaceum. Journal of Cell Science 5: 479-493.
27. Dodge, J. D. & Crawford, R. M. 1971. A fine-structural survey of dinoflagellate pyrenoids and food reserves. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 64: 105-115.
28. Dodge, J. D., Mariani, P., Paganelli, A. & Trevisan, R. 1987. Fine structure of the red-bloom dinoflagellate Glenodinium sangui-neum, from Lake Tovel (N. Italy). Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement 78,2 (Algological Studies 47): 125-138.
29. Durand, M. & Berkaloff, C. 1985. Pigment composition and chloroplast organization of Gambierdiscus toxicus Adachi and Fukuyo (Dinophyceae). Phycologia 24: 217-233.
30. Elbrächter, M. 1988. Phototrophic symbionts of dinophysoid dinoflagellates. In: NATO-ASI Workshop. Plymouth 1988, Book of Abstracts (ed. P. H. Burkill & P. C. Reid), p. 12a. Plymouth.
31. Elbrächtcr, M. & Schnepf, E. 1996. Gymnodinium chlorophorum, a new green, bloom-forming dinoflagellate (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) with a vestigial prasinophyte endosymbiont. Phycologia 35: 381-393.
32. Elbrächter, M. & Schweikert, M. 1997. Planktologie. In : Untersuchungen zu den tiefen Wassermassen und planktolo-gische Beobachtungen im Westpazifik während der SONNE-Fahrt Nr 113 TROPAC (ed. G. Siedler & W. Zenk). pp. 18-19, 58, 122-128. Bcr. Inst. Meereskunde Nr. 288. Christian-Albert Universität, Kiel.
33. Eschbach, S., Speth, V., Hansmann, P. & Sitte, P. 1990. Freeze-fracture study of the single membrane between host cell and endosymbiont in the dinoflagellates Glenodinium foliaceum and Peridinium baliicum. Journal of Phycology 26: 324-328.
34. Farmer, M. A. & Roberts, K. R. 1990. Organelle loss in the endosymbiont of Gymnodinium acidotum (Dinophyceae). Protoplasma 153: 178-185.
35. Fensome, R. A., Taylor, F. J. R., Morris, G., Sarjeant, W. A. S., Wharton, D. I. & Williams, G. L. 1993. A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. Micropalaeontology, Sp. Publ. 7: 1-351.
36. Fields, S. D. & Rhodes, R. G. 1991. Ingestion and retention of Chroomonas ssp. (Cryptophyceae) by Gymnodinium acidotum. Journal of Phycology 27: 525-529.
37. Gaines, G. & Elbrächtcr, M. 1987. Heterotrophic nutrition. In: The Biology of Dinoflagellates (ed. F. J. R. Taylor), pp. 224-268. Blackwell, Oxford.
38. Gardiner, W. E., Rushing, A. E. & Dawes, C. J. 1989. Ultrastructural observations of Gyrodinium estuariale (Dinophyceae). Journal of Phycology 25: 178-183.
39. Geider, R. J. & Gunther, P. A. 1989. Evidence for the presence of phycoerythrin in Dinophysis norvegica, a pink dinoflagellate. British Phycological Journal 24: 195-198.
40. Geitler, L. 1924. Gymnodinium amphidinoides, eine neue blaugrüne Peridinee. Botanisches Archiv 6: 110-112.
41. Gibbs, S. P. 1978. The chloroplasts of Euglena may have evolved from symbiotic green algae. Canadian Journal of Botany 56: 2883-2889.
42. Gibbs, S. P. 1990. The evolution of algal chloroplasts. In: Experimental Phycology Vol. 1. Cell Walls and Surfaces, Reproduction, Photosynthesis (ed. W. Wiesner, D. G. Robinson & R. C. Starr), pp. 145-157. Springer, Berlin.
43. Gordon, N., Angel, D. L., Neori, A., Kress, N. & Kimor, B. 1994. Heterotrophic dinoflagellates with symbiotic bacteria and nitrogen limitation in the Gulf of Aqaba. Marine Ecology Progress Series 107: 83-88.
44. Greuet, C. 1965. Structure fine de l'ocelle d' Eryihropsis pa villar di Hertwig, Péridinien Warnowiidae Lindemann. Comptes Rendus de 1' Académie des Sciences, Paris 261: 1904-1907.
45. Greuet, C. 1968. Organisation ultrastructurale de l'ocelle de deux péridiniens Warnowiidae, Erythropsis pavillari Kofoid et Swezy et Warnowia pulchra Schiller. Protistologica 4: 209-229.
46. Greuet, C. 1977. Évolution structurale et ultrastructurale de l'ocelloide d'Erythropsis pavillardi Kofoid et Swezy (Péridinien Warnowiidae Lindcmann) au cours des divisions binaire et palintomique. Protistologica 13: 127-143.
47. Greuet, C. 1978. Organisation ultrastructurale de l'ocelloide de Nematodinium. Aspect phylogénétique de l'évolution du photorécepteur des Péridiniens Warnowiidae Lindemann. Cytobio-logie 17: 114-136.
48. Greuet, C. 1987. Complex organelles. In: The Biology of Dinoflagellates (ed. F. J. R. Taylor), pp. 119-142. Blackwell. Oxford.
49. Hackstein, J. H. P., Schubert, H., Rosenberg, J., Mackenstedt, U., van den Berg, M., Brui, S., Derksen, J. & Matthijs, H. C. P. 1997. Plastid-like organelles in anaerobic mastigotes and parasitic apicomplexans. In: Eukaryotism and Symbiosis (ed. H. E. A. Schenk, R. G. Herrmann, K. W. Jeon, N. E. Müller & W. Schwemmler), pp. 49-56. Springer, Berlin.
50. Häuber, M. M., Müller, S. B., Speth, V. & Maier, U.-G. 1994. How to evolve a complex plastid? A hypothesis. Botanica Acta 107: 383-386.
51. Hallcgraeff, G. M. & Jeffrey, S. W. 1984. Tropical phytoplankton species and pigments of continental shelf waters of North and North-West Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 20: 59-74.
52. Hallegraeff, G. M. & Lucas, I. A. N. 1988. The marine dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis (Dinophyceae): photosynthetic, neritic and non-photosynthetic, oceanic species. Phycologia 27: 25-42.
53. Hansen, P. J. 1992. Prey selection, feeding rates and growth dynamics of heterotrophic dinoflagellates with special emphasis on Gyrodinium spirale. Marine Biology 114: 327-334.
54. Honsell, G., Talarico, L. & Cabrini, M. 1988. Interesting ultrastructural features of a green dinoflagellate. Giomale Botánico Italiano 122: 76-78.
55. Horiguchi T, & Pienaar, R. N. 1991. Ultrastructure of a marine dinoflagellate, Peridinium quinquecorne Abé (Pcridiniales) from South Africa with special reference to its chrysophytc endo-symbiont. Botanica Marina 34: 123-131.
56. Horiguchi T, & Pienaar, R. N. 1992. Amphidinium latum (Dinophyceae), a sand-dwelling dinoflagellate feeding on cryptomonads. Japanese Journal of Phycology (Sorui) 40: 353-363.
57. Horiguchi T, & Pienaar, R. N. 1994. Ultrastructure of a new type of eyespot in dinoflagellates. Protoplasma 179: 142-150.
58. Horiguchi T, & Pienaar, R. N. 1994. Ultrastructure of a new sand-dwelling dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium quadrilobum sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) with special reference to its endosymbiotic algae. European Journal of Phycology 29: 237-245.
59. Hu, H., Yu, M. & Zang, X. 1980. Discovery of phycobilin in Gymnodinium cyaneum Hu sp. nov. and its phylogenetic significance. Kexuc Tongbao 25: 882-884.
60. Jacobson, D. M. & Andersen R. A. 1994. The discovery of mixotrophy in photosynthetic species of Dinophysis (Dinophyta): light and electron microscopical observations of food vacuoles in Dinophysis acuminata, D. norvegica and two heterotrophic dinophysoid dinoflagellates. Phycologia 33: 97-110.
61. Jacobson, D. M. & Anderson, D. M. 1996. Widespread phagocytosis of ciliatcs and other protists by marine mixotrophic and heterotrophic thecate dinoflagellates. Journal of Phycology 32: 279-285.
62. Jeffrey, S. W., Sielicki, M. & Haxo, F. T. 1975. Chloroplast pigment pattern in dinoflagellates. Journal of Phycology 11: 374-384.
63. Jeffrey, S. W. & Vesk, M. 1997. Introduction to marine phytoplankton and their pigment signatures. In: Phytoplankton pigments in oceanography: guidelines to modern methods (eds. S. W. Jeffrey, R. F. C. Mantoura & S. W. Wright), pp. 37-84. UNESCO Publ., Paris.
64. Johnsen, G. & Sakshaug, E. 1993. Bio-optical characterization and photoadaptive responses in the toxic and bloom-forming dinoflagellate Gyrodinium aureolum, Gymnodinium galatheanum, and two strains of Prorocentrum minimum. Journal of Phycology 29: 627-642.
