Usual interstitial pneumonia

Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Volumn 27, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 634-651

  Lynch III, Joseph P ^a   Saggar, Rajan ^a   Weigt, S Sam ^a   Zisman, David A ^a   White, Eric S ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (CFA); Fibroblast; Fibroblastic foci; Honeycombing; Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF); Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP)

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCYSTEINE; AZATHIOPRINE; COLCHICINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; GAMMA1B INTERFERON; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; PIRFENIDONE; PREDNISONE;

ARTICLE; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DISEASE MARKER; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; EXERCISE TEST; FIBROSING ALVEOLITIS; HIGH RESOLUTION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; HUMAN; IDIOPATHIC DISEASE; INFLAMMATORY CELL; INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA; LUNG ALVEOLUS EPITHELIUM; LUNG BIOPSY; LUNG FIBROBLAST; LUNG FUNCTION TEST; LUNG INJURY; LUNG TRANSPLANTATION; PATHOGENESIS; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; SURVIVAL; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; USUAL INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HUMANS; LUNG DISEASES, INTERSTITIAL; PROGNOSIS; RESPIRATORY FUNCTION TESTS;

EID: 33845966044     PISSN: 10693424     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-957335     Document Type: Article

References (249)

1. Katzenstein AL, Myers J. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: clinical relevance of pathological classification. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:1301-1315
2. American Thoracic Society. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: diagnosis and treatment. International consensus statement. American Thoracic Society (ATS), and the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161(2 Pt 1):646-664
3. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society International Multidisciplinary Consensus Classification of the Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias. This joint statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), and the European Respiratory Society (ERS) was adopted by the ATS board of directors, June 2001 and by the ERS Executive Committee, June 2001. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165:277-304
4. Lynch J P III, Orens J, Kazerooni EA. Collagen vascular diseases. In: Sperber M, ed. Diffuse Lung Diseases: A Comprehensive Clinical-Radiological Overview. London: Springer-Verlag; 1999:325-355
5. Hunninghake GW, Zimmerman MB, Schwartz DA, et al. Utility of a lung biopsy for the diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164: 193-196
6. Hunninghake GW, Lynch DA, Galvin JR, et al. Radiologic findings are strongly associated with a pathologic diagnosis of usual interstitial pneumonia. Chest 2003;124:1215-1223
7. Flaherty KR, Thwaite EL, Kazerooni EA, et al. Radiological versus histological diagnosis in UIP and NSIP: survival implications. Thorax 2003;58:143-148
8. Winterbauer RH, Hammar SP, Hallman KO, et al. Diffuse interstitial pneumonitis: clinicopathologic correlations in 20 patients treated with prednisone/azathioprine. Am J Med 1978;65:661-672
9. Carrington CB, Gaensler EA, Coutu RE, FitzGerald MX, Gupta RG. Natural history and treated course of usual and desquamative interstitial pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1978; 298:801-809
10. Bjoraker JA, Ryu JH, Edwin MK, et al. Prognostic significance of histopathologic subsets in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:199-203
11. Flaherty KR, Travis WD, Colby TV, et al. Histopathologic variability in usual and nonspecific interstitial pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:1722-1727
12. Monaghan H, Wells AU, Colby TV, du Bois RM, Hansell DM, Nicholson AG. Prognostic implications of histologic patterns in multiple surgical lung biopsies from patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Chest 2004;125:522-526
13. Nagai S, Kitaichi M, Itoh H, Nishimura K, Izumi T, Colby T. Idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia/fibrosis: comparison with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and BOOP. Eur Respir J 1998;12:1010-1019
14. Nicholson AG, Wells AU. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: nobody said it's perfect. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:1553-1554
15. Nicholson AG, Fulford LG, Colby TV, du Bois RM, Hansell DM, Wells AU. The relationship between individual histologic features and disease progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:173-177
16. Nicholson AG, Colby TV, du Bois RM, Hansell DM, Wells AU. The prognostic significance of the histologic pattern of interstitial pneumonia in patients presenting with the clinical entity of cryptogenic fib rosing alveolitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:2213-2217
