Dyshidrosis: Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and therapy

Dermatitis

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 165-181

  Lofgren, Sabra M ^a   Warshaw, Erin M ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; AZATHIOPRINE; BETAMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE; BOTULINUM TOXIN A; CORTICOSTEROID; CROMOGLYCATE DISODIUM; CYCLOSPORIN; DAPSONE; DISULFIRAM; GLUCOCORTICOID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; IRRITANT AGENT; METAL; METHOTREXATE; METHOXSALEN; MOMETASONE FUROATE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; NICKEL; PIMECROLIMUS; TACROLIMUS; THALIDOMIDE;

APPLICATION SITE BURNING; BONE MARROW TOXICITY; CATARACTOGENESIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DERMATITIS; DESENSITIZATION; DIARRHEA; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DYSHIDROSIS; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GLAUCOMA; HEADACHE; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERHIDROSIS; HYPERTENSION; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INCIDENCE; IONIZING RADIATION; IONTOPHORESIS; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; LEUKOPENIA; LIVER TOXICITY; MEGALOCYTOSIS; MYCOSIS; NAUSEA; OSTEOPOROSIS; PARESTHESIA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUVA; QUALITY OF LIFE; RASH; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN ALLERGY; SKIN ATROPHY; SKIN BURNING SENSATION; STRIA; TELANGIECTASIA; TERATOGENICITY; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; VOMITING;

ECZEMA, DYSHIDROTIC; HUMANS; QUALITY OF LIFE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 33846476665     PISSN: 17103568     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2310/6620.2006.05021     Document Type: Review

References (163)

1. Fox T. On dyshidrosis. Am J Syph Dermatol 1873;4:1-7.
2. Fox T. Dyshidrosis: an undescribed eruption. Br Med J 1873;2: 365-6.
3. Hutchinson J. Cheiro-pompholyx: notes of a clinical lecture. Lancet 1876;1:630-1.
4. Fowler JF, Storrs FJ. Nickel allergy and dyshidrotic eczema: are they related? Am J Contact Dermal 2001;12:119-21.
5. Agrup G. Hand eczema and other hand dermatoses in south Sweden. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1969;49 Suppl 61:5-91.
6. Magina S, Barros MA, Ferreira JA, Mesquita-Guimaraes J. Atopy, nickel sensitivity, occupation, and clinical patterns in different types of hand dermatitis. Am J Contact Dermal 2003;14:63-8.
7. Lodi A, Betti R, Chiarelli G, et al. Epidemiological, clinical and allergological observations on pompholyx. Contact Dermatitis 1992;26:17-21.
8. Lehucher-Michel MP. Dyshidrotic eczema and occupation: a descriplive study. Contact Dermatitis 2000;43:200-5.
9. De Boer EM, Bruynzeel DP, Van Ketel WG. Dyshidrotic eczema as an occupational dermatitis in metal workers. Contact Dermatitis 1988;19:184-8.
10. Edman B. Palmar eczema: a pathogenetic role for acetylsalicylic acid, contraceptives and smoking? Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1988;68:402-7.
11. Thelin 1, Agrup G. Pompholyx-a one year series. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1985;65:214-17.
12. Bryld LE, Agner T, Menne T. Relation between vesicular eruptions on the hands and tinea pedis, atopic dermatitis and nickel allergy. Acta Derm Venereol 2003;83:186-8.
13. Shelley WB. Dyshidrosis (pompholyx). Arch Dermatol 1953;68: 314-9.
14. Vocks E, Plotz SG, Ring J. The Dyshidrotic Eczema Area and Severity Index-a score developed for the assessment of dyshidrotic eczema. Dermatology 1999;198:265-9.
15. European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis, severity scoring of atopic dermatitis: the SCORAD index. Dermatology 1993;186:23-31.
16. Jamec JBE, Wulf HC. The applicability of clinical scoring systems: SCORAD and PAS1 in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1997;77:392-3.
17. Abrams BB. Atopic dermatitis: elements in clinical study design and analysis. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1989;144:15-9.
