Social capital, british social democracy and new labour

Democratization

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 181-213

  King, Desmond ^a,b   Wickham Jones, Mark ^c  

^a Department of Politics ^*

^b ST JOHN S COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0042534910     PISSN: 13510347     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13510349908403638     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Robert D. Putnam, with Robert Leonard! and Raffaella Y. Nanetti, Making Democracy Work Civic Traditions in Modem Italy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993).
2. See David Laitin, The Civic Culture at Thirty, American Political Science Review, Vol.89 (1995), pp.168-73; Margaret Levi, Social and Unsocial Capital: A Review Essay of Robert Putnams Making Democracy Work, Politics and Society, Vol.24 ( 1996), pp.45-55; and The Economist, 6 Feb. 1993.
3. David Laitin, The Civil Culture at Thirty, p. 172.
4. This discussion is not an exhaustive investigation of social capital and social democracy. For an important application of social capital to the Swedish social democratic model, along similar lines to those followed here, see Bo Rothstein, Breakdown of Trust and the Fall of
5. the Swedish Model, paper presented to the American Political Science Association annual meeting, Boston (Sept. 1998).
6. We are, of course, assuming that New Labour can be stylized in some sense, however weak, as a social democratic party.
7. James S. Coleman, Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital, American Journal of Sociology, Vol.94, supplement (1988), S95-S120, S98.
8. Coleman, Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital, S98.
9. Coleman, Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital, S104.
10. Coleman, Foundations of Social Theory (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Harvard University Press, 1990), pp.311-13.
11. Coleman, Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital, S105-10S. See also R.S. Burt, Models of Network Structure, Annual Review of Sociology, Vol.6 (1980), pp.79-141; and David Knoke et al. Comparing Policy Nenvorks (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
12. Diego Gambetta, Can We Trust Trust?, in Diego Gambetta (ed.), Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988), p.217.
13. Diego Gambetta, Can We Trust Trust?,p.228.
14. Putnam, Making Democracy Work,p.170.
15. Putnam, Making Democracy work, p. 171.
16. Peter A. Hall, Social Capital in Britain, paper prepared for Berteismann Stiftung Workshop on Social Capital, Berlin, 1997, p.l.
17. Putnam, Making Democracy Work,p.167.
18. Putnam, Making Democracy Work,p.173.
19. Hall, Social Capital in Britain,p.2.
20. Hall, Social Capital in Britain, p.l.
21. Adam Seligman, The Idea of Civil Society (New York: Free Press, 1992), p.182.
22. Putnam, "Bowling Alone An Interview with Robert Putnam about Americas collapsing civic life, American Association for Higher Education, Journal of Democracy website, 1995.
23. Barbara Misztal, Trust in Modern Societies (Oxford: Polity Press, 1996), p.95.
24. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981, reprint).
25. Putnam, Making Democracy Work, p. 167.
26. P. Milgrom and J. Roberts, Economics, Organisations and Management (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1992), Chs 5-6.
27. Mark Granovetter, Economic Action and Social Structure: the Problem of Embeddedness, American Journal of Sociology, Vol.91 (1985), pp.481-510.
28. Francis Fukuyama, Trust The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (London: Penguin Books, 1996).
29. Mancur Olson, The Rise and Decline of Nations (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982).
30. Putnam, Making Democracy Work, p. 176. For an empirical analysis see Paul Whiteley, Economic Growth and Social Capital, PERC Policy Paper No.6, Political Economy Research Centre, University of Sheffield (1997).
31. Coleman, Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital, S118.
32. Barbara Misztal, Trust in Modem Societies,p.207.
33. Diego Gambetta, Can We Trust Trust?,p.234.
34. Diego Gambetta "Claro!" An Essay on Discursive Machismo, Jon Elster (ed.), Deliberative Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp.19-43.
35. Putnam, Making Democracy Work, p. 170.
36. Coleman, Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital, SI 18.
37. Putnam, Bowling Alone: Americas Declining Social Capital, Journal of Democracy, Vol.6 (1995), pp.65-78.
38. Francis Fukuyama, The Culture of Prosperity, New Perspectives Quarterly (winter 1995), p.6.
39. Hall, Social Capital in Britain,p.9. Hall is less concerned than Coleman by the public goods nature of social capital. It is, he suggests, a club good: It is available primarily to
40. those who are in the networks that constitute it (p.29).
41. Hall, Social Capital in Britain,p.26.
