Management of cancer pain: Focus on new opioid analgesic formulations

American Journal of Cancer

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 171-182

  Davis, Mellar P ^a  

^a LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALFENTANIL; BUPRENORPHINE; BUTORPHANOL; CODEINE; DEXTROMETHORPHAN; DIAMORPHINE; FENTANYL; HYDROMORPHONE; LEVORPHANOL; LIPOSOME; METHADONE; MORPHINE; MORPHINE SULFATE; NALOXONE; OPIATE; OXYCODONE; OXYMORPHONE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SUFENTANIL; TIMERX; TRAMADOL; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AEROSOL; ANALGESIA; CANCER PAIN; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSTIPATION; DIZZINESS; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG DOSAGE FORM COMPARISON; DRUG OVERDOSE; ENCAPSULATION; ERYTHEMA; FATIGUE; HUMAN; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRURITUS; RESPIRATION DEPRESSION; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; REVIEW; SEROTONIN SYNDROME; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; TIME TO MAXIMUM PLASMA CONCENTRATION; XEROSTOMIA;

EID: 33846886958     PISSN: 11756357     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00024669-200605030-00004     Document Type: Review

References (133)

1. Davis MP, Walsh D. Epidemiology of cancer pain and factors influencing poor pain control. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2004; 21: 137-42
2. Estfan B, Shaheen P, Walsh D, et al. Errors in opioid prescribing: a prospective survey [abstract]. J Palliat Med 2005; 8 (1): 221
3. Kochhar R, LeGrand SB, Walsh D, et al. Opioids in cancer pain: common dosing errors. Oncology 2003; 4: 571-5
4. Davis MP, LeGrand SB, Lagman R. Look before leaping; combined opioids may not be the rave. Support Care Cancer 2005; 13: 769-74
5. Davis MP, Weissman DE, Arnold RM. Opioid dose titration for severe cancer pain: a systematic evidence based review. J Palliat Med 2004; 7: 462-8
6. Bianchi AL, Denavit Saubie D, Champagnat J. Central control of breathing mammals: neuronal circuitry, membrane properties, and neurotransmitters. Physiol Rev 1995; 75 (1): 1-45
7. Ravenscroft P, Schneider J. Bedside perspectives on the use of opioids: transferring results of clinical research into practice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2000; 27: 529-32
8. Davis MP, Walsh D, Lagman R, et al. Controversies in pharmacotherapy of pain management. Lancet Oncol 2005; 6: 696-704
9. Quigley C. Opioid switching to improve pain relief and drug tolerability. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; (3): CD004847
10. Hanks GW, Conno F, Cherny N, et al. Morphine and alternative opioids in cancer pain: the EAPC recommendations. Br J Cancer 2001 Mar; 84 (5): 587-93
11. Estfan B, LeGrand SB, Walsh D, et al. Opioid rotation in cancer patients: pros and cons. Oncology 2005; 19: 511-6
12. DeConno F, Ripamonti C, Brunelli C. Opioid purchases and expenditures in nine Western European countries: "Are we killing off morphine?". Palliat Med 2005; 19: 179-84
13. Bruster S, Jarman B, Bosanquet N, et al. National survey of hospital patients. BMJ 1994; 309: 1542-6
14. Jamison RN, Taft K, O'Hara JP, et al. Psychosocial and pharmacologic predictors of satisfaction with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. Anesth Analg 1993; 77 (1): 121-5
15. Ozlap G, Sarioglu R, Tuncel G, et al. Preoperative emotional states in patients with breast cancer and postoperative pain. Acta Anesthesiol Scand 2003; 47 (1): 26-9
16. Perry F, Parker RK, White PF, et al. Role of psychosocial factors in postoperative pain control and recovery with patient-controlled analgesia. Clin J Pain 1994; 10 (1): 57-63
17. Walsh D, Doona M, Molnar M, et al. Symptom control in advanced cancer: important drugs and routes of administration. Semin Oncol 2000; 1: 6983
18. Hanks GW, Reid C. Contribution to variability in response to opioids. Support Care Cancer 2005; 13: 145-52
19. Lawlor PG. The panorama of opioid-related cognitive dysfunction in patients with cancer. Cancer 2002; 94: 1836-53
20. Mao J, Mayer DJ. Spinal cord neuroplasticity following repeated opioid exposure and its relation to pathological pain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 933: 175-84
21. King T, Ossipov MH, Vanderah TW, et al. Is paradoxical pain induced by sustained opioid exposure an underlying mechanism of opioid antinociceptive tolerance? Neurosignals 2005; 14 (4): 194-205
22. Gardell LR, King T, Ossipov MH, et al. Opioid receptor-mediated hyperalgesia and antinociceptive tolerance induced by sustained opiate delivery. Neurosci Lett 2006; 296: 44-9
23. McNally GP. Pain facilitatory circuits in the mammalian central nervous system: their behavioral significance and role in morphine analgesic tolerance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1999; 23: 1059-78
24. Laulin JP, Celerier E, Larcher A, et al. Opiate tolerance to daily heroin administration: an apparent phenomenon associated with enhanced pain sensitivity. Neuroscience 1999; 89 (3): 631-6
25. Celerier E, Laulin JP, Larcher A, et al. Evidence for opiate-activated NMDA processes masking opiate analgesia in rats. Brain Res 1999; 847: 18-25
26. Xie JY, Herman DA, Stiller CO, et al. Cholecystokinin in the rostral ventromedial medulla mediates opioid-induced hyperalgesia and antinociceptive tolerance. J Neuroscience 2005; 25 (2): 409-16
27. Woolf CJ, Salter MW. Neuronal plasticity: increasing the gain in pain. Science 2000; 288: 1765-8
28. Kind PC, Neumann PE. Plasticity: downstream of glutamate. Trends Neurosci 2001; 24 (10): 553-5
29. Ru-Rong J, Woolf CJ. Neuronal plasticity and signal transduction in nociceptive neurons: implications for the initiation and maintenance of pathological pain. Neurobiol Dis 2001; 8: 1-10
30. Mao J. Opioid induced abnormal pain sensitivity. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2006; 10: 67-70
31. Twycross RG. Clinical experience with diamorphine in advanced malignant disease. Int J Clin Pharmacol 1974; 7: 184-98
32. Moulin DE, Palma D, Watling C, et al. Methadone in the management of intractable neuropathic noncancer pain. Can J Neurol Sci 2005; 32 (3): 271-2
33. Rowbotham MC, Twilling L, Davies PS, et al. Oral opioid therapy for chronic peripheral and central neuropathic pain. N Engl J Med 2003; 348 (13): 1223-32
34. Dellemijn P. Are opioids effective in relieving neuropathic pain? Pain 1999; 80 (3): 453-62
35. Elkadar A, Sproule B. Buprenorphine: clinical pharmacokinetics in the treatment of opioid dependence. Clin Pharmacokinet 2005; 44 (7): 661-80
36. Johnson RE, Strain EC, Amass L. Buprenorphine: how to use it right. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003; 70 (2 Suppl.): S49-77
37. Strain EC, Stoller K, Walsh SL, et al. Effects of buprenorphine versus buprenorphine/naloxone tables in non-dependent opioid abuser. Psychopharmacology 2000; 148 (4): 374-83
38. Alford DP, Compton P, Samet JH. Acute pain management for patients receiving maintenance methadone or buprenorphine therapy. Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 127-34
39. Chou R, Clark E, Helfand M. Comparative efficacy and safety of long-acting oral opioids for chronic non-cancer pain: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage 2003; 26: 1026-48
40. Reder R. Opioid formulations: tailoring to the needs in chronic pain. Eur J Pain 2001; 5 Suppl. A: 109-11
41. Gourlay GK. Sustained relief of chronic pain: pharmacokinetics of sustained release morphine. Clin Pharmacokinet 1998; 35 (3): 173-90
42. Chao J. Retrospective analysis of Kadian (morphine sulfate sustained release capsules) in patients with chronic nonmalignant pain. Pain Med 2005; 6: 262-5
43. Broomhead A, Kerr R, Tester W, et al. Comparison of once-a-day sustained-release morphine formulation with standard oral morphine treatment for cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 1997 Aug; 14 (2): 63-73
44. Morales ME, Gallardo LV, Calpena AC, et al. Comparative study of morphine diffusion from sustained release polymeric suspensions. J Control Release 2004; 95 (1): 75-81
45. Takatori T, Yamamoto K, Yamaguchi T, et al. Design of controlled-release morphine suppositories containing polyglycerol ester of fatty acid. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28 (8): 1480-4
46. Babul N, Darke AC, Anslow JA, et al. Pharmacokinetics of two novel rectal controlled-release morphine formulations. J Pain Symptom Manage 1992; 7 (7): 400-5
47. Kaiko RF, Fitzmartin RD, Thomas GB, et al. The bioavailability of morphine in controlled-release 30-mg tablets per rectum compared with immediate release 30mg rectal suppositories and controlled-release 30mg oral tablets. Pharmacotherapy 1992; 12 (2): 197-13
48. Bruera E, Fainsinger R, Spachynski K, et al. Steady-state pharmacokinetic evaluation of a novel, controlled-release morphine suppository and subcutaneous morphine in cancer pain. J Clin Pharmacol 1995; 35 (7): 666-72
49. Moolenaar F, Meijler WJ, Frijlink HW, et al. Control efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of a newly developed controlled release morphine sulphate suppository in patients with cancer pain. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 56: 219-23
50. Grosset A, Roberts M, Woodson M, et al. Comparative efficacy of oral extended-release hydromorphone and immediate-release hydromorphone in patients with persistent moderate to severe pain: two randomized controlled trials. J Pain Symptom Manage 2005 Jun; 29 (6): 584-94
51. Malonne H, Sonet B, Streel B, et al. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of a new oral sustained release dosage form of tramadol. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 57 (3): 270-8
52. Davis M. Buprenorphine in cancer pain. Support Care Cancer 2005; 13: 878-87
53. Chawarski MC, Moody DE, Pakes J, et al. Buprenorphine tablets versus liquid: a clinical trial comparing plasma levels, efficacy, and symptoms. J Subst Abuse Treat 2005; 29 (4): 307-12
54. Ciraulo DA, Hitzemann RJ, Somoza E, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of multiple sublingual buprenorphine tablets in dose-escalation trials. J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 46: 179-92
55. Ceccarelli I, De Pavado AM, Fiorenzani P, et al. Single opioids administration modifies gonadal steroids in both the CNS and plasma of male rats. Neuroscience 2006; 140 (3): 929-37
56. Dahan A, Yassen A, Romberg R, et al. Buprenorphine induces ceiling in respiratory depression but not analgesia. Br J Anaesth 2006 May; 96 (5): 627-32. Epub 2006 Mar 17
57. Megarbane B, Marie N, Pirnay S, et al. Buprenorphine is protective against the depressive effects of norbuprenorphine on ventilation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006 May 1; 212 (3): 256-67
58. Malinoff HL, Barkin RL, Wilson G. Sublingual buprenorphine is effective in the treatment of chronic pain syndrome. Am J Ther 2005; 12: 379-84
59. Watson PJQ, McQuay HJ, Bullingham RES, et al. Single-dose comparison of buprenorphine 0.3 and 0.6mg iv given after operation: clinical effects and plasma concentrations. Br J Anaseth 1982; 54: 37-43
60. Mok MS, Lippmann M, Steen SN. Multidose/observational, comparative clinical analgesic evaluation of buprenorphine. J Clin Pharmacol 1981; 21: 323-9
61. Filitz J, Gressinger W, Sittl R, et al. Effects of intermittent hemodialysis on buprenorphine and nor buprenorphine plasma concentrations in chronic pain: patients treated with transdermal buprenorphine. Eur J Pain. Epub 2006 Jan 17
62. Adams M, Ahdieh H. Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetic and dose-proportionality study of oxymorphone immediate-release tablets. Drugs R D 2005; 6 (2): 91-9
63. Adams MA, Pieneaszek HJ, Gammaitoni AR. Oxymorphone extended release does not affect CYP2C9 or CYP3A4 metabolic pathways. J Clin Pharmacol 2005; 45: 337-45
64. Adams M, Ahdieh H. Pharmacokinetics and dose-proportionality of oxymorphone extended release and its metabolites: results of a randomized crossover study. Pharmacotherapy 2004; 24 (4): 468-4