17. Travis WD, Matsui K, Moss J, Ferrans VJ. Idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: prognostic significance of cellular and fibrosing patterns: survival comparison with usual interstitial pneumonia and desquamative interstitial pneumonia. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;24:19-33
18. Hartman TE, Primack SL, Swensen SJ, Hansell D, McGuinness G, Muller NL. Desquamative interstitial pneumonia: thin-section CT findings in 22 patients. Radiology 1993;187:787-790
19. Hartman TE, Primack SL, Kang EY, et al. Disease progression in usual interstitial pneumonia compared with desquamative interstitial pneumonia: assessment with serial CT. Chest 1996;110:378-382
20. Moon J, du Bois RM, Colby TV, Hansell DM, Nicholson AG. Clinical significance of respiratory bronchiolitis on open lung biopsy and its relationship to smoking related interstitial lung disease. Thorax 1999;54:1009-1014
21. Ryu JH, Myers JL, Swensen SJ. Bronchiolar disorders. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:1277-1292
22. Bouros D, Nicholson AC, Polychronopoulos V, du Bois RM. Acute interstitial pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2000;15: 412-418
23. Vourlekis JS, Brown KK, Cool CD, et al. Acute interstitial pneumonias: case series and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2000;79:369-378
24. Travis WD, Fox CH, Devaney KO, et al. Lymphoid pneumonitis in SO adult patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis versus nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis. Hum Pathol 1992;23:529-541
25. Koss MN, Hochholzer L, Langloss JM, Wehunt WD, Lazarus AA. Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia: clinicopathological and immunopathological findings in 18 cases. Pathology 1987;19:178-185
26. Lazor R, Vandevenne A, Pelletier A, Leclerc P, Court-Fortune I, Cordier JF. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia: characteristics of relapses in a series of 48 patients. The Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherche sur les Maladies "Orphelines" Pulmonaires (GERM"O"P). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162(2 Pt 1):571-577
27. Katzenstein AL, Fiorelli RF. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia/fibrosis: histologic features and clinical significance. Am J Surg Pathol 1994;18:136-147
28. Lynch DA, Newell JD, Logan PM, King TE Jr, Muller NL. Can CT distinguish hypersensitivity pneumonitis from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995;165:807-811
29. Flaherty KR, Toews GB, Travis WD, et al. Clinical significance of histological classification of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2002;19:275-283
30. Katzenstein AL, Zisman DA, Litzky LA, Nguyen BT, Kotloff RM. Usual interstitial pneumonia: histologic study of biopsy and explant specimens. Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26:1567-1577
31. Thannickal VJ, Flaherty KR, Martinez FJ, Lynch JP III. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: emerging concepts on pharmacotherapy. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2004;5: 1671-1686
32. Thannickal VJ, Flaherty KR, Hyzy RC, Lynch JP III. Emerging drugs for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2005;10:707-727
33. Selman M, Thannickal VJ, Pardo A, Zisman DA, Martinez FJ, Lynch JP III. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches. Drugs 2004;64:405-430
34. Lynch JP III, Wurfel M, Flaherty K, et al. Usual interstitial pneumonia. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2001;22:357-386
35. Panos RJ, Mortenson RL, Niccoli SA, King TE Jr. Clinical deterioration in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: causes and assessment. Am J Med 1990;88:396-404
36. Doherty MJ, Mister R, Pearson MG, Calverley PM. Capsaicin induced cough in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Thorax 2000;55:1028-1032
37. Lalloo UG, Lim S, DuBois R, Barnes PJ, Chung KF. Increased sensitivity of the cough reflex in progressive systemic sclerosis patients with interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir J 1998;11:702-705
38. Hope-Gill BD, Hilldrup S, Davies C, Newton RP, Harrison NK. A study of the cough reflex in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168: 995-1002
39. Cottin V, Donsbeck AV, Revel D, Loire R, Cordier JF. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: individualization of a dinicopathologic entity in a series of 12 patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;158:1286-1293
40. Johnston ID, Prescott RJ, Chalmers JC, Rudd RM. British Thoracic Society study of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: current presentation and initial management. Fibrosing Alveolitis Subcommittee of the Research Committee of the British Thoