New labour and citizenship education

Parliamentary Affairs

Volumn 60, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 84-101

  Kisby, Ben ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33846391687     PISSN: 00312290     EISSN: 14602482     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/pa/gsl050     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. A version of this article was presented as a paper at the PSA Annual Conference, University of Reading, in April 2006. I thank participants in the meeting for a stimulating discussion. I am particularly grateful to Judith Squires, Mark Wickham-Jones, the editors and referees for their helpful comments on earlier drafts of this article. Responsibility is, of course, mine alone.
2. A. Giddens, 'Citizenship education in the global era' in N. Pearce and J. Hallgarten (eds), Tomorrow's Citizens: Critical Debates in Citizenship and Education, IPPR, 2000, pp. 23-4.
3. DFEE/QCA, Education for Citizenship and the Teaching of Democracy in Schools, DFEE/QCA, 1998.
4. D. Blunkett, Civil Renewal: A New Agenda, The CSV Edith Kahn Memorial Lecture, Home Office Communication Directorate, 11.6.03, p. 5.
5. D. King and M. Wickham-Jones, 'Social Capital, British Social Democracy and New Labour', Democratization, 1999, p. 200.
6. D. Blunkett, Politics and Progress: Renewing Democracy and Civil Society, Politicos, 2001, pp. 21-2.
7. D. Blunkett, 'How Government can help build Social Capital', speech to the Performance and Innovation Unit Seminar on Social Capital, 26.3.02. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/docs/piuspeech. html
8. Berman defines 'programmatic beliefs' as providing 'the ideational framework within which programs of action are formulated'. See S. Berman, The Social Democratic Moment: Ideas and Politics in the Making of Interwar Europe, Harvard University Press, 1998, p. 21, emphasis in original.
9. B. Crick, 'Education for Citizenship: The Citizenship Order', Parliamentary Affairs, 2002, p. 488.
10. See G. Whitmarsh, 'The Politics of Political Education: An Episode', The Journal of Curriculum Studies, 1974, for a history of the AEC.
11. G. Batho, 'The History of the Teaching of Civics and Citizenship in English Schools', The Curriculum Journal, 1990;
12. Heater, 'The History of Citizenship Education: A Comparative Outline', Parliamentary Affairs, 2002;
13. A. Mycock, 'Restricted Access: a History of National Political Education in Britain', unpublished paper, presented at the PSA Annual Conference, University of Lincoln, April 2004.
14. B. Crick and A. Porter (eds), Political Education and Political Literacy, Longman, 1978, p. 7.
15. B. Crick, Essays on Citizenship, Continuum, 2000, p. ix.
16. See e.g. R. Scruton, World Studies: Education or Indoctrination?, Institute for European Defence and Strategic Studies, 1985.
17. See e.g. D. Hurd, 'Citizenship in the Tory democracy', New Statesman, 29.4.88;
18. 'Patten Calls on Young to Aid Charities', The Independent, 7.9.89.
19. See R. Lister, The Exclusive Society: Citizenship and the Poor, CPAG, 1990, pp. 14-16.
20. D. Keane, 'The Decade of the Citizen', The Guardian, 1.8.90, cited in I. Davies, 'What Has Happened in the Teaching of Politics in Schools in England in the Last Three Decades, and Why', Oxford Review of Education, 1999, p. 130.
21. B. Crick, 'The English Citizenship Order 1999: Context, Content and Presuppositions' in A. Lockyer, B. Crick and J. Annette (eds), Education for Democratic Citizenship: Issues of Theory and Practice, Ashgate, 2003, p. 18.
22. C. Watkins, 'Personal-Social Education and the whole Curriculum' in R. Best, P. Lang, C. Lodge and C. Watkins (eds), Pastoral Care and Personal-Social Education: Entitlement and Provision, Cassell, 1995, p. 123.
23. G. Whitty, G. Rowe and P. Aggleton, 'Subjects and Themes in the Secondary-School Curriculum', Research Papers in Education, 1994.
24. See D. Heater, A History of Education for Citizenship, Routledge, 2004, pp. 94-9, for an overview.
25. Commission on Citizenship, Encouraging Citizenship, HMSO, 1990, p. 38.
26. SCAA, Education for Adult Life: The Spiritual and Moral Development of Young People, SCAA, 1996.
27. See L. Barrow and I. Bullock, Democratic Ideas and the British Labour Movement, 1880-1914, Cambridge University Press, 1996.
28. See S. Fielding, P. Thompson and N. Tiratsoo, 'England Arise!' The Labour Party and Popular Politics in 1940s Britain, Manchester University Press, 1995, especially Chapter 4.
29. See S. Fielding, The Labour Governments 1964-70. Volume 1: Labour and Cultural Change, Manchester University Press, 2003, especially Chapter 8, for an analysis of Labour's response to such demands.
30. D. Blunkett, Politics and Progress: Renewing Democracy and Civil Society, Politicos, 2001, p. 22.
31. P. Bourdieu, 'The Forms of Capital' in J. Richardson (ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, Greenwood Press, 1986;
32. J. Coleman, 'Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital', American Journal of Sociology, 1988;
33. J. Coleman, Foundations of Social Theory, Harvard University Press, 1990.
34. Commission on Social Justice, Social Justice: Strategies for National Renewal, Vintage, 1994, p. 308.
35. A. Giddens, The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy, Polity Press, 1998, p. 78.
36. A. Giddens, The Third Way and its Critics, Polity Press, 2000, p. 73.
37. T. Blair, 'The will to win', speech to launch the Social Exclusion Unit at the Aylesbury Estate, Southwark, London, 2.6.97. http://www.socialexclusion. gov.uk/downloaddoc.asp?id=59
