Influence of summertime deep convection on formaldehyde in the middle and upper troposphere over Europe

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 111, Issue 14, 2006, Pages

  Stickler, A ^a   Fischer, H ^a   Williams, J ^a   de Reus, M ^a,b   Sander, R ^a   Lawrence, M G ^a   Crowley, J N ^a   Lelieveld, J ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY   (Germany)

^b JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; COMPUTER SIMULATION; FORMALDEHYDE; HYDROCARBONS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; OZONE LAYER; PHOTOLYSIS; TROPOSPHERE;

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; ATMOSPHERIC CONVECTION; ATMOSPHERIC MODELING; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; FORMALDEHYDE; MEASUREMENT METHOD; OZONE; PHOTOLYSIS; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SUMMER; UPPER ATMOSPHERE;

CENTRAL EUROPE; EURASIA; EUROPE; MEDITERRANEAN REGION; MEDITERRANEAN SEA; WESTERN EUROPE;

EID: 33846088483     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2005JD007001     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Andreae, M. O., and P. Merlet (2001), Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 15(4), 955-966.
2. Arlander, D. W., D. Brüning, U. Schmidt, and D. H. Ehhalt (1995), The tropospheric distribution of formaldehyde during TROPOZ II, J. Atmos. Chem., 22, 251-268.
3. Brasseur, G. P., D. A. Hauglustaine, and S. Walters (1996), Chemical compounds in the remote Pacific troposphere: Comparison between MLOPEX measurements and chemical-transport-model calculations, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 14,795-14,813.
4. Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., C. Koeppel, T. Röckmann, D. S. Scharffe, M. Bräunlich, and V. Gros (2001), Absolute measurements of the abundance of atmospheric carbon monoxide, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 10,003-10,010.
5. Brunner, D., J. Staehelin, and D. Jeker (1998), Large-scale nitrogen oxide plumes in the tropopause region and implications for ozone, Science, 282, 1305-1309.
6. Cantrell, C. A., et al. (2003), Steady state free radical budgets and ozone photochemistry during TOPSE, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D4), 8361, doi:10.1029/2002JD002198.
7. Carlier, P., H. Hannachi, and G. Mouvier (1986), The chemistry of carbonyl compounds in the atmosphere: A review, Atmos. Environ., 20, 2079-2099.
8. Cohan, D. S., M. G. Schultz, D. J. Jacob, B. G. Heikes, and D. R. Blake (1999), Convective injection and photochemical decay of peroxides in the tropical upper troposphere: Methyl iodide as a tracer of marine convection, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 5717-5724.
9. Crawford, J., et al. (1999), Assessment of upper tropospheric HOx sources over the tropical Pacific based on NASA GTE/PEM data: Net effect on HOx and other photochemical parameters, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 16,255-16,273.
10. Crutzen, P. J., M. G. Lawrence, and U. Poeschl (1999), On the background photochemistry of tropospheric ozone, Tellus, Ser. A, 51, 123-146.
11. de Reus, M., H. Fischer, R. Sander, V. Gros, R. Kormann, G. Salisbury, R. van Dingenen, J. Williams, M. Zöllner, and J. Lelieveld (2005), Observations and model calculations of trace gas scavenging in a dense Saharan dust plume during MINATROC, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1787-1803.
12. Deutsches Akkreditierungssystem Prüfwesen GmbH (1985), Bestimmung der Formaldehyd-Abgabe aus textilen Bedarfsgegenständen, in Amtliche Sammlung von Untersuchungsverfahren Nach § 35 LMBG, 82.02-1, pp. 1-2, Berlin.
13. Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V. (1988), Prüfung von Textilien: Bestimmung des freien Formaldehyds, Sulfit-Verfahren, DIN 54 260, Berlin.
14. Ehhalt, D. H., F. Rohrer, and A. Wahner (1992), Sources and distribution of NOx in the upper troposphere at northern mid-latitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 3725-3738.
15. Elterman, L., R. Wexler, and D. Chang (1968), Comparison of aerosol measurements over New Mexico with atmospheric features, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 58(5), 741.
16. Fischer, H., et al. (1998), Trace gas measurements during the Oxidising Capacity of the Tropospheric Atmosphere campaign 1993 at Izaña, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13,505-13,518.
