Pigmentation and eye migration in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) larvae: New findings and hypotheses

Aquaculture Nutrition

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 65-80

  Hamre, K ^a   Holen, E ^a   Moren, M ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF MARINE RESEARCH   (Norway)

Author keywords

Atlantic halibut; Embryonic; Eye migration; Featfish larvae; Live feed; Pigmentation; Stem cells

Indexed keywords

ARTEMIA; COPEPODA; HIPPOGLOSSUS HIPPOGLOSSUS; PLEURONECTIFORMES;

EID: 33846305448     PISSN: 13535773     EISSN: 13652095     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2095.2007.00467.x     Document Type: Article

References (163)

1. Ando, H., Watabe, H., Valencia, J.C., Yasomoto, K., Furumura, M., Funasaka, Y., Oka, M., Ichihashi, M. & Hearing, V.J. (2004) Fatty acids regulate pigmentation via proteasomal degradation of tyrosinase. J. Biol. Chem., 279, 15427-15433.
2. Aritaki, M. & Seikai, T. (2004) Temperature effects on early development and occurrence of metamorphosis-related morphological abnormalities in hatchery-reared brown sole Pseudopleuronectes herzensteini. Aquaculture, 240, 517-530.
3. Bagnara, J.T. (1998) Comparative anatomy and physiology of pigment cells in nonmammalian tissues. In: The Pigmentary System: Physiology and Pathophysiology (Nordlund, K.K., Boissy, R.E., Hearing, V.J., King, R.A. & Ortonne, J.-P. eds), pp. 9-40. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
4. Bagnara, J.T. & Hadley, M.E. (1973) Chromatophores and Color Change: the Comparative Physiology of Animal Pigmentation. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
5. Baroffio, A., Dupin, E. & Le Douarin, N.M. (1991) Common precursors for neural and mesectodermal derivatives in the chepalic neural crest. Development, 112, 301-305.
6. Bejar, J., Hong, Y. & Schartl, M. (2003) Mitf expression is sufficient to direct differentiation of medaka blastula derived stem cells to melanocytes. Development, 130, 6545-6553.
7. Bell, J.G., McEvoy, L.A., Estevez, A., Shields, R.J. & Sargent, J. (2003) Optimising lipid nutrition in first-feeding flatfish larvae. Aquaculture, 227, 211-220.
8. Bentley, P.J. (1998) Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
9. Berry, D.L., Schwartzman, R.A. & Brown, D.D. (1998) The expression pattern of thyroid hormone response genes in the tadpole tail identifies multiple resorption programs. Dev. Biol., 203, 12-23.
10. Blomhoff, R. (1994) Overview of vitamin A metabolism and function. In: Vitamin A in Health and Disease (Blomhoff, R. ed.), pp. 1-36. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, Basel, Hong Kong.
11. Bolker, J.A. & Hill, C.R. (2000) Pigmentation development in hatchery-reared flatfishes. J. Fish Biol., 56, 1029-1052.
12. Bonner-Fraser, M. (2002) Molecular analysis of neural crest formation. J. Physiol. Paris, 96, 3-8.
13. Bordin, L., Priante, G., Musacchio, E., Giunco, S., Tibaldi, E., Clari, G. & Baggio, B. (2003) Arachidonic acid-induced IL-6 expression is mediated by PKC alpha activation in osteoblastic cells. Biochemistry, 42, 4485-4491.
14. Brewster, B. (1987) Eye migration and cranial development during flatfish metamorphosis - a reappraisal (Teleostei, Pleuronectiformes). J. Fish Biol., 31, 805-833.
15. Chazaud, C., Chambon, P. & Dolle, P. (1999) Retinoic acid is required in the mouse embryo for left-right asymmetry determination and heart morphogenesis. Development, 126, 2589-2596.
16. Collodi, P., Kamei, Y., Sharps, A., Weber, D. & Barnes, D. (1992) Fish embryo cell cultures for derivation of stem cells and transgenic chimeras. Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol., 1, 257-265.
17. Cook, A.L., Smith, A.G., Smit, D.J., Leonard, J.H. & Sturm, R.A. (2005) Co-expressing of SOX10 during melanocytic differentiation in vitro. Exp. Cell. Res., 308, 222-235.
18. Copeman, L.A., Parrish, C.C., Brown, J.A. & Harel, M. (2002) Effects of docosahexanoic, eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acids on the early growth, survival, lipid composition and pigmentation of yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea): a live food enrichment experiment. Aquaculture, 210, 285-304.