18. Kutzner H, Wurzel R, Wolff H. Are acrosyringia involved in the pathogenesis of "dyshidrosis"? Am J Dermatopathol 1986;8:109-16.
19. Ackerman AB. Histologic diagnosis of inflammatory skin diseases. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1978. p. 499-500.
20. Christensen OB, Moller H. Nickel allergy and hand eczema. Contact Dermatitis 1975;1:129-35.
21. Christensen OB, Moller H. External and internal exposure to antigen in the hand eczema of nickel allergy. Contact Dermatitis 1975;1:136-41.
22. Meneghini C, Angelini G. Contact and microbial allergy in pompholyx. Contact Dermatitis 1979;51:46-50.
23. Tagami H. Trichophyton contact sensitivity in patients with dermatophytosis. Arch Dermatol 1977;113:1409.
24. Mortz CG, Lauritsen JM, Bindslev-Jensen C, et al. Nickel sensitization in adolescents and association with ear piercing, use of dental braces and hand eczema. Acta Derm Venereol 2002;82: 359-64.
25. Veien NK, Kaaber K. Nickel, cobalt and chromium sensitivity in patients with pompholyx (dyshidrotic eczema). Contact Dermatitis 1979;5:371-4.
26. Bryld LE, Agner T, Kyvik KO, et al. Hand eczema in twins: a questionnaire investigation. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:298-305.
27. Yokozeki H, Katayama J, Nishioka K, et al. The role of metal allergy and local hyperhidrosis in the pathogenesis of pompholyx. J Dermatol 1992;19:964-7.
28. Li LF, Wang J. Contact hypersensitivity in hand dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2002;47:206-9.
29. Hindsen M, Bruze M, Christensen OB. Individual variation in nickel patch test reactivity. Am J Contact Dermal 1999;10:62-7.
30. Crosti C, Lodi A. Pompholyx: a still unresolved kind of eczema. Dermatology 1993;186:241-2.
31. Jain VK, Aggarwal K, Passi S, Gupta S. Role of contact allergens in pompholyx. J Dermatol 2004;31:188-93.
32. Shelley WB. Chromium in welding fumes as cause of eczematous hand eruption. JAMA 1964;189:772.
33. Veien NK, Hattel T, Justesen O, et al. Oral challenge with metal salts in vesicular patch-test negative hand eczema. Contact Dermatitis 1983;9:402-6.
34. Menne T, Hjorth N. Reactions from systemic exposure to contact allergens. Semin Dermatol 1982;1:15-24.
35. Ekelund AG, Moller H. Oral provocation in eczematous contact allergy to neomycin and hydroxyl-quinolones. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1969;49:422-6.
36. Prystupa K, Rudzki E. Oral tolerance of nickel in patients with dyshidrosis. Contact Dermatitis 2000;42:276-7.
37. Peck SM. Epidermophytosis of the feet and epidermophytids of the hand. Arch Dermatol 1930;5:371-4.
38. Man I, Ibbotson S, Ferguson J. Photoinduced pompholyx: a report of 5 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;50:55-60.
39. Iannaccone S, Sferrazza B, Quattrini A, et al. Pompholyx (vesicular eczema) after IV immunoglobulin therapy for neurologic disease. Neurology 1999;53:1154-5.
40. Uyttendaele H, Obadiah J, Grossman M. Dyshidrotic-like spongiotic dermatitis after intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. J Drugs Dermatol 2003;2:337-41.
41. Iannaccone S, Sferrazza B, Quattrini A, et al. Pompholyx after IV immunoglobulin therapy for neurologic disease [letter]. Neurology 2000;54:1879.
42. Chowdhury MMU, Hedges R, Lanigan SW. Unilateral resolution of palmar eczema and hyperhidrosis complicated by Homer's syndrome following ipsilateral endoscopic cervical sympathectomy. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:645-90.
43. Moller H. Intact nerve supply for eczema [letter]. Br J Dermatol 2001;144:1270.
44. Wollina U, Naser MBA. Pharmacotherapy of pompholyx. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2004;5:1517-22.