65. Kevin, M. J., Hall, W. T., McLaughlin, J. A. & Zahl, P. A. 1969. Symbiodinium microadriaticum Freudenthal, a revised taxonomic description, ultrastructurc. Journal of Phycology 5: 341-350.
66. Kimor, B., Gordon, N. & Neori, A. 1992. Symbiotic associations among the microplankton in oligotrophic marine environments, with special reference to the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Journal of Plankton Research 14: 1217-1231.
67. Kite, G. C. & Dodge, J. D. 1985. Structural organization of plastid DNA in two anomalous pigmented dinoflagellates. Journal of Phycology 21: 50-56.
68. Kite, G. C. & Dodge, J. D. 1988. Cell and chloroplast ultrastructure in Gyrodinium aureolum and Gymnodinium galatheanum. Two marine dinoflagellates containing an unusual carotenoid. Sarsia 73: 131-138.
69. Köhler, S., Delwiche, C. F., Denny, P. W., Tilney, L. G., Webster, P., Wilson, R. J., Palmer, J. D. & Roos, D. S. 1997. A plastid of probable green algal origin in apicomplexan parasites. Science 275: 1485-1488.
70. Kowallik, K. 1969. The crystal lattice of the pyrcnoid matrix of Prorocentrum micans. Journal of Cell Science 5: 251-269.
71. Kowallik, K. & Haberkorn, G; 1971. The DNA-structures of the chloroplast of Prorocentrum micans (Dinophyceae). Archiv für Mikrobiologie 80: 252-261.
72. Larsen, J. 1988. An ultrastructural study of Amphidinium poecilo-chroum (Dinophyceae), a phagotrophic dinoflagellate feeding on small species of cryptophytes. Phycologia 27: 366-377.
73. Larsen, J. & Soumia, A. 1991. The diversity of heterotrophic dinoflagellates. In: The biology of free-living heterotrophic flagellates (eds. D. J. Patterson & J. Larsen), pp. 313-332. Syst. Assoc. Sp. Vol. No 45. Clarcdon, Oxford.
74. Leadbeatcr, B. S. C. & Dodge, J. D. 1966. The fine structure of IVoloszynskia micra sp. nov., a new marine dinoflagellate. British Phycological Journal 3: 1-17.
75. Lcssard, E. J. & Swift, E. 1986. Dinoflagellates from the North Atlantic classified as phototrophic or heterotrophic by epifluor-escence microscopy. Journal of Plankton Research 6: 1209-1215.
76. Loeblich, A. R. 1976. Dinoflagellate evolution: speculation and evidence. Journal of Protozoology 23: 13-28.
77. Lucas, I. A. N. 1991. Symbionts of the tropical Dinophysialcs (Dinophyceae). Ophelia 33: 213-224.
78. Lucas, I. A. N. & Vesk, M. 1990. The fine structure of two photosynthetic species of Dinophysis (Dinophysiales, Dinophyceae). Journal of Phycology 26: 345-357.
79. Mandelli, E. F. 1968. Carotenoid pigments of the dinoflagellate Glenodinium foliaceum Stein. Journal of Phycology 4: 347-348.
80. McFadden, G. I. & Walter, R. F. 1997. Plastids in parasites of humans. BioEssays 19: 1033-1040.
81. McNally, K. S., Govind, N. S., Thom, P. E. & Trench, R. K. 1994. Small-subunit ribosomal RNA sequence analyses and a reconstruction of the inferred phylogeny among symbiotic dinoflagellates. Journal of Phycology 30: 316-329.
82. Medlin, L. K., Kooistra, W. H. F., Potter, D., Saunders, G. W. & Andersen, R. A. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships of the 'golden algae' (haptophytes, heterokont chromophytes) and their plastids. Plant Systematics and Evolution (Supplement) 11: 187-219.
83. Melkonian, M. 1996. Phylogeny of photosynthetic protists and their plastids. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft 89: 71-96.
84. Messer, G. & Ben-Shaul, Y. 1969. Fine structure of Peridinium westii Lemm., a freshwater dinoflagellate. Journal of Protozoology 16: 272-280.
85. Meyer-Harms, B. & Pollehne, F. 1998. Alloxanthin in Dinophysis norvegica (Dinophysiales, Dinophyceae) from the Baltic Sea. Journal of Phycology 34: 280-285.
86. Mornin, L. & Francis, D. 1967. The fine structure of Nemaiodinium armatum, a naked dinoflagellate. Journal de Microscopic 6: 759-772.