19. Dedi, J., Takeuchi, T., Seikai, T., Watanabe, T. & Hosoya, K. (1997) Hypervitaminosis A during vertebral morphogenesis in larval Japanese flounder. Fish. Sci., 63, 466-473.
20. Dorris, F. (1939) The production of pigments by chick neural crest in grafts to the 3-day limb bud. J. Exp. Zool., 80, 315-345.
21. Du Shane, G.P. (1935) An experimental study of the origin of pigment cells in Amphibia. J. Exp. Zool., 72, 1-31.
22. Du Shane, G.P. (1936) The Dopa reaction in Amphibia. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 33, 593-595.
23. Du Shane, G.P. (1938) Neural fold derivatives in Amphibia: pigment cells, spinal ganglia and Rohon-Beard cells. J. Exp. Zool., 78, 485-503.
24. Dutton, K.A., Pauliny, A., Lopes, S.S., Elworthy, S., Carney, T.J., Rauch, J., Geisler, R., Haffter, P. & Kelsh, R.N. (2001) Zebrafish colourless encodes sox10 and specifies nonectomesenchymal neural crest fates. Development, 128, 4113-4125.
25. Eastlick, H.L. (1939) The point of origin of melanophores in chick embryos as shown by means of limb bud transplants. J. Exp. Zool., 82, 131-157.
26. Eisen, J.S. & Weston, J.A. (1993) Development of the neural crest in the zebrafish. Dev. Biol., 159, 50-59.
27. Essner, J.J., Amack, J.D., Nyholm, M.K., Harris, E.B. & Yost, J. (2005) Kupffer's vesicle is a ciliated organ of asymmetry in the zebrafish embryo that initiates left-right development of the brain, heart and gut. Development, 132, 1247-1260.
28. Estevez, A. & Kanazawa, A. (1995) Effect of n-3 PUFA and vitamin A Artemia enrichment on pigmentation success of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.). Aquacult. Nutr., 1, 159-168.
29. Estevez, A. & Kanazawa, A. (1996) Fatty acid composition of neural tissues of normally pigmented and unpigmented juveniles of Japanese flounder using rotifer and Artemia enriched in n-3 HUFA. Fish. Sci., 62, 88-93.
30. Estevez, A., McEvoy, L.A., Bell, J.G. & Sargent, J.R. (1999) Growth, survival, lipid composition and pigmentation of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) larvae fed live-prey enriched in arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids. Aquaculture, 180, 321-343.
31. Estevez, A., Kaneco, T., Seikai, T., Doses, R., Tagawa, M. & Tanaka, M. (2001) Ontogeny of ACTH and MSH cells in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in relation to albinism. Aquaculture, 202, 131-143.
32. Evans, M.J. & Kaufman, M. (1981) Establishment in culture of pluripotent cells from mouse embryos. Nature, 292, 154-156.
33. Evjemo, J.O. & Olsen, Y. (1997) Lipid and fatty acid content in cultivated live feed organisms compared to marine copepods. Hydrobiologia, 358, 159-162.
34. Evjemo, J.O., Danielsen, T.L. & Olsen, Y. (2001) Losses of lipid, protein and n-3 fatty acids in enriched Artemia franciscana starved at different temperatures. Aquaculture, 193, 65-80.
35. Fujii, R. (1993) Cytophysiology of fish chromatophores. Int. Rev. Cytol., 143, 191-255.
36. Fukuzawa, T. & Bagnara, J.T. (1989) Control of melanoblast differentiation in amphibian by alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone, a serum melanizing factor and a melanization inhibiting factor. Pigment Cell Res., 2, 171-181.
37. Fukuzawa, T. & Ide, H. (1988) A ventrally localized inhibitor of melanization in Xenopus laevis skin. Dev. Biol., 129, 25-36.
38. Furlow, J.D., Berry, D.L., Wang, Z. & Brown, D.D. (1997) A set of novel tadpole specific genes expressed only in the epidermis are down-regulated by thyroid hormone during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. Dev. Biol., 182, 284-298.
39. Gara, B., Shields, R.J. & McEvoy, L. (1998) Feeding strategies to achieve correct metamorphosis of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L., using enriched Artemia. Aquacult. Res., 29, 935-948.
40. GarciaVillalba, P., JimenezLara, A.M. & Aranda, A. (1996) Vitamin D interferes with transactivation of the growth hormone gene by thyroid hormone and retinoic acid. Mol. Cell. Biol., 16, 318-327.
41. Gilbert, S.F. (2000) Developmental Biology. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA.
42. Goding, C.R. (2000) Mitf from neural crest to melanoma: signal transduction and transcription in the melanocyte lineage. Genes Dev., 14, 1712-1728.