45. Silverstein P. Smoking and wound healing. Am J Med 1992;93: 22S-4S.
46. Zia S, Ndoye A, Lee TX, et al. Receptor-mediated inhibition of keratinocyte migration by nicotine involves modulations of calcium influx and intracellular concentration. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000;293:973-81.
47. Smith JB, Neil AF. Cutaneous manifestations and consequences of smoking. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:717-32.
48. Douwes KE, Karrer S, Abels C, et al. Does smoking influence the efficacy of bath-PUVA therapy in chronic palmoplantar eczema? Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2000;16:25-9.
49. Van der Vleuten C, van der Valk P. Dyshidrotic eczema giving rise to painful lower leg ulceration as a result of smoking? Acta Derm Venereol 2001;82:76-7.
50. Mosely LH, Finseth F. Cigarette smoking: impairment of digital flow and wound healing in the hand. Hand 1977;9:97-101.
51. Jensen JA, Goodson WH, Hopf HW, et al. Cigarette smoking decreases tissue oxygen. Arch Surg 1991;126:1131-4.
52. Peacock EE, Van Winkle W. Wound repair. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1976. p. 46.
53. Matin S, Bliwise D, Wellman J, et al. Resolution of dyshidrotic dermatitis of the hand after treatment with continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnea. South Med J 2002;95: 253-4.
54. Wilkinson JD. Vesicular palmoplantar eczema. In: Fitzpatrick T, Eisen A, Wolff K, et al, editors, Dermatology in general medicine, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1993. p. 1574.
55. White JW. Localized eczematous disease. In: Sam W, Lynch P, editors. Principles and practice of dermatology. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1990. p. 411.
56. Gach J, King C. Constitutional pompholyx eczema complicated by secondary lymphoedema. Acta Derm Venereol 2001;81:437-8.
57. Hughes JE, Barraclough BM, Hamblin LG, White JE. Psychiatric symptoms in dermatology patients. Br J Psychiatry 1983;143:51-4.
58. Picardi A, Abeni D, Renzi C, et al. Increased psychiatric morbidity in female outpatients with skin lesions on visible parts of the body. Acta Derm Venereol 2001;81:410-4.
59. Warshaw E. Therapeutic options for chronic hand dermatitis. Dermatol Ther 2004;17:240-50.
60. Harper J. Topical corticosteroids in skin in infants and children. Drugs 1988;36Suppl 5:34-7.
61. Van Coevorden AM, Coenraads PJ, Svensseon A, et al. Overview of studies of treatment for hand eczema-the EDEN hand eczema survey. Br J Dermatol 2004;151:446-51.
62. Schnopp C, Remling R, Mohrenschlager M, et al. Topical tacrolimus (FK506) and mometasone furoate in the treatment of dyshidrotic palmar eczema: a randomized, observed-blinded trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:73-7.
63. Veien NK, Larsen PO, et al. Long-term, intermittent treatment of chronic hand eczema with mometasone furoate. Br J Dermatol 1999;140:882-6.
64. Volden G. Successful treatment of chronic skin diseases with clobetasol propionate and a hydrocolloid occlusive dressing. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1991;72:69-71.
65. Lebwohl M, Ali S. Treatment of psoriasis. Part 1. Topical therapy and phototherapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:487-98.
66. Olsen EA, Cornell RC. Topical clobestasol-17-propionate: review of its clinical efficacy and safety. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;15:246-55.
67. Haapasaari KM, Risteli J, Oikarinen A. Recovery of human skin collagen synthesis after short-term topical corticosteroid treatment and comparison between young and old subjects. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:65-9.
68. Sengoku T, Morita K, Sakuma S, et al. Possible inhibitory mechanism of FK506 (tacrolimus hydrate) ointment for atopic dermatitis based on animal models. Eur J Pharmacol 1999;379: 183-9.
69. Nagai H, Hiyama H, Matsuo A, et al. FK506 and cyclosporine A potentiate the IgE antibody production by contact sensitization with hapten in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;283:321-7.
70. Reitamo E, Kissanen J, Remitz A, et al. Tacrolimus ointment does not affect collagen synthesis: results of a single-center randomized trial. J Invest Dermatol 1998;111:396-8.