38. T. Blair, The Third Way: New Politics for the New Century, Fabian Society, 1998, p. 12.
39. Ibid., p. 20.
40. D. King and M. Wickham-Jones, 'Social Capital, British Social Democracy and New Labour', Democratization, 1999, p. 209.
41. E. Goldberg, 'Thinking about How Democracy Works', Politics and Society, 1996.
42. M. Levi, 'Social and Unsocial Capital: A Review of Robert Putnam's Making Democracy Work', Politics and Society, 1996, p. 46.
43. S. Berman, 'Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic', World Politics, 1997. Putnam does consider the 'dark side' of social capital in Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, Simon and Schuster, 2000, Chapter 22.
44. S. Tarrow, 'Making Social Science Work across Space and Time: A Critical Reflection on Robert Putnam's Making Democracy Work', American Political Science Review, 1996.
45. See A. Portes, 'Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology', Annual Review of Sociology, 1998.
46. Putnam, Bowling Alone, p. 331, emphasis in original.
47. C. Boggs, 'Social Capital and Political Fantasy: Robert Putnam's Bowling Alone', Theory and Society, 2001, p. 291, emphasis in original.
48. P. Hall, 'Social Capital in Britain', British Journal of Political Science, 1999;
49. P. Hall, 'Great Britain: The Role of Government and the Distribution of Social Capital', in R. Putnam (ed.), Democracies in Flux: The Evolution of Social Capital in Contemporary Society, Oxford University Press, 2002. It is important to note that Putnam himself has never made any claims about trends in social capital in Britain.
50. Hall, 'Social Capital in Britain', p. 437.
51. V. Lowndes, 'Women and Social Capital: a comment on Hall's "Social Capital in Britain"', British Journal of Political Science, 2000.
52. V. Lowndes, 'Getting On or Getting By? Women, Social Capital and Political Participation', The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, 2004.
53. Y. Li, M. Savage, G. Tampubolon, A. Warde and M. Tomlinson, 'Dynamics of Social Capital: Trends and Turnover in Associational Membership in England and Wales, 1972-1999', Sociological Research Online, 2002. http://www.socresonline.org.uk/7/3/li.html
54. Hall, 'Great Britain: The Role of Government and the Distribution of Social Capital', pp. 55-6.
55. P. Seyd and P. Whiteley, New Labour's Grassroots, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002; P. Whiteley and P. Seyd, High-Intensity Participation: The Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain, University of Michigan Press, 2002.
56. C. Bromley, J. Curtice and B. Seyd, 'Political Engagement, Trust and Constitutional Reform', in A. Park, J. Curtice, K. Thomson, L. Jarvis and C. Bromley (eds), British Social Attitudes: The 18th Report, Sage, 2001, p. 204.
57. DFEE/QCA, Education for Citizenship and the Teaching of Democracy in Schools, DFEE/QCA, 1998, p. 16.
58. 'Path to Influence? The Think-tanks', Observer, 30.6.02.
59. Cited in DFEE/QCA, Education for Citizenship and the Teaching of Democracy in Schools, p. 14.
60. T. Breslin, Interview, 19.1.06.
61. J. Potter, Active Citizenship in Schools: A Good-Practice Guide to Developing a Whole-School Policy, Kogan Page, 2002, p. 1.
62. Ibid., p. 37.
63. T. Breslin, Interview, 19.1.06.
64. Labour Party, Opening Doors to a Learning Society. A Policy Statement on Education, 1994;
65. Labour Party, Excellence for Everyone. Labour's Crusade to Raise Standards, 1995.
66. Labour Party, Excellence for Everyone, p. 30.
67. B. Crick, 'Education for Citizenship: The Citizenship Order', Parliamentary Affairs, 2002.
68. House of Commons, Hansard, 26.2.98, column 488.
69. B. Crick, 'Education for Citizenship: The Citizenship Order', Parliamentary Affairs, 2002, p. 500;
70. see Citizenship: The National Curriculum for England, DFEE/QCA, 1999, pp. 14-16.
71. S. Pollard, David Blunkett, Hodder & Stoughton, 2004, p. 262.
72. DFEE/QCA, Education for Citizenship and the Teaching of Democracy in Schools, p. 4.
73. Ibid., p. 3.
74. Ibid., p. 8.
75. Ibid., emphasis in original.
76. Ibid., p. 10.
77. Ibid., p. 16.
78. B. Crick, 'Education for Citizenship: The Citizenship Order', Parliamentary Affairs, 2002, p. 488. This is not to imply that citizenship lessons are not taught in these countries. Rather that, at the time of writing, citizenship, as a discrete, compulsory subject, is not on a statutory footing in Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland.
79. B. Crick, Essays on Citizenship, Continuum, 2000, p. 149.
80. R. Putnam, Interview, 13.5.06.
81. C. Hay, '"Taking Ideas Seriously" in Explanatory Political Analysis', The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, 2004.
82. C. Pattie, P. Seyd and P. Whiteley, Citizenship in Britain: Values, Participation and Democracy, Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 281-2.
83. The longitudinal study has been commissioned by the Department for Education and Skills (DFES) and runs for eight years from 2001 to 2009. For the most recent report by the National Foundation for Educational Research, see: E. Ireland, D. Kerr, J. Lopes and J. Nelson with E. Cleaver, Active Citizenship and Young People: Opportunities, Experiences and Challenges In and Beyond School. Citizenship Education Longitudinal Study: Fourth Annual Report, DFES, 2006. http://www.dfes. gov.uk/research/data/uploadfiles/RR732.pdf
84. E. Gamarnikow and A. Green, 'Social Capital and the Educated Citizen', The School Field, 1999, p. 122.