65. Gabrail N, Dvergste C, Ahdieh H. Establishing the dosage equivalency of oxymorphone extended release and oxycodone controlled release in patients with cancer pain: a randomized controlled study. Curr Med Res Opin 2004; 20 (6): 911-8
66. Sloan P, Slatkin N, Ahdieh N. Effectiveness and safety of oral extended-release oxymorphone for the treatment of cancer pain: a pilot study. Support Care Cancer 2005; 13: 57-65
67. Davis MP. Levorphanol. In: Davis M, Glare P, Hardy J, editors. Opioids in cancer pain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005
68. Choi DW, Peters S, Viseskul V. Dextrorphan and levorphanol selectively block N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated neurotoxicity on cortical neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1987; 242 (2): 713-20
69. Church J, Lodge D, Berry SC. Differential effects of dextrorphan and levorphanol on the excitation of rat spinal neurons by amino acids. Eur J Pharmacol 1985; 111 (2): 185-90
70. Weinbroum AA, Rudick V, Paret G. The role of dextromethorphan in pain control. Can J Anesth 2000; 47 (6): 585-96
71. Pechnick R, Poland R. Comparison of the effects of dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, and levorphanol on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 309 (2): 515-22
72. He N, Daniel HI, Hajiloo L, et al. Dextromethorphan O-demethylation polymorphism in an African-American population. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 55 (6): 4547-9
73. Woodworth JR, Dennis SR, Moore L, et al. The polymorphic metabolism of dextromethorphan. J Clin Pharmacol 1987; 27 (2): 139-43
74. Galer BS, Lee D, Ma T, et al. MorphiDex (morphine sulfate/ dextromethorphan hydrobromide combination) in the treatment of chronic pain: three multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trials fail to demonstrate enhanced opioid analgesia or reduction in tolerance. Pain 2005; 115 (3): 284-95
75. Adams JU, Paronis CA, Holtzman SG. Assessment of relative intrinsic activity of mu-opioid analgesics in vivo by using beta-flunaltrexamine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1990; 255 (3): 1027-32
76. AHFS drug formulary. Bethesda (MD): American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 2002: 2044-60
77. Nicholson AB. Methadone for cancer pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; (2): CD003971
78. Davis MP. Methadone. In: Davis M, Glare P, Hardy J, editors. Opioids in cancer pain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005
79. Sindrup SH, Andersen G, Madsen C, et al. Tramadol relieves pain and allodynia in polyneuropathy: a randomized, double-blind, controlled-trial. Pain 1999; 83 (1): 85-90
80. Davis MP. Tramadol. In: Davis M, Glare P, Hardy J, editors. Opioids in cancer pain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005
81. Leppert W, Luczak J. The role of tramadol in cancer pain treatment: a review. Support Care Cancer 2005; 13: 5-17
82. Shipton EA. Tramadol: present and future. Anaesth Intensive Care 2000; 28 (4): 363-74
83. Grond S, Sablotzki A. Clinical pharmacology of tramadol. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004; 43 (13): 879-923
84. Mattia C, Coluzzi F. Tramadol: focus on musculoskeletal and neuropathic pain. Minerva Anestesiol 2005; 71: 565-84
85. Anonymous. Tramadol oral solution: new drug: poorly evaluated and potentially dangerous in children. Prescrire Int 2005 Jun; 14 (77): 83-5
86. Dale O, Hjortkjaer R, Kharasch D, et al. Nasal administration of opioids for pain management in adults. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002; 46: 759-70
87. Davis GA, Rudy AC, Archer SM, et al. Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol tartrate administered from single-dose intranasal sprayer. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2004 Feb; 61: 261-6
88. Toussaint S, Maidl J, Schwagmeier R, et al. Patient-controlled intranasal analgesia: effective alternative to intravenous PCA for postoperative pain relief. Can J Anesth 2000; 47 (4): 299-302
89. Paech MJ, Lim CB, Banks SL, et al. A new formulation of nasal fentanyl spray for postoperative analgesia: a pilot study. Anaesthesia 2003; 58: 740-4
90. Striebel HW, Pommerening J, Rieger A. Intranasal fentanyl titration for postoperative pain management in an unselected population. Anaesthesia 1993 Sep; 48 (9): 753-7
91. Dale O, Hoffer C, Pamela S, et al. Disposition of nasal, intravenous, and oral methadone in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002 Nov; 72 (5): 537-45
92. Fitzgibbon D, Morgan D, Dockter D, et al. Initial pharmacokinetic, safety and efficacy evaluation of nasal morphine gluconate for breakthrough pain in cancer patients. Pain 2003; 106: 309-15
93. Finn J, Wright J, Fong J, et al. A randomized crossover trial of patient controlled intranasal fentanyl and oral morphine for procedural wound care in adult patients with burns. Burns 2004; 30: 262-8
94. Coda BA, Rudy AC, Archer SM, et al. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of single-dose intranasal hydromorphone hydrochloride in healthy volunteers. Anesth Analg 2003; 97: 117-23
95. Illum L, Watts P, Fisher AN, et al. Intranasal delivery of morphine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 301 (1): 391-400
96. Pavis H, Wilcock A, Edgecombe J, et al. Pilot study of nasal morphine-chitosan for the relief of breakthrough pain in patients with cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage 2002 Dec; 24 (6): 598-601
97. Takala A, Kaasalainen V, Seppala T, et al. Pharmacokinetic comparison of intravenous and intranasal administration of oxycodone. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1997 Feb; 41 (2): 309-12
98. Lindhardt K, Ravn C, Gizurarson S, et al. Intranasal absorption of buprenorphine: in vivo bioavailability study n sheep. Int J Pharm 2005; 205 (1-2): 159-63
99. Zeppetella G. Nebulized and intranasal fentanyl in the management of cancer-related breakthrough pain. Palliat Med 2000; 14: 57-8
100. Wermeling DP, Grant GM, Lee A, et al. Analgesic effects of intranasal butorphanol tartrate administered via a unit-dose device in the dental impaction pain model: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Clin Ther 2005; 27 (4): 430-40
101. Masood AR, Thomas SH. Systemic absorption of nebulized morphine compared with oral morphine in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1006 Mar; 41 (3): 250-2
102. Worsley MH, MacLeod AD, Brodie MJ, et al. Inhaled fentanyl as a method of analgesia [letter]. Anaesthesia 1990; 45 (11): 992
103. Hung OR, Whynot SC, Varvel JR, et al. Pharmacokinetics of inhaled liposome-encapsulated fentanyl. Anesthesiology 1995 Aug; 83 (2): 277-84
104. Mather LE, Woodhouse A, Ward ME, et al. Pulmonary administration of aerosolized fentanyl: pharmacokinetic analysis of systemic delivery. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 46: 37-43
105. Bartfield JM, Flint RD, McErlean M, et al. Nebulized fentanyl for relief of abdominal pain. Acad Emerg Med 2003 Mar; 10 (3): 215-8
106. Mehdizadeh A, Toliate T, Rouini M, et al. Design and in vitro evaluation of new drug-in-adhesive formulations of fentanyl transdermal patches. Acta Pharmacol 2004; 54: 301-17
107. Larsen RH, Nielsen F, Sorensen JA, et al. Dermal penetration of fentanyl: inter-and intraindividual variations. Pharmacol Toxicol 2003; 93: 244-8
108. Vanbever R, LeBoulenge E, Preat V. Transdermal delivery of fentanyl by electroporation I. Influence of electrical factors. Pharm Res 1996; 13 (4): 559-65
109. Vanbever R, Langers G, Monmayeur S, et al. Transdermal delivery of fentanyl: rapid onset of analgesia using skin electroporation. J Control Release 1998; 50 (1-3): 225-35
110. Ashburn MA, Ogden LL, Zhang J, et al. The pharmacokinetics of transdermal fentanyl delivered with and without controlled heat. J Pain 2003; 4 (6): 291-7
111. Gupta SK, Sathyan G, Phipps B, et al. Reproducible fentanyl doses delivered intermittently at different time intervals from an electro transport system. J Pharm Sci 1999; 88 (8): 835-41
112. Roy SD, Flynn GL. Transdermal delivery of narcotic analgesics: pH, anatomical, and subject influences on cutaneous permeability of fentanyl and sufentanil. Pharm Res 1990; 7 (8): 842-7