71. Mrowietz. U, Graeber M, Brautigam M, et al. The novel ascomycin derivative SDZ ASM 981 is effective for psoriasis when used topically under occlusion. Br J Dermatol 1998;139:992-6.
72. Remitz A, Reitamo S, Erkko P, et al. Tacrolimus ointment improves psoriasis in a microplaque assay. Br J Dermatol 1999;141: 103-7.
73. Zonneveld IM, Rubins A, Jablonska S, et al. Topical tacrolimus is not effective in chronic plaque psoriasis: a pilot study. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:1101-2.
74. Belsito DV, Fowler JF Jr, Marks JG Jr, et al. Pimecrolimus cream 1%: a potential new treatment for chronic hand dermatitis. Cutis 2004;73:31-8.
75. Grassberger M, Baumruker T, Enz A, et al. A novel antiinflammatory drug, SDZ ASM 981, for the treatment of skin diseases: in vitro pharmacology. Br J Dermatol 1999;141:264-2.
76. Luger T, Van Leent EJ, Graeber M, et al. SDZ ASM 981: an emerging safe and effective treatment for atopic dermatitis. Br J of Dermatol 2001;144:788-94.
77. Harper J, Green A, Scott G, et al. First experience of topical SDZ ASM 981 in children with atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144:781-7.
78. Cronstein BN, Naime D, Ostad E. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of methotrexate: increased adenosine release at inflamed sites diminishes leukocyte accumulation in an in vivo model of inflammation. J Clin Invest 1993;92:2675-82.
79. Morabito L, Montestinos MS, Schreibman DM, et al. Methotrexate and sulfasalazine promote adenosine release by a mechanism that requires ecto-5′-nucleotidase-mediated conversion of adenine nucleotides. J Clin Invest 1998;101:295-300.
80. Cronstein BN. The mechanism of action of methotrexate. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1997;23:739-55.
81. Egan C, Rallis T, Meadows K, Krueger G. Low-dose oral methotrexate treatment for recalcitrant palmoplantar pompholyx. J Am Acad Derm 1999;40:612-4.
82. Scerri L. Azathioprine in dermatological practice. An overview with special emphasis on its use in non-bullous inflammatory dermatoses. Adv Exp Med Biol 1996;455:343-8.
83. Konstantopoulou M, Belgi A, Griffiths KD, et al. Azathioprine-induced pancytopenia in a patient with pompholyx and deficiency of erythrocyte thiopurine methyltransferase. Br Med J 2005;330: 350-1.
84. Reitamo S, Granlund H. Cyclosporin A in the treatment of chronic dermatitis of the hands. Br J Dermatol 1994;130:75-8.
85. Sowden JM, Berth-Jones J, Ross JS, et al. A multicentre, doubleblind, placebo-controlled crossover study to assess the efficacy and safety of cyclosporine in adult patients with severe refractory atopic dermatitis. Lancet 1991;338:137-40.
86. Granlund H, Erkko P, Eriksson E, Reitamo S. Comparison of cyclosporine and topical betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate in the treatment of severe chronic hand eczema. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1996;76:371-6.
87. Lipsky JJ. Mycophenolate mofetil. Lancet 1996;348:1357-9.
88. Pickenacker A, Luger T, Schwartz T. Dyshidrotic eczema treated with mycophenolate mofetil. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:378-9.
89. Semhoun-Dudoux S. Mycophenolate mofetil-induced dyshidrotic eczema. Ann Intern Med 2000;132:417.
90. DermNet New Zealand. Pompholyx. Available at: http:// www.dermnetnz.org/dermatitis/pompholyx.html (accessed April 12, 2005).
91. Thalidomide Skin Therapy Letter 1997;3:3. Available at: http:// www.dermatology.org/skintherapy/stl0303.html (accessed April 12, 2005).
92. Krutman J. Phototherapy for atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2000;25:552-8.
93. Simon JC, Krutman J, Elmets CA, et al. Ultraviolet B-irradiated antigen-presenting cells display altered accessory signaling for T-cell activation: relevance to immune responses initiated in the skin. J Invest Dermatol 1992;98Suppl 6:66S-9S.