17. Fried, A., et al. (1997), Photochemistry of formaldehyde during the 1993 Tropospheric OH Photochemistry Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 6283-6296.
18. Fried, A., et al. (2003a), Tunable diode laser measurements of formaldehyde during the TOPSE 2000 study: Distributions, trends, and model comparisons, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D4), 8365, doi:10.1029/ 2002JD002208.
19. Fried, A., et al. (2003b), Airborne tunable diode laser measurements of formaldehyde during TRACE-P: Distributions and box model comparisons, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D20), 8798, doi:10.1029/2003JD003451.
20. Frost, G. J., et al. (2002). Comparisons of box model calculations and measurements of formaldehyde from the 1997 North Atlantic Regional Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D8), 4060, doi:10.1029/2001JD000896.
21. Galanter, M., H. Levy, and G. R. Carmichael (2000). Impacts of biomass burning on tropospheric CO, NOx and O3, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 6633-6653.
22. Gros, V., et al. (2003), Origin of anthropogenic hydrocarbons and halocarbons measured in the summertime European outflow (on Crete in 2001), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1223-1235.
23. Hauglustaine, D. A., G. P. Brasseur, S. Walters, P. J. Rasch, J.-F. Müller, L. K. Emmons, and M. A. Carroll (1998), MOZART, a global chemical transport model of ozone and related chemical tracers: 2. Model results and evaluation, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28,291-28,335.
24. Heikes, B. G. (1992), Formaldehyde and hydroperoxides at Mauna Loa Observatory, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 18,001-18,013.
25. Heikes, B., et al. (1996), Formaldehyde methods comparison in the remote lower troposphere during the Mauna Loa Photochemistry Experiment 2, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 14,741-14,755.
26. Heikes, B., J. Snow, P. Egli, D. O'Sullivan, J. Crawford, J. Olson, G. Chen, D. Davis, N. Blake, and D. Blake (2001), Formaldehyde over the central Pacific during PEM-Tropics B, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 32,717-32,731.
27. Ischiropoulos, H., J. Nelson, D. Duran, and A. Al-Mehdi (1996), Reactions of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite with organic molecules and ferrihorseradish peroxidase: Interference with the determination of hydrogen peroxide, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 20(3), 373-381.
28. Jacob, D. J., et al. (1996), Origin of ozone and NOx in the tropical troposphere: A photochemical analysis of aircraft observations over the South Atlantic basin, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 24,235-24,250.
29. Jaeglé, L., et al. (1997), Observed OH and HO2 in the upper troposphere suggest a major source from convective injection of peroxides, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24(24), 3181-3184.
30. Jaeglé, L., et al. (2000), Photochemistry of HOx in the upper troposphere at northern midlatitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 3877-3892.
31. Kelly, T. J., and C. R. Fortune (1994), Continuous monitoring of gaseous formaldehyde using an improved fluorescence approach, Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem, 54, 249-263.
32. Keuken, M. P., C. A. M. Schoonebeek, A. van Wensveen-Louter, and J. Slanina (1988), Simultaneous sampling of NH3, HNO3, HCl, SO2 and H2O2 in ambient air by a wet annular denuder system, Atmos. Environ, 22, 2541-2548.
33. Kormann, R., H. Fischer, C. Gurk, F. Helleis, T. Klüpfel, K. Kowalski, R. Königstedt, U. Parchatka, and V. Wagner (2002), Application of a multi-laser tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer for atmospheric trace gas measurements at sub-ppbv levels, Spectrochim. Acta, Part A, 58, 2489-2498.
34. Kormann, R., et al. (2003), Formaldehyde over the eastern Mediterranean during MINOS: Comparison of airborne in-situ measurements with 3D-model results, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 851-861.
35. Kormann, R., R. Königstedt, U. Parchatka, H. Fischer, and J. Lelieveld (2005), QUALITAS: A mid-infrared spectrometer for sensitive trace gas measurements based on quantum cascade lasers in CW operation, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 76, 075102.
36. Lange, L., H. Fischer, U. Parchatka, C. Gurk, T. Zenker, and G. W. Harris (2002), Characterization and application of an externally mounted catalytic converter for aircraft measurements of NOy, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 73, 3051-3057.
37. Lawrence, M. G., et al. (2003), Global chemical weather forecasts for field campaign planning: Predictions and observations of large-scale features during MINOS, CONTRACE, and INDOEX, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 267-289.