43. Graf, W. & Baker, R. (1990) Neuronal adaptation accompanying metamorphosis in the flatfish. J. Neurobiol., 21, 1136-1152.
44. Graf, W., Spencer, R., Baker, H. & Baker, R. (2001) Vestibuloocular reflex of the adult flatfish. III. A species-specific reciprocal pattern of excitation and inhibition. J. Neurophysiol., 86, 1376-1388.
45. Grant, W.C., Jr (1961) Special aspects of the metamorphic process: Second metamorphosis. Am. Zool., 1, 163-171.
46. Greenstein-Baynash, A., Hosada, K., Giaid, A., Richardson, J.A., Emoto, N., Hammer, R.E. & Yanagisawa, M. (1994) Interaction of endothelin-3 with endothelin-B receptor is essential for development of neural crest-derived melanocytes and enteric neurons missense mutation of endothelin-3 gene in lethal spotting mice. Cell, 79, 1277-1285.
47. Haga, Y., Takeuchi, T. & Seikai, T. (2002) Influence of all-trans retinoic acid on pigmentation and skeletal formation in larval Japanese flounder. Fish. Sci., 68, 560-570.
48. Haga, Y., Suzuki, T., Kagechika, H. & Takeuchi, T. (2003) A retinoic acid receptor-selective agonist causes jaw deformity in the Japanese flounder. Aquaculture, 221, 381-392.
49. Hamre, K., Opstad, I., Espe, M., Solbakken, J., Hemre, G.-I. & Pittman, K. (2002) Nutrient composition and metamorphosis success of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) larvae fed natural zooplankton or Artemia. Aquacult. Nutr., 8, 139-148.
50. Hamre, K., ∅fsti, A., Næss, T., Nortvedt, R. & Holm, J.C. (2003) Macronutrient composition in formulated diets for Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus, L.) juveniles - a multivariate approach. Aquaculture, 227, 233-244.
51. Hamre, K., Baeverfjord, G. & Harboe, T. (2005a) Macronutrient composition of formulated diets for Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) juveniles, II: protein/lipid levels at low carbohydrate. Aquaculture, 244, 283-291.
52. Hamre, K., Moren, M., Solbakken, J., Opstad, I. & Pittmann, K. (2005b) The impact of nutrition on metamorphosis in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.). Aquaculture, 250, 555-565.
53. Harboe, T. & Adoff, G. (2005) Oppdrett av kveite. In: Kyst og Havbruk 2005 (ed.), Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.
54. Hodgkinson, C.A., Moore, K.J., Nakayama, A., Steingrimsson, E., Copeland, N.G., Jenkins, N.A. & Arnheiter, H. (1993) Mutations at the mouse microphtalmia locus are associated with defects in a gene encoding a novel basic-helix-loop-helix zipper protein. Cell, 74, 395-404.
55. Holen, E. & Hamre, K. (2004) Towards obtaining long term embryonic stem cell like cultures from a marine flatfish, Scopthalmus maximus. Fish Physiol. Biochem., 29, 245-252.
56. Hosada, K., Hammer, R.E., Richardson, J.A., Greenstein-Baynash, A., Cheung, J.C., Giaid, A. & Yanagisawa, M. (1994) Targeted and natural (piebald lethal) mutations of endothelin B receptor gene produce megacolon associated with spotted colour in mice. Cell, 79, 1267-1276.
57. Hughes, M.J., Lingrel, J.B., Krakowsky, J.M. & Anderson, K.P. (1993) A helix-loop-helix transcription factor-like gene is located at the mice locus. J. Biol. Chem., 268, 20687-20690.
58. Inui, Y., Yamano, K. & Miwa, S. (1995) The role of thyroid hormone in tissue development in metamorphosing flounder. Aquaculture, 135, 87-98.
59. Isoldi, M.C., Matioli, S.R., De lauro castrucci, A.M., De Lima, L.H.R.G., Visconti, M.A. & Reboucas, N.A. (2003) Identification of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in teleostan, amphibian and avian pigment cells. Pigment Cell Res., 16, 639-643.
60. Jan, Y.N. & Jan, L.Y. (1993) Functional gene cassettes in development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 8305-8307.
61. Kanazawa, A. (1993) Nutritional mechanisms involved in the occurrence of abnormal pigmentation in hatchery-reared flounder. J. World Aquacult. Soc., 24, 162-166.
62. Kang, H.Y., Chung, E., Lee, M., Cho, Y. & Kang, W.H. (2004) Expression and function of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in human melanocytes. Br. J. Dermatol., 150, 462-468.