42. Ellis Goldberg, Thinking About How Democracy Works, Politics and Society, Vol.24 (1996), pp.7-18, 8.
43. This criticism is shared by other commentators. See F. Sabetti, Path Dependency and Civic Culture: Some Lessons from Italy about Interpreting Social Experiments, Politics and Society, Vol.24 (1996), pp. 19-44; and S. Tarrow, Making Social Science Work Across Space and Time: A Critical Reflection on R. Putnams Making Democracy Work, American Political Science Review, Vol.90 (1996), pp.389-98.
44. R.W. Jackman and R. A. Miller, Social Capital and Polities, Annual Review of Political Science, Vol. 1 (1998), pp.47-73, pp.61-2.
45. Coleman, Foundations of Social Theory,p.305-6.
46. Sheri Berman, Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic, World Politics,
47. Vol.49 (1997), pp.401-39, 407 and 408. 45 Sheri Berman, Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic, p.419.
48. Bo Rothstein, Breakdown of Trust and the Fall of the Swedish Model,p.7.
49. For a discussion of vertical and lateral trust see Alan Fox, Beyond Contract: Work Power and Trust Relations (London: Fabcr & Faber, 1974), pp.79-82.
50. Rothstein, Breakdown of Trust and the Fall of the Swedish Model, p. 10. Fukuyama refers to spontaneous sociability; The Culture of Prosperity, p.4.
51. Jackman and R.A. Miller, Social Capital and Polities, Annual Review of Political Science, Vol.1 (1998), pp.47-73, 50.
52. Jackman and R.A. Miller, Social Capital and Polities,p.51.
53. Jackman and R.A. Miller, Social Capital and Polities,p.59.
54. For a discussion of these issues see Desmond King, /;; the Name of Liberalism: Illiberal Social Policies in Britain and the US (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
55. Putnam, A faking Democracy Work, p. 171.
56. Desmond King and Randall Hansen, Experts at Work: State Autonomy, Social Learning and Eugenic Sterilization in 1930s Britain, British Journal of Political Science, Vol.29 (1999), pp.77-107.
57. A. Crosland, Tlte Future of Socialism (London: Jonathan Cape, 1956).
58. See Mark Wickham-Jones, Economic Strategy and the Labour Party (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996). The next three paragraphs draw upon this account.
59. A. Crosland, Bumham and the Managerial Revolution, unpublished draft chapter 6 from The Future of Socialism, Crosland papers, British Library of Economics and Political Science, p.7.
60. A. Crosland, draft introduction to The Future of Socialism, Crosland papers, 13/9.
61. For different perspectives on the role of exchange and bargains see Chris Howell, From New Labour to No Labour: The Blair Government in Britain, paper presented to the American Political Science Association, Boston, 1998; and Bo Rothstein, Breakdown of Trust and the Fall of the Swedish Model.
62. David Reisman, Anthony Crosland The Mixed Economy (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996), p. 186.
63. Alan Fox distinguishes between economic exchanges (effecting the cost of living) and social exchanges (shared goals). He concludes both to be important. Alan Fox, Beyond Contract: Work, Power and Trust Relations,p.323.
64. For an account emphasising the strength of capitalists in such arrangements see Adam Przeworski, Capitalism and Social Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
65. Crosland, The Future of Socialism, pp.36-7.
66. Crosland, The Future of Socialism,p.409.
67. Patrick Seyd and Paul Whiteley, Labours Grass Roots The Politics of Party Membership (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 14.
68. The information in this paragraph comes from the Labour Party Annual Conference Report in 1952 and 1953, and from the TUC Annual Congress Report in 1952.
69. For a discussion on the role of party members see Patrick Seyd and Paul Whiteley, Labours Grass Roots, pp.2-4.
70. See the statistics compiled by David Butler and Gareth Butler, British Political Facts 1990-1994 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1994), pp.374-5.
71. Peter Hall, Social Capital in Britain,p.13.
72. On the causes of this decline see Patrick Seyd and Paul Whiteley, Labours Grass Roots, pp.17-19.
73. Alan Fox, Beyond Contract: Work, Power and Trust Relations,p.323.
74. See Alan Ware, Citizens, Parties and the State (Oxford: Polity Press, 1987).
75. For a critical examination see David Willetts, Blairs Gurus (London: CPS, 1996). For an overview see Stephen Driver and Luke Martell, New Labour Politics After Tlmtcherism (Oxford: Polity Press, 1998); and Ruth Levitas, The Inclusive Society? Social Exclusion and New Labour (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998).
76. Financial Times, 29 July 1995.
77. Philip Could, The Unfinished Revolution (London: Little Brown, 1998), p.243.
78. Financial Times, 5 July 1996.
79. Tony Blair, speech, Labour Party Annual Conference Report, 1995, p.103.
80. Tony Blair, speech, annual conference, CBI, Birmingham, 13 Nov. 1995, p.8.