38. Lazrus, A. L., G. L. Kok, S. N. Gitlin, and J. A. Lind (1985), Automated fluorometric method for hydrogen peroxide in atmospheric precipitation, Anal. Chem., 57, 917-922.
39. Lazius, A. L., G. L. Kok, J. A. Lind, S. N. Gitlin, B. G. Heikes, and R. E. Shetter (1986), Automated fluorometric method for hydrogen peroxide in air, Anal. Chem., 58, 594-597.
40. Lee, M., B. G. Heikes, and D. J. Jacob (1998), Enhancements of hydroperoxides and formaldehyde in biomass burning impacted air and their effect on atmospheric oxidant cycles, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13,201-13,212.
41. Lelieveld, J., and P. J. Crutzen (1990), Influence of cloud photochemical processes on tropospheric ozone, Nature, 343, 227-233.
42. Liljequist, G. H., and K. Cehak (Eds.) (1984), Allgemeine Meteorologie, 3rd ed., p. 18, Vieweg, Wiesbaden, Germany.
43. Liu, S. C., M. Trainer, F. C. Fehsenfeld, D. D. Parrish, E. J. Williams, D. W. Fahey, G. Huebler, and P. C. Murphy (1987), Ozone production in the rural troposphere and the implications for regional and global ozone distributions, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 4191-4207.
44. Liu, S. C., et al. (1992). A study of the photochemistry and ozone budget during the Mauna Loa Observatory Photochemistry Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 10,463-10,471.
45. Madronich, S., and S. Flocke (1998), The role of solar radiation in atmospheric chemistry, in Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, edited by P. Boule, pp. 1-26, Springer, New York.
46. Müller, J. F., and G. Brasseur (1999), Sources of upper tropospheric HOx.: A three-dimensional study, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 1705-1715.
47. Olivier, J. G. J., A. F. Bouwman, C. W. M. van de Maas, J. J. M. Berdowski, C. Veldt, J. P. J. Bloos, A. J. H. Visschedijk, P. Y. J. Znadveld, and J. L. Heverlag (1996), Description of EDGAR version 2.0: A set of emission inventories of greenhouse gases and ozone depleting substances for all anthropogenic and most natural sources on a per country basis and on 1° x 1° grid, RIVM Rep. 771060002, Natl. Inst. of Public Health and the Environ., Bilthoven, Netherlands.
48. Olivier, J. G. J., J. A. H. W. Peters, J. Bakker, J. J. M. Berdowski, A. J. H. Visschedijk, and J. P. J. Bloos (2002), Applications of EDGAR: Emission data base for atmospheric research, RIVM Rep. 410.200.051, Natl. Inst. of Public Health and the Environ., Bilthoven, Netherlands.
49. Olson, J. R., et al. (2004), Testing fast photochemical theory during TRACE-P based on measurements of OH3, HO2, and CH2O, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D15S10, doi:10.1029/2003JD004278.
50. Petropavlovskikh, I. (1995), Evaluation of photodissociation coefficient calculations for use in atmospheric chemical models, Ph.D. thesis, Free Univ. of Brussels, Brussels.
51. Pickering, K. E., R. R. Dickerson, W. T. Luke, and L. J. Nunnermacker (1989), Clear-sky vertical profiles of trace gases as influenced by upstream convective activity, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 14,879-14,892.
52. Pilz, W., and I. Johann (1974), Measurement of very small quantities of hydrogen peroxide in air, Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 3, 257-270.
53. Prather, M. J., and D. J. Jacob (1997), A persistent imbalance in HOx and NOx photochemistry of the upper troposphere driven by deep tropical convection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 3189-3192.
54. Ravetta, F., et al. (2001), Experimental evidence for the importance of convected methylhydroperoxide as a source of hydrogen oxide (HOx) radicals in the tropical upper troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 32,709-32,716.
55. Salisbury, G., et al. (2003), Ground-based PTR-MS measurements of reactive organic compounds during the MINOS campaign in Crete, July-August 2001, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 925-940.
56. Sander, R., A. Kerkweg, P. Jöckel, and J. Lelieveld (2005), Technical note: The new comprehensive atmospheric chemistry module MECCA, Atmos. Cheyn. Phys., 5, 445-450.