63. Kawakami, K., Amsterdam, A., Nobuyoshi, S., Becker, T., Mugg, J., Shima, A. & Hopkins, N. (2000) Proviral insertions in the zebra-fish hagoromo gene, encoding an F-box/WD40 repeat protein, cause stripe pattern anomalies. Curr. Biol., 10, 463-466.
64. Kawakami, Y., Raya, A., Raya, R.M., Rodriguez-Esteban, C. & Belmonte, J.C.I. (2005) Retinoic acid signalling links left-right asymmetric patterning and bilaterally symmetric somitogenesis in the zebrafish embryo. Nature, 435, 165-171.
65. Khaled, M, Larribere, L., Bille, K., Ortonne, J-P., Ballotti, R. & Bertolotto, C. (2003) Microphtalmia associated transcription factor is a target of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase pathway. J. Invest. Dermatol., 121, 831-836.
66. Kirschbaum, F. (1975) Untersuchungen uber das farbmuster der Zebrabarbe Brachydanio rerio (cyprinidae, teleostei). Wilhem Roux's Arch., 177, 129-152.
67. Koven, W. (2003) Key factors influencing juvenile quality in mariculture: a review. Isr. J. Aquacult. Bamidgeh, 55, 283-297.
68. Kvenseth, A.M., Pittman, K. & Helvik, J.V. (1996) Eye development in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus): differentiation and development of the retina from early yolk sac stages through metamorphosis. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 53, 2524-2532.
69. Le Douarin, N.M. & Dupin, E. (2003) Multipotentiality of the neural crest. Curr. Opin. Gen. Dev., 13, 529-536.
70. Le Douarin, N.M. & Kalcheim, C. (1999) The Neural Crest, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
71. Ludwig, A., Rehberg, S. & Wegener, M. (2004) Melanocyte specific expression of dopachrome tautomerase is dependent on synergistic gene activation by the SOX10 and Mitf transcription factors. FEBBS Lett., 556, 236-244.
72. Luizi, F., Gara, B., Shields, R.J. & Bromage, N.R., (1999) Further description of the development of the digestive organs in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) larvae, with notes on differential absorption of copepod and Artemia prey. Aquaculture, 176, 101-116.
73. Mæland, A., Rønnestad, I., Fyhn, H.J., Berg, L. & Waagbø, R. (2000) Water-soluble vitamins in natural plankton (copepods) during two consecutive spring blooms compared to vitamins in Artemia franciscana nauplii and metanauplii. Mar. Biol., 136, 765-772.
74. MacKenzie, D.S., VanPutte, C.M. & Leiner, K.A. (1998) Nutrient regulation of endocrine function in fish. Aquaculture, 161, 3-25.
75. Maden, M. (1994) Role of retinoids in embryonic development. In: Vitamin A in Health and Disease (Blomhoff, R. ed.), pp. 289-322. Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York, Basel, Hong Kong.
76. Mangano, F.T., Fukuzawa, T., Johnson, W.C. & Bagbara, J.T. (1992) Intrinsic pigment cell stimulating activity in the skin of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens. J. Exp. Zool., 263, 112-118.
77. Martin, G.R. (1981) Isolation of pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultures in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 78, 7634-7638.
78. Matsumoto, J. & Seikai, T. (1992) Asymmetric pigmentation and pigment disorders in pleuronectiformes (Flounders). Pigment Cell Res., Suppl. 2, 275-282.
79. McEvoy, L.A., Næss, T., Bell, J.G. & Lie, Ø. (1998a) Lipid and fatty acid composition of normal and malpigmented Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) fed enriched Artemia: a comparison with fry fed wild copepods. Aquaculture, 163, 237-250.
80. McEvoy, L.A., Estevez, A., Bell, J.G., Shields, R.J., Gara, B. & Sargent, J.R. (1998b) Influence of dietary levels of eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acid on the pigmentation success of turbot (Scophtalmus maximus) and halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Bull. Aquacult. Assoc. Can., 98, 17-20.
81. van der Meeren, T. (2003) Kartlegging av biokjemisk innhold i copepoder som basis for kvalitetsvurdering av fôr i oppdrett av marin fiskeyngel. Fisken og havet, 5, 24 pp 24 .
82. Merchie, G., Lavens, P. & Sorgeloos, P. (1997) Optimization of dietary vitamin C in fish and crustacean larvae: a review. Aquaculture, 155, 165-181.
83. Meyer, D.L., Lara, J., Malz, C.R.a. & Graf, W. (1993) Diencephalic projections to the retinae in two species of flatfishes (Scophthalmus maximus and Pleuronectes platessa). Brain Res., 601, 308-312.