87. Morse D., Salois, P., Markovic, P. & Hastings, J. W. 1995. A nuclear-encoded form II RuBisCo in dinoflagellates. Science 268: 1622-1624.
88. Palmer, J. 1995. Rubisco rules fall; gene transfer triumphs. BioEssays 17: 343-345.
89. Peters, A. & Clayton, M. N. 1998. Molecular and morphological investigations of three brown algal genera with stellate plastids: evidence for Scytothamnales ord. nov. (Phaeophyceae). Phycologia 37: 106-113.
90. Preisig, H. R. 1979. Vergleichende Studien an Algenpopulationen in Kiesgruben. Ph.D.Thes. Universität, Zürich.
91. Prezlin, B. B., & Haxo F. T. 1976. : Purification and characterization of peridinin-chlorophyll a-proteins from the marine dinoflagellates Glenodinium sp. and Gonyaulax polyedra. Planta 128: 133-141.
92. Rowan, R., Whitney, S. M., Fowler, A. & Yellowiees, D. 1996. Rubisco in marine symbiotic dinoflagellates: Form II enzymes in eukaryotic oxygenic phototrophs encoded by a nuclear multigene family. Plant Cell 8: 539-553.
93. Saunders, G. W., Hill, D. R. A., Sexton, J. P. & Andersen, R. A. 1997. Small-subunit ribosomal RNA sequences from selected dinoflagellates: testing classical evolutionary hypotheses with molecular systematic methods. In : Origins of algae and their plastids (ed. D. Bhattacharya), pp. 237-259. Springer, Wien-New York.
94. Schiller, J. 1954. Über winterliche pflanzliche Bewohner des Wassers, Eises und des daraufliegenden Schneebreics. I. Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 101: 236-284.
95. Schiller, J. 1955a. Neue Mikrophyten aus künstlichen betonierten Wasserbehältern. 2. Mitteilung über neue Cyanosen. Archiv für Protistenkunde 100: 116-126.
96. Schiller, J. 1955. Untersuchungen an den planktischen Protophyten des Neusiedlersees 1950-1954, I. Teil. Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten aus dem Burgenland 9: 1-66.
97. Schnepf, E. 1993. From prey via endosymbiont to plastid: Comparative studies in dinoflagellates. In: Origins of Plastids (ed. R. A. Lewin), pp. 53-76. Chapman & Hall, New York-London.
98. Schnepf, E. & Deichgräber, G. 1972. Über den Feinbau von Theka, Pusule und Golgi-Apparat bei dem Dinoflagellaten Gymnodinium sp. Protoplasma 74: 411-425.
99. Schnepf, E. & Deichgräber, G. 1984. "Myzocytosis", a kind of endocytosis with implications to compartmentation in endo-symbiosis. Observations on Paulsenella (Dinophyta). Naturwissenschaften 71: 218-219.
100. Schnepf, E. & Elbrächter, M. 1988. Cryptophycean-like doublemembrane-bound chloroplast in the dinoflagellate, Dinophysis Ehrenb.: evolutionary, phylogeneticc and toxicological implications. Botanica Acta 101: 196-203.
101. Schnepf, E. & Elbrächter, M. 1992. Nutritional strategies in dinoflagellates. A review with emphasis on cell biological aspects. European Journal of Protistology 28: 3-24.
102. Schnepf, E., Winter, S. & Mollenhauer, D. 1989. Gymnodinium aeruginosum (Dinophyta): a blue-green dinoflagellate with a vestigial, anucleate, cryptophycean endosymbiont. Plant Systematics and Evolution 164: 75-91.
103. Schütt, F. 1895. Die Peridineen der Plankton-Expedition. Ergebnisse der Plankton-Expedition der Humboldt-Stiftung Band iV. M.a.A.: 11-170.
104. Schweikert, M. & Elbrächter, M. 1999. A new form of endo-symbiosis in Podolampas bipes Stein (Dinophytccac). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 46: 12.
105. Silbermann, J. D., Sogin, M. L., Leipe, D. D. & Clark, C. G. 1996. Human parasite finds taxonomic home. Nature 380: 398.
106. Sitte, P. 1993. Symbiogcnetic evolution of complex cells and complex plastids. European Journal of Protistology 29: 131-143.
107. Spector, D. L. & Triemcr, R. E. 1979. Ultrastructure of the dinoflagellate Peridinium cinctum f. ovoplanum. I. Vegetative cell ultrastructure. American Journal of Botany 66: 845-850.