94. Koulu LM, Jansen CT. Antipsoriatic, erythematogenic, and Langerhans cell marker-depleting effect of bath-psoralens plus ultraviolet A treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;18:1053-9.
95. King CM, Chalmers RJG. A double-blind study of superficial radiotherapy in chronic palmar eczema. Br J Dermatol 1984;111: 451-4.
96. Fairris GM, Mack DP, Rowell NR. Superficial x-ray therapy in the treatment of constitutional eczema of the hands. Br J Dermatol 1984;111:445-9.
97. Rowell NR. Adverse effects of superficial x-ray therapy and recommendations for use in benign dermatoses. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1978;4:630-4.
98. Sulzberger MB, Baer RL, Borota A. Do roentgen-ray treatments as given by skin specialists produce cancers and other sequelae? Arch Derm Syphilol 1952;65:639-55.
99. Sheehan-Dare RA, Goodfield MJ, Rowell NR. Topical psoralen (PUVA) and superficial radiotherapy in the treatment of chronic hand eczema. Br J Dermatol 1989;121:65-9.
100. Jansen GT. Grenz rays: adequate or antiquated? J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1978;4:627-9.
101. Lindelof B, Eklund G. Incidence of malignant skin tumors in 14,140 patients after Grenz ray treatment for benign skin disorders. Arch Dermatol 1986;122:1391-5.
102. Fairris GM, Jones DH, Mack DP, Rowell NR. Conventional superficial x-ray versus Grenz ray therapy in the treatment of constitutional eczema of the hands. Br J Dermatol 1985;112:339-41.
103. Cartwright PH, Rowell NR. Comparison of Grenz rays versus placebo in the treatment of chronic hand eczema. Br J Dermatol 1987;117:73-6.
104. Lindelof B, Wrangsjo K, Liden S. A double-blind study of Grenz ray therapy in chronic eczema of the hands. Br J Dermatol 1987; 117:77-80.
105. Stambaugh M, DeNittis A, Wallner P, Heymann W. Complete remission of refractory dyshidrotic eczema with the use of radiation therapy. Cutis 2000;65:211-4.
106. Mobacken H, Rosen K, Swanbeck G. Oral psoralen photochemotherapy (PUVA) of hyperkeratotic dermatitis of the palms. Br J Dermatol 1983;109:205-8.
107. Morison WL, Parrish JA, Fitzpatrick TB. Oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy of recalcitrant dermatoses of the palms and soles. Br J Dermatol 1978;99:297-302.
108. Murray D, Corbett MF, Warin AP. A controlled trial of photochemotherapy for persistent palmoplantar pustulosis. Br J Dermatol 1980;102:659-63.
109. Tegner E, Thelin I. PUVA treatment of chronic eczematous dermatitis of the palms and soles. Acta Derm Venereol 1985;65: 451-3.
110. LeVine MJ, Parrish JA, Fitzpatrick TB. Oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy (PUVA) of dyshidrotic eczema. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1981;61:570-1.
111. Rosen K, Mobaken H, Swanbeck G. Chronic eczematous dermatitis of the hands: a comparison of PUVA and UVB treatment. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1987;67:48-54.
112. Lassus A, Lauharanta L, Eskelinen A. The effect of etretinate compared with different regiments of PUVA in the treatment of persistent palmoplantar pustulosis. Br J Dermatol 1985;112:455-9.
113. Lowe NJ, Weingarten D, Bourget T, Moy LS. PUVA therapy for psoriasis: comparison of oral and bath-water delivery of 8-methoxypsoralen. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;14:754-60.
114. Stern R, Nichols K, Vakeva L. Malignant melanoma in patients treated for psoriasis with methoxsalen (psoralen) and ultraviolet A radiation (PUVA). N Engl J Med 1997;336:1041-5.
115. Stern R, Laird N, Melski J, et al. Cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma in patients treated with PUVA. N Engl J Med 1984;310: 1156-61.
116. Lindlof B, Sigureirsson B, Tegner E, et al. PUVA and cancer: a large-scale epidemiological study. Lancet 1991;338:91-3.
117. Nijsten TEC, Stern RS. The increased risk of skin cancer is persistent after discontinuation of psoralen + ultraviolet A: a cohort study. J Invest Dermatol 2003;121:252-8.
118. Schempp C, Muller H, Czech W, et al. Treatment of chronic palmoplantar eczema with local bath-PUVA therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;36:733-7.
119. Behrens S, von Kobyletzki G, Gruss C, et al. PUVA-bath photochemotherapy (PUVA-soak therapy) of recalcitrant dermatoses of the palms and soles. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 1999;15:47-51.
120. Abel EA, Goldberg LH, Farber EM. Treatment of palmoplantar psoriasis with topical methoxsalen plus long-wave ultraviolet light. Arch Dermatol 1980;116:1257-61.
121. Grundmann-Kollman M, Behrens S, Peter RU, Kerscher M. Treatment of severe recalcitrant dermatoses of the palms and soles with PUVA-bath versus PUVA-cream therapy. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 1999;15:87-9.
122. Wilkinson JF, Ralfs IG, Harper JI, Black MM. Topical methoxsalen photochemotherapy in the treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis and psoriasis. Acta Derm Venereol 1979;59:193-8.
123. Layton AM, Sheehan-Dare R, Cunliffe WJ. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of topical PUVA in persistent palmoplantar pustulosis. Br J Dermatol 1991;124:581-4.
124. Davis M, McEnvoy M, el-Azhary R. Topical psoralen-ultraviolet A therapy for palmoplantar dermatoses: experience with 35 consecutive patients. Mayo Clin Proc 1998;73:407-11.
125. Grattan CEH, Carmichael AJ, Shuttlewort GJ. Comparison of topical PUVA with UVA for chronic vesicular hand eczema. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1991;71:118-22.
126. Ley RD, Fourtanier A. UVA1-induced edema and pyrimidine dimmers in murine skin. Photochem Photobiol 2000;72:485-7.
127. Seite S, Moyal D, Verdier MP, et al. Accumulated p53 protein and UVA protection level of sunscreens. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2000;16:3-9.
128. Polderman MCA, Govaert JCM, le Cessie S, Pavel S. A doubleblind placebo-controlled trial of UVA-1 in the treatment of dyshidrotic eczema. Clin Exp Dermatol 2003;28:584-7.
129. Petering H, Breuer C, Herbst R, et al. Comparison of localized high-dose UVA1 irradiation versus topical cream psoralen-UVA for the treatment of chronic vesicular dyshidrotic eczema. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;50:68-72.
130. Schmidt T, Abeck D, Boeck K, et al. UVA1 irradiation is effective in treatment of chronic vesicular dyshidrotic hand eczema. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1998;78:318-9.
131. Edstrom DW, Porwit A, Ros AM. Effects on human skin of repetitive ultraviolet-A1 (UVA1) irradiation and visible light. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2001;17:66-70.
132. Kaaber K, Veien NK, Tjell JC. Low nickel diet in the treatment of patients with chronic nickel dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1978;98: 197-201.
133. Veien NK, Hattel T, Justesen O, Norholm A. Dietary restrictions in the treatment of adult patients with eczema. Contact Dermatitis 1987;17:223-8.
134. Veien NK, Hattel T, Justesen O, Norholm A. Dietary treatment of nickel dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1985;65:138-42.
135. Christensen OB. Prognosis in nickel allergy and hand eczema. Contact Dermatitis 1982;8:7-15.
136. Fisher A. Possible role of diet in pompholyx and nickel dermatitis, a critical survey. Cutis 1978;22:412-24.
137. Jordan WP, King SE. Nickel feeding in nickel-sensitive patients with hand eczema. J Am Acad Dermatol 1979;1:506-8.
138. Gawkrodger DJ, Cook SW, Fell GS, et al. Nickel dermatitis: the reaction to oral nickel challenge. Br J Dermatol 1986;115:33-8.