84. Miki, N., Taniguchi, T. & Hamakwa, H. (1989) Adequate vitamin level for reduction of albinism in hatchery reared Hirame, Paralichthys olivaceus, fed on rotifer enriched with fat-soluble vitamins. Suisanzoshoku, 37, 109-114.
85. Miki, N., Taniguchi, T., Hamakawa, H., Yamada, Y. & Sakurai, N. (1990) Reduction of albinism in hatchery reared flounder 'Hirame' Paralichthys olivaceus by feeding rotifer enriched with vitamin A. Suisanzoshoku, 38, 147-155.
86. Miki, N., Taniguchi, T. & Hamakawa, H. (1998) Effect of rotifer enriched with fat soluble vitamins on occurrence of albinism in hatchery reared 'Hirame' Paralichthys olivaceus (preliminary report). Suisanzoshoku, 36, 91-96.
87. Milos, N. & Dingle, A.D. (1978) Dynamics of Pigment Pattern formation in the Zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. I. Establishment and regulation of the lateral line melanophore stripe during the first eight days of development. J. Exp. Zool., 205, 205-216.
88. Mintz, B. (1967) Gene control of mammalian pigmentary differentiation. I. Clonal origin of melanocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 58, 244-351.
89. Mollaaghababa, R. & Pavan, W.J. (2003) The importance of having your SOX on: role of SOX10 in the development of neural crest-derived melanocytes and glia. Oncogene, 22, 3024-3034.
90. Moren, M., (2004a) Vitamin A in juvenile and larval Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) - does Artemia cover the larval retinoid requirement? PhD Thesis, Department of Fisheries and Marine Biology. University of Bergen, Norway, p. 53.
91. Moren, M., Naess, T. & Hamre, K. (2002) Conversion of beta-carotene, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin to vitamin A in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) juveniles. Fish Physiol. Biochem., 27, 71-80.
92. Moren, M., Opstad, I. & Hamre, K. (2004b) A comparison of retinol, retinal and retinyl ester concentrations in larvae of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) fed Artemia or zooplankton. Aquacult. Nutr., 10, 253-259.
93. Moren, M., Opstad, I., Berntssen, M.H.G., Infante, J.L.Z. & Hamre, K. (2004c) An optimum level of vitamin A supplements for Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) juveniles. Aquaculture, 235, 587-599.
94. Moren, M., Gundersen, T.E. & Hamre, K. (2005) Quantitative and qualitative analysis of retinoids in Artemia and copepods by HPLC and diode array detection. Aquaculture, 246, 359-365.
95. Moren, M., Opstad, I., van der Meeren, T. & Hamre, K. (2006) Iodine enrichment of Artemia and enhanced levels of iodine in Atlantic halibut larvae (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) fed the enriched Artemia. Aquacult. Nutr., 12, 97-102.
96. Mountjoy, K.G., Robbins, L.S., Mortrud, M.T. & Cone, R.D. (1992) The cloning of a family of genes that encode the melanocortin receptors. Science, 257, 1248-1251.
97. Næss, T., Germain-Henry, M. & Naas, K.E. (1995) First feeding of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) using different combinations of Artemia and wild zooplankton. Aquaculture, 130, 235-250.
98. Newth, D.R. (1956) On the neural crest of lamprey embryo. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol., 4, 358-375.
99. NRC (1993) Nutrient Requirements of Fish. National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
100. Ohsugi, K. & Ide, H. (1983) Melanophore differentiation in Xenopus laevis, with special reference to dorsoventral pigment pattern formation. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol., 75, 141-150.
101. Okada, N., Takagi, Y., Seikai, T., Tanaka, M. & Tagawa, M. (2001) Asymmetrical development of bones and soft tissue during eye migration of metamorphosing Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Cell Tissue Res., 304, 59-66.
102. Olsen, A.I., Attramadal, Y., Jensen, A. & Olsen, Y. (1999) Influence of size and nutritional value of Artemia franciscana on growth and quality of halibut larvae (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) during the live feed period. Aquaculture, 179, 475-487.
103. Opdecamp, K., Nakayama, A., Nguyen, M.T., Hodgkinson, C.A., Pavan, W.J. & Arnheiter, H. (1997) Melanocyte development in vivo and in neural crest cell cultures: crucial dependence on the Mitf basic-helix-loop-helix- zipper transcription factor. Development, 124, 2377-2386.
104. Pain, B., Clark, M.E., Shen, M., Nakazawa, H., Sakurai, M., Samarut, J. & Etches, R.J. (1996) Long term in vitro culture and characterisation of avian embryonic stem cells with multiple morphological potentialities. Development, 122, 2339-2348.
105. Parichy, D.M, Mellgren, E.M., Rawls, J.F., Lopes, S.S., Kelsh, R.N. & Johnson, S.L. (2000a) Mutational analysis of endothelin receptor b1 (rose) during neural crest and pigment pattern development in the zebrafish Danio rerio. Dev. Biol., 227, 294-306.
106. Parichy, D.M., Ransom, D.G., Paw, B., Zon, L.I. & Johnson, S.L. (2000b) An orthologue of the kit-related gene fms is required for development of neural crest-derived xanthophores and a subpopulation of adult melanocytes in zebrafish, Danio rerio. Development, 127, 3031-3044.
107. Pla, P., Alberti, C., Solov'eva, O., Pasdar, M., Kunisada, T. & Larue, L. (2005) Ednrb2 orients cell migration towards the dorsolateral neural crest pathway and promotes melanocyte differentiation. Pigment Cell Res., 18, 181-187.
108. Provencio, I., Jiang, G., De Grip, W.J., Hayes, W.P. & Rollag, M.D. (1998) Melanopsin: an opsin in melanophores, brain, and eye. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 340-345.
109. Quigley, I.K. & Parichy, D.M. (2002) Pigment pattern formation in zebrafish: A model for developmental genetics and evolution of form. Microsc. Res. Tech., 58, 442-455.
110. Rønnestad, I., Helland, S. & Lie, Ø. (1998) Feeding Artemia to larvae of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L) results in lower larval vitamin A content compared with feeding copepods. Aquaculture, 165, 159-164.
111. Raible, D.W.&Eisen, J.S. (1994) Restriction of neural crest cell fate in the trunk of the embryonic zebrafish. Development, 120, 495-503.
112. Raible, D.W., Wood, A., Hodson, W., Henion, P.D., Weston, J.A. & Eisen, J.S. (1992) Segregation and early dispersal of neural crest cells in the embryonic zebrafish. Dev. Dyn., 195, 29-42.
113. Rawles, M.E. (1940) The pigment forming potency of early chick blastoderm. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 26, 86-94.
114. Rawles, M.E. (1948) Origin of melanophores and their role in development of colour patterns in vertebrates. Physiol. Rev., 28, 383-408.
115. Regnier, M., Tremblaye, C. & Schmidt, R. (2005) Vitamin C affects melanocyte dendricity via keratinocytes. Pigment Cell Res., 18; 389-390.
116. Reitan, K.I., Rainuzzo, J.R. & Olsen, Y. (1994) Influence of lipid composition of live feed on growth, survival and pigmentation of turbot larvae. Aquacult. Int., 2, 33-48.
117. Ross, S.A., McCaffery, P.J., Drager, U.C. & DeLuca, L.M. (2000) Retinoids in embryonal development. Physiol. Rev., 80, 1021-1054.
118. Saele, O., Solbakken, J.S., Watanabe, K., Hamre, K., Power, D. & Pittman, K. (2004) Staging of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) from first feeding through metamorphosis, including cranial ossification independent of eye migration. Aquaculture, 239, 445-465.
119. Sakurai, T., Yanagisawa, M., Takuwa, Y., Miyazaki, H., Kimura, S., Goto, K. & Masaki, T. (1990) Cloning of a cDNA encoding a non-isopeptide-selective subtype of the endothelin receptor. Nature, 348, 733-735.
120. Sargent, J., McEvoy, L.A., Estevez, A., Bell, J.G., Bell, M., Henderson, R.J. & Tocher, D. (1999) Lipid nutrition of marine fish during early development: current status and future directions. Aquaculture, 179, 217-229.
121. Schaible, R.H. (1969) Clonal distribution of melanocytes in piebaldspotted and variegated mice. J. Exp. Zool., 172, 181-200.
122. Schilling, T.F. & Kimmel, C.B. (1994) Segment and cell type lineage restrictions during pharyngeal arch development in zebrafish embryo. Development, 120, 483-494.
123. Schreiber, A.M. & Brown, D.D. (2003) Tadpole skin dies autonomously in response to thyroid hormone at metamorphosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 1769-1774.
124. Schreiber, A.M. & Specker, J.L. (1998) Metamorphosis in the summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus): Stage-specific developmental response to altered thyroid status. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 111, 156-166.
125. Seikai, T. (1985) Reduction in occurrence frequency of albinism in juvenile flounder Paralichthys olivaceus hatchery reared on wild zooplankton. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 51, 1261-1267.