81. Tony Blair, speech to the Singapore Business Community, 8 Jan. 1996, p.2.
82. Financial Tunes, 11 Jan. 1996.
83. See, for example. Will Hutton, The State Were In (London: Jonathan Cape, 1995).
84. Tony Blair, The Third Way: New Politics for the New Century (London: Fabian Pamphlet 588, 1998); and A. Giddens, The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy (Oxford: Polity Press, 1998).
85. Philip Could, The Unfinished Revolution,p.231.
86. Internal Labour party policy paper, 9 Dec. 1995, quoted by P. Gould, The Unfinished Revolution, p.253-4.
87. Internal Labour party policy paper, 13 Jan. 1996, quoted by P. Gould, The Unfinished Revolution, p.254.
88. The Guardian, 18 March 1996; reproduced in Will Hutton, The Stakeholding Society (Oxford: Polity Press, 1998), p. 187.
89. Tony Blair, speech, annual conference, CBI, Birmingham, 13 Nov. 1995, p.8.
90. Tony Blair, speech to the Singapore Business Community, 8 Jan. 1996, p.2.
91. Tony Blair, speech to the Singapore Business Community, 8 Jan. 1996, p.5.
92. Tony Blair, The Rights We Enjoy Reflect The Duties We Owe, The Spectator Lecture, 22 March 1995, p.3.
93. Tony Blair, Faith in the City - Ten Years On, speech, Southwark, 29 Jan. 1996, p.3.
94. Tony Blair, Faith in the City - Ten Years On, speech, Southwark, 29 Jan. 1996, p.3.
95. Tony Blair, speech, British American Chamber of Commerce, New York, 11 April 1996, P.2.
96. Tony Blair, speech, CPU Conference, Cape Town, 14 Oct. 1996, p.7.
97. Tony Blair, speech, CPU Conference, Cape Town, 14 Oct. 1996, p.12.
98. Tony Blair, speech, CPU Conference, Cape Town, 14 Oct. 1996, p. 12.
99. Report of the Commission on Social Justice, Social Justice Strategies for National Renewal (London: Vintage, 1994), p.308.
100. Report of the Commission on Social Justice, Social Justice Strategies for National Renewal,p.308. See also Mai Wann, Building Social Capital (London: Institute for Public Policy Research, 1995).
101. Report of the Commission on Public Policy and British Business, Promoting Prosperity A Business Agenda for Britain (London: Vintage, 1997), p.47.
102. Tony Blair, "The Rights We Enjoy Reflect The Duties We Owe, The Spectator Lecture, 22 March 1995, p.9.
103. Tony Blair, speech, CPU Conference, Cape Town, 14 Oct. 1996, p.14."
104. Edward Balls, Open Macroeconomics in an Open Economy, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Vol.45 (May 1998), pp.113-32.
105. Desmond King and Mark Wickham-Jones, Bridging the Atlantic: the Democratic (Party) Origins of Welfare to Work, in Martin Powell (ed.), New Labour New Welfare State? (Bristol: Policy Press, 1999), pp.253-76.
106. Mark Wickham-Jones, Anticipating Social Democracy, Pre-empting Anticipations: Economic Policy-Making in the British Labour Party, 1987-1992, Politics and Society, Vol.23 (1995), pp.465-94.
107. Tony Blair, speech to the Singapore Business Community, 8 Jan. 1996, p.4.
108. Peter Mandelson, Labours Next Steps: Tackling Social Exclusion (London: Fabian Pamphlet 581, 1997). See also many of the contributions to Carey Oppenheim (ed.), An Inclusive Society Strategies for Tackling Poverty (London: IPPR, 1998).
109. Peter Hall, Social Capital in Britain,p.26.
110. lan Christie and Helen Perry (eds.), Tlie Wealth and Poverty ofNenvorks: Tackling Social Exclusion (London: Demos, 1997).
111. Carey Oppenheim, An overview of poverty and social exclusion, in Carey Oppenheim (ed.),An Inclusive Society, pp.11-28, p.12.
112. Tony Blair, The Third Way,p.7.
113. Tony Blair, The Third Way,p.20.
114. Anthony Giddens, The Third Way,p.78.
115. Financial Times, 15 Aug. 1997.
116. Financial Tunes, 15 Sept. 1998; and The Tunes, 16 Sept. 1998.
117. Social Exclusion Unit, Bringing Britain Together: A National Strategy for Neighbourhood Renewal, Cm. 4045 (London: TSO, 1998), Appendix B.
118. Simon Szreter, A New Political Economy for Labour: The Importance of Social Capital, Renewal, Vol.7 (1999), p.39.
119. For example, Department of Social Security, New Ambitions For Our Country: A New Contract for Welfare, Cmd 3805, (London: TSO, 1998).
120. Tony Blair, The Third Way, p. 12.
121. Paul Whiteley and Patrick Seyd, New Labour- New Grass Roots Party?, paper presented to the Political Studies Association meeting, Keele (1998), p.12.
122. Paul Whiteley and Patrick Seyd, New Labour -New Party?, paper presented to the American Political Science Association annual meeting, Boston (1998), pp.24-5.
123. Patrick Seyd, Tony Blair and New Labour, in Anthony King et al., New Labour Triumphs: Britain At The Polls (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1998), p.69.
124. Putnam, Bowling Alone,p.71.
125. James McCormick, Mapping the Stakeholder Society, in Gavin Kelly, Dominic Kelly and Andrew Gamble (eds.), Stakeholder Capitalism (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997), p.118. McCormick also notes the influence of Francis Fukuyama.
126. Desmond King, In the Name of Liberalism,p.292.