57. Schmidt, U. (1974), Molecular hydrogen in the atmosphere, Tellus, 26, 78-90.
58. Schmiidt U. (1978), The latitudinal and vertical distribution of molecular hydrogen in the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 941-946.
59. Singh, H. B., et al. (2000), Distribution and fate of selected organic species in the lower troposphere and lower stratosphere over the Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 3795-3805.
60. Singh, H., Y. Chen, A. Staudt, D. Jacob, D. Blake, B. Heikes, and J. Snow (2001), Dominant presence of oxygenated organic species in the remote troposphere, Nature, 410, 1078-1081.
61. Singh, H. B., et al. (2004), Analysis of the atmospheric distribution, sources, and sinks of oxygenatued volatile organic chemicals based on measurements over the Pacific during TRACE-P, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D15S07, doi:10.1029/2003JD003883.
62. Stamnes, K., S. Tsay, W. J. Wiscombe, and K. Jayaweera (1988), Numerically stable algorithm for discrete-ordinate-method radiative transfer in multiple scattering and emitting layered media, Appl. Opt., 27, 2502-2509.
63. Stohl, A., O. R. Cooper, R. Damoah, F. C. Fehsenfeld, C. Forster, E.-Y. Hsie, G. Hübler, D. D. Parrish, and M. Trainer (2004), Forecasting for a Lagrangian aircraft campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1113-1124.
64. Tanner, R. L., G. Y. Markovits, E. M. Ferreri, and T. J. Kelly (1986), Sampling and determination of gas-phase hydrogen peroxide following removal of ozone by gas-phase reaction with nitric oxide, Anal. Chem., 58, 1857-1865.
65. Tie, X., G. Brasseur, L. Emmons, L. Horowitz, and D. Kinnison (2001), Effects of aerosols on tropospheric oxidants: A global model study, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 22,931-22,964.
66. von Kuhlmann, R., M. G. Lawrence, P. J. Crutzen, and P. J. Rasch (2003), A model for studies of tropospheric ozone and nonmethane hydrocarbons: Model description and ozone results, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D9), 4294, doi:10.1029/2002JD002893.
67. Wagner, V. (2000), Formaldehyd in der maritimen Grenzschicht über dem Indischen Ozean: Feldmessung und Modellierung, Ph.D. thesis, Fak. für Chem., Univ. Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.
68. Wagner, V., C. Schiller, and H. Fischer (2001), Formaldehyde measurements in the marine boundary layer of the Indian Ocean during the 1999 INDOEX cruise of the RN Ronald H, Brown, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28,529-28,538.
69. Wagner, V., R. von Glasow, H. Fischer, and P. J. Crutzen (2002), Are CH2O measurements in the marine boundary layer suitable for testing the current understanding of CH4 photooxidation?: A model study, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D3), 4029, doi:10.1029/2001JD000722.
70. Wang, C., and R. G. Prim (2000), On the roles of deep convective clouds in tropospheric chemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 22,269-22,297.
71. Wang, W. C., D. J. Wuebbles, W. M. Washington, R. G. Isaacs, and G. Molnar (1986), Trace gases and other potential perturbations to global climate, Rev. Geophys., 24, 110-140.
72. Wang, Y., et al. (2001), Factors controlling tropospheric O3, OH, NOx, and SO2 over the tropical Pacific during PEM-Tropics B, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 32,733-32,747.
73. Weinstein-Lloyd, J. B., J. H. Lee, P. H. Daum, L. I. Kleinman, L. J. Nunnermacker, S. R. Springston, and L. Newman (1998), Measurements of peroxides and related species during the 1995 summer intensive of the Southern Oxidants Study in Nashville, Tennessee, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 22,361-22,373.
74. Wennberg, P. O., et al. (1998). Hydrogen radicals, nitrogen radicals, and the production of O3 in the upper troposphere, Science, 279, 49-53.
75. William, J., U. Pöschl, P. J. Crutzen, A. Hansel, R. Holzinger, C. Warneke, W. Lindinger, and J. Lelieveld (2001), An atmospheric chemistry interpretation of mass scans obtained from a proton transfer mass spectrometer flown over the tropical rainforest of Surinam, J. Atmos. Chem., 38, 133-166.
76. Zhou, X., Y.-N. Lee, L. Newman, X. Chen, and K. Mopper (1996). Tropospheric formaldehyde concentration at the Mauna Loa Observatory during MLOPEX II, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 14,711-14,719.