126. Seikai, T., Shimozaki, M. & Watanabe, T. (1987a) Estimation on larval stage determining the appearance of albinism in hatcheryreared juvenile flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 53, 1107-1114.
127. Seikai, T., Watanabe, T. & Shimozaki, M. (1987b) Influence of three geographically different strains of Artemia nauplii on occurrence of albinism in hatchery-reared flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 53, 195-200.
128. Seikai, T., Matsumoto, J., Shimozaki, M., Oikawa, A. & Akiyama, T. (1987c) An association of melanophores appearing at metamorphosis as vehicles of asymmetric skin color formation with pigment anomalies developed under hatchery conditions in the Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Pigment Cell Res., 1, 143-151.
129. Seikai, T., Hirose, E. & Matsumoto, J. (1993) Dual appearances of pigment cells from in vitro cultured embryonic cells of Japanese Flounder: an implication for a differentiation-associated clock. Pigment Cell Res., 6, 423-431.
130. Shields, R., Bell, G., Luizi, F.S., Gara, B., Bromage, N.R. & Sargent, J.R. (1999) Natural copepods are superior to enriched Artemia as feed for halibut larvae (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) in terms of survival, pigmentation and retinal morphology: Relation to dietary essential fatty acids. J. Nutr., 129, 1186-1194.
131. Shiotsugu, J., Katsuyama, Y., Arima, K., Baxter, A., Koide, T., Song, J., Chandraratna, R.A.S. & Blumberg, B. (2004) Multiple points of interaction between retinoic acid and FGF signalling during embryonic axis formation. Development, 131, 2653-2667.
132. Sieber-Blum, M. (2000) Factors controlling lineage specification in the neural crest. Int. Rev. Cytol., 197, 1-33.
133. Smith, A.G., Box, N.F., Marks, L.H., Chen, W., Smit, D.J., Wyeth, J.R., Huttley, G.A., Easteal, S. & Sturm, R.A. (2001) The human melanocortin-1 receptor locus: analysis of transcriptional unit, locus polymorphism and haplotype evolution. Gene, 281, 81-94.
134. Soffientino, B. & Specker, J.L. (2003) Age-dependent changes in the response of the stomach to thyroidal signaling in developmentally arrested larval summer flounder. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 134, 237-243.
135. Solbakken, J.S., Berntssen, M.H.G., Norberg, B., Pittman, K. & Hamre, K. (2002) Differential iodine and thyroid hormone levels between Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) larvae fed wild zooplankton or Artemia from first exogenous feeding until post metamorphosis. J. Fish. Biol., 61, 1345-1362.
136. Steel, K.P., Davidson, D.R. & Jackson, I.J. (1992) TRP-2/DT, a new early melanoblast marker, shows that steel growth factor (c-kit ligand) is a survival factor. Development, 115, 1111-1119.
137. Steingrimsson, E., Moore, K.J., Lamoreux, M.L. et al. (1994) Molecular basis of mouse microphtalmia (mi) mutations helps explain their developmental and phenotypic consequences. Nat. Genet., 8, 256-263.
138. Sugden, D. & Rowe, S.J. (1992) Protein kinase C activation antagonizes melatonin-induced pigment aggregation in Xenopus laevis melanophores. J. Cell Biol., 119, 1515-1521.
139. Sun, L., Bradfors, C.S., Gosh, C., Collodi, P. & Barnes, D.W. (1995) ES-like cell cultures derived from early zebrafish embryos. Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol., 4, 193-199.
140. Takase, S., Suruga, K. & Goda, T. (2000) Regulation of vitamin A metabolism-related gene expression. Br. J. Nutr., 84, S217-S221.
141. Takeuchi, T., Dedi, J., Ebisawa, C., Watanabe, T., Seikai, T., Hosoya, K. & Nakazoe, J.I. (1995) The effect of beta-carotene and vitamin A enriched Artemia nauplii on the malformation and color abnormality of larval Japanese flounder. Fish. Sci., 61, 141-148.
142. Tanaka, Y., Okada, Y. & Hirokawa, N. (2005) FGF-induced vesicular release of Sonic hedgehog and retinoic acid in leftward nodal flow is critical for left-right determination. Nature, 435, 172-177.
143. Tassabehji, M., Newton, V.E. & Read, A.P. (1994) Waardenburg syndrome type 2 caused by mutations in the human microphtalmia (MITF) gene. Nat. Genet., 8, 251-255.
144. Thomson, J.A., Itskovits-Eldor, J., Shapiro, S., Waktnitz, M.A., Swiergiel, J.J., Marshall, V.S. & Jones, J.M. (1998) Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science, 282, 1145-1147.