108. Steidinger, K. A., Truby, E. W. & Dawes, C. J. 1978. Ultrastructure of the red tide dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve. I General description. Journal of Phycology 14: 72-79.
109. Sweeney, B. M. 1976. Pedinomonas noctilucae (Prasinophyceac), the flagellate symbiotic in Noctiluca (Dinophyceae) in Southeast Asia. Journal of Phycology 12: 460-464.
110. Sweeney, B. M. 1981. Freeze-fractured chloroplast membranes of Gonyaulax polyedra (Pyrrhophyta). Journal of Phycology 17: 95-101.
111. Sweeney, B. M. 1984 Circadian rhythmicity in dinoflagellates. In: Dinoflagellates (ed. D. L. Spector), pp. 343-364. Academic Press, London.
112. Tangen, K. & Björnland, T. 1981. Observations on pigments and morphology of Gyrodinium aureolum Hulburt, a marine dinoflagellate containing 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin as the main carotenoid. Journal of Plankton Research 3: 389-401.
113. Timpano, P. & Pfiester, L. A. 1985. Fine structure of the immobile dinococcalean Cystodinium bataviense (Dinophyceae). Journal of Phycology 21: 458-466.
114. Tippit, D. H. & Pickett-Heaps, J. D. 1976. Apparent amitosis in the binucleate dinoflagellate Peridinium baliicum. Journal of Cell Science 21: 273-289.
115. Töpperwien, F. & Hardeland, R. 1980. Free-running rhythm of plastid movements in individual cells of Pyrocystis lunula (Dinophyta). Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research 11: 325-329.
116. Tomas, R. N. & Cox, 1973. Observations on the symbiosis of Peridinium baliicum and its intracellular alga. I. Ultrastructure. Journal of Phycology 9: 304-323.
117. Tomas, R. N., Cox, E. R. & Steidinger, K. A. 1973. Peridinium baliicum (Levander) Lemmermann, an unusual dinoflagellate with a mcsocaryotic and eucaryotic nucleus. Journal of Phycology 9: 91-98.
118. Vesk, M., Dibbayavan, T. P. & Vesk, P. A. 1996. Immunogold localization of phycoerythrin in chloroplasts of Dinophysis acuminata and D. fortii (Dinophysiales, Dinophyta). Phycologia 35: 234-238.
119. Watanabe, M. M., Sasa, T., Suda, S., Inouye I. & Takichi, S. 1991. Major carotenoid composition of an endosymbiont in a green dinoflagellate, Lepidociinium viride. Journal of Phycology 27,: 75.
120. Watanabe, M. M., Suda, S., Inouye, I., Sawaguchi, T. & Chihara, M. 1990. Lepidodinium viride gen. el sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyta), a green dinoflagellate with chlorophyll a-and b-containig endosymbiont. Journal of Phycology 26: 741-751.
121. Watanabe, M. M., Takeda, Y., Sasa, T., Inouye, I., Suda, S., Sawaguchi T, & Chihara, M. 1987. A green dinoflagellate with chlorophylls a and b: morphology, fine structure of the chloroplast and chlorophyll composition. Journal of Phycology 23: 382-389.
122. Whatley, J. M. 1993. Chloroplast ultrastructure. In: Ultrastructure of microalgae (ed. T. Berner), pp. 135-204. CRC Press, Boca Raton FL.
123. Whitten, D. J. & Hayhome, B. A. 1986. Comparative electrophoretic analysis of two binucleate dinoflagellates. Journal of Phycology 22: 348-352.
124. Wilcox, L. W. & Wedemayer, G. J. 1984. Gymnodinium acidotum Nygaard (Pyrrophyta), a dinoflagellate with an endosymbiotic cryptomonad. Journal of Phycology 20: 236-242.
125. Wilcox, L. W. & Wedemayer, G. J. 1985. Dinoflagellate with blue-green chloroplasts derived from an endosymbiotic eukaryote. Science 227: 192-194.
126. Withers, N. W., Cox, E. R., Tomas, R. & Haxo, F. T. 1977. Pigments of the dinoflagellate Peridinium balticum and its photosynthetic endosymbiont. Journal of Phycology 13: 354-358.
127. Woloszynska, J. 1925. Notatki algologiczne (Algologische Notizen). Wigry L. Hydrobiological Station Reports 1: 1-9 (In Polish).
128. Zaika, K. E. & Malinochka, U. U. 1986. Symbiosis of Cyanobacteria with dinoflagellate Dinophysiales. Doklady Akademii Nauk Ukrainskoj SSR Serie B 12: 67-69 (In Russian).