113. Solassol I, Caumette L, Bressolle F, et al. Inter- and intra-individual variability in transdermal fentanyl absorption in cancer pain patients. Oncol Rep 2005; 14 (4): 1029-36
114. Marquardt KA, Tharratt RS, Musallam NA. Fentanyl remaining in a transdermal system following three days of continuous use. Ann Pharmacother 1995; 29 (10): 969-71
115. Budd K, Collett BJ. Old dog: new (ma)trix. Br J Anaesth 2003; 90 (6): 722-4
116. Sathyan G, Guo C, Sivakumar L, et al. Evaluation of the bioequivalence of two transdermal fentanyl systems following single and repeat applications. Curr Med Res Opin 2005; 21 (12): 1961-8
117. Roy SD, Gutierrez M, Flynn G, et al. Controlled transdermal delivery of fentanyl: characterizations of pressure-sensitive adhesives for matrix patch design. J Pharm Sci 1996 May; 85 (5): 491-5
118. Sathyan G, Zomorodi K, Gidwani S, et al. The effect of dosing frequency on the pharmacokinetics of a fentanyl HCI patient-controlled transdermal system (PCTS). Clin Pharmacokinet 2005; 44 Suppl. 1: 17-24
119. Chelly JE, Grass J, Houseman TW, et al. The safety and efficacy of a fentanyl patient-controlled transdermal system for acute postoperative analgesia: a multicenter, placebo-controlled trial. Anesth Analg 2004; 98: 427-33
120. Sinatra R. The fentanyl HC1 patient-controlled transdermal fentanyl system (PCTS) an alternative to intravenous patient controlled analgesia in the postoperative setting. Clin Pharmacokinet 2006; 44 Suppl. 1: 1-6
121. Viscusi ER, Reynolds L, Chung F, et al. Patient-controlled transdermal fentanyl hydrochloride vs intravenous morphine pump for postoperative pain: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291 (11): 1333-41
122. Gupta SK, Hwang S, Southam M, et al. Effects of application site and subject demographics on the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl HCI patient-controlled transdermal system (PCTS). Clin Pharmacokinet 2005; 44 Suppl. 1: 25-32
123. Radbruch L, Vielvoye-Kerkmeer A. Buprenorphine TDS: the clinical development rationale and results. Int J Clin Pract Suppl 2003 Feb; (133): 15-8
124. Evans HC, Easthope SE. Transdermal buprenorphine. Drugs 2003; 63 (19): 1999-2010
125. Muriel C, Failde I, Mico JA, et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of the buprenorphine transdermal system in patients with moderate to severe chronic pain: a multicenter, open-label uncontrolled, prospective observational clinical study. Clin Ther 2005; 27 (4): 451-62
126. Sittl R. Transdermal buprenorphine in the treatment of chronic pain. Expert Rev Neurother 2005 May; 5 (3): 315-23
127. Sittl R, Likar R, Poulsen Nautrup B. Equipotent doses of transdermal fentanyl and transdermal buprenorphine in patients with cancer and non cancer pain: results of a retrospective cohort study. Clin Ther 2005; 27 (2): 225-37
128. Reidenberg B, El-Tahtawy A, Munera C, et al. Absolute bioavailability of a novel buprenorphine transdermal system (BTDS) applied for seven days [abstract]. J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 41: 1026
129. Reidenberg B, El-Tahtawy A, Munera C, et al. Daily pharmacokinetic performance of a buprenorphine transdermal system (BTDS) for up to seven days [abstract]. J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 41: 1027
130. Sobel B-FX, Sigmon SC, Walsh SL, et al. Open-label trial of an injection depot formulation of buprenorphine in opioid detoxification. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004; 73: 11-22
131. Sigmon SC, Wong CJ, Chausmer AL, et al. Evaluation of an injection depot formulation of buprenorphine: placebo comparison. Addiction 2004; 99: 1439-49
132. Yaksh TL, Provencher JC, Rathbun ML, et al. Safety assessment of encapsulated morphine delivered epidurally in a sustained-release multivesicular liposome preparation in dogs. Drug Deliv 2000; 7: 27-36
133. Anonymous. Morphine liposomal -SkyePharma: C 0401, D 0401, morphine - DepoFoam, SKY 0401. Drugs R D 2003; 4 (6): 373-5