139. Burrows D. Is systemic nickel important? J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;26:632-5.
140. Moller H. Yes systemic nickel is probably important! J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;28:511-2.
141. Cronin E, DiMichiel A, Brown S. Oral challenge in nickel-sensitive women with hand eczema. In: Brown S, Sunderman F Jr, editors. Nickel toxicology. New York: Academic Press; 1980. p. 149-55.
142. Nielsen GD. Absorption and retention of nickel from drinking water in relation to food intake and nickel sensitivity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999;154:67-75.
143. Veien N, Hattel T, Laurberg G. Low nickel diet: an open prospective trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;29:1002-7.
144. Menne T, Kaaber K. Treatment of pompholyx due to nickel allergy with chelating agents. Contact Dermatitis 1978;4:289-90.
145. Kaaber K, Menne T, Veien, Hougaard P. Treatment of nickel dermatitis with Antabuse: a double-blind study. Contact Dermatitis 1983;9:297-9.
146. Gamboa P, Juaregui I, Urrutia I, et al. Disulfiram-induced recall of nickel dermatitis in chronic alcoholism. Contact Dermatitis 1993; 28:255.
147. Kaaber K, Menne T, Tjell J, Veien N. Antabuse treatment of nickel dermatitis. Chelation-a new principle in the treatment of nickel dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1979;5:221-8.
148. Pigatto PD, Gibelli E, Fumagalli M, et al. Disodium cromoglycate versus diet in the treatment and prevention of nickel-positive pompholyx. Contact Dermatitis 1990;22:27-31.
149. Cox JSG. Disodium cromoglycate. Mode of action and its possible relevance to the clinical use of the drug. Br J Dis Chest 1971;65:189-204.
150. Businco L, Cantani A, Benincori N, et al. Effectiveness of oral sodium cromoglycate (SCG) in preventing food allergy in children. Ann Allergy 1983;51(1 Pt 1):47-50.
151. Santucci B, Cristaudo A, Cannistraci C, Picardo M. Nickel sensitivity: effects of prolonged oral intake of the element. Contact Dermatitis 1988;19:202-5.
152. Troost RJJ, Kozel MA, van Helden-Meeuwsen CG, et al. Hyposensitization in nickel allergic contact dermatitis: clinical and immunologic monitoring. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;32:576-83.
153. Odia S, Vocks E, Rakoski J, Ring J. Successful treatment of dyshidrotic hand eczema using tap water iontophoresis with pulsed direct current. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1996;76:472-4.
154. Wollina U, Karamfilov T. Adjuvant botulinum toxin A in dyshidrotic hand eczema: a controlled prospective pilot study with left-right comparison. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2002;16: 40-2.
155. Humm AM, Pabst C, Lauterburg T, Burgunder JM. Enkephalin and aFGF are differentially regulated in rat spine motoneurons after chemodenervation with botulinum toxin. Exp Neurol 2000; 161:361-72.
156. Ishikawa H, Mitsui K, Yoskitomi T, et al. Presynaptic effects of botulinum toxin type A on the neuronal evoked response of albino and pigmented rabbit iris sphincter dilator muscles. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2000;44:106-9.
157. Klein AW. Treatment of dyshidrotic hand dermatitis with intradermal botulinum toxin [reply]. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 50:153.
158. Swartling C, Naver H, Lindberg M, Anveden I. Treatment of dyshidrotic hand dermatitis with intradermal botulinum toxin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:667-1.
159. Kellum RE. Dyshidrotic hand eczema. A psychotherapeutic approach. Cutis 1975;16:875-8.
160. Niemeier V, Nippesen M, Kupfer J, et al. Psychological factors associated with hand dermatoses: which subgroup needs additional psychological care? Br J Dermatol 2002;146: 1031-7.
161. Koldys K, Meyer R. Biofeedback training in the therapy of dyshidrosis. Cutis 1979;24:219-21.
162. Silvan M. An integrated approach to the treatment of psychodermatology patients. Dermatol Psychosom 2001;2:86-92.
163. Musalek M, Hobl B, Mossbacher U. Diagnostics in pyschoderma-tology. Dermatol Psychosom 2001;2:110-5.