145. Tickle, C., Alberts, B., Wolpert, L. & Lee, J. (1982) Local application of retinoic acid to the limb bud mimics the action of the polarizing region. Nature, 296, 564.
146. Tocher, D.R., Mourente, G. & Sargent, J.R. (1997) The use of silages prepared from fish neural tissue as enrichers for rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) and Artemia in the nutrition of larval marine fish. Aquaculture, 148, 213-231.
147. Villalta, M., Estevez, A. & Bransden, M.P. (2005a) Arachidonic acid enriched live prey induces albinism in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) larvae. Aquaculture, 245, 193-209.
148. Villalta, M., Estevez, M.P., Brandsen, M.P. & Bell, J.G. (2005b) Effects of Essential Fatty Acids on Larval Development of Senegal Sole (Solea senegalensis). Larvi'05 - Fish and Shellfish Larviculture Symposium, Gent, Belgium. European Aquaculture Society Special publication No. 36, Oostende, Belgium.
149. Villanueva, S., Glavic, A., Ruiz, P. & Mayor, R. (2002) Posteriorization by FGF, Wnt, and retinoic acid is required for neural crest induction. Dev. Biol., 241, 289-301.
150. Wakamutsu, Y. & Ozato, K. (1994) Establishment of a pluripotent cell line derived from a medaka (Oryzias latipes) blastula embryo. Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol., 3, 185-191.
151. Watabe, H., Soma, Y., Ito, M. & Mizogichi, M. (2002a) All-trans retinoic acid induces differentiation and apoptosis of murine melanocyte precursors with induction of the microphtalmia-associated transcription factor. J. Invest. Dermatol., 118, 35-42.
152. Watabe, H., Soma, Y., Kawa, Y., Ito, M., Ooka, S., Ohsumi, K., Baba, T., Kawakami, T., Hosaka, E. & Mizoguchi, M. (2002b) Differentiation of murine melanocyte precursors induced by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 is associated with the stimulation of Endothelin B receptor expression. J. Invest. Dermatol., 118, 583-589.
153. Wehrle-Haller, B. & Weston, J.A. (1995) Soluble and cell bound forms of steel factor activity play distinct roles in melanocyte precursor dispersal and survival on the lateral neural crest migration pathway. Development, 121, 731-742.
154. Wheeler, M.B. (1994) Development and validation of swine embryonic stem cells: a review. Repr. Fertil. Dev., 6, 563-568.
155. Wu, J., Saint-Jeannet, J.P. & Klein, P.S. (2003) Wnt-frizzled signalling in neural crest formation. Trends Neurosci., 26, 40-45.
156. Yajima, I., Sato, S., Kimura, T., Yasumoto, K., Shibahara, S., Goding, C.R. & Yamamoto, H. (1999) An L1 element intronic insertion in the black-eyed white (MITF mi-bw) gene: The loss of a single Mitf isoform responsible for the pigmentary defect and inner ear deafness. Hum. Mol. Genet., 8, 1431-1441.
157. Yamane, T., Hayashi, S-I. & Kunisada, T. (2002) Methods in molecular biology: Embryonic Stem Cells: Methods and Protocols, Vol. 185 (Turksen, K. ed.). Human Press Inc., Totowa, NJ.
158. Yanagisawa, M. (1994) The endothelin system. A new target for therapeutic intervention. Circulation, 89, 1320-1322.
159. Yanfeng, W., Saint-Jeannet, J.P. & Klein, P.S. (2003) Wnt-frizzled signalling in the induction and differentiation of the neural crest. Bioassays, 25, 317-325.
160. Yoo, J.H., Takeuchi, T., Tagawa, M. & Seikai, T. (2000) Effect of thyroid hormones on the stage-specific pigmentation of the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Zool. Sci., 17, 1101-1106.
161. Yoshida, H., Kunisada, T., Kusakabe, M., Nishikawa, S. & Nishikawa, S.I. (1996) Distinct stages of melanocyte differentiation revealed by analysis of nonuniform pigmentation patterns. Development, 122, 1207-1214.
162. Zhang, X.K. & Pfahl, M. (1993) Regulation of retinoid and thyroid-hormone action through homodimeric and heterodimeric receptors. Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 4, 156-162.
163. Zuasti, A., Martinez-Liarte, J.H., Ferrer, C., Canizares, M., Newton, J. & Bagnara, J.T. (1993) Melanization stimulating activity in the skin of gilthead porgy, Sparus auratus. Pigment Cell Res., 6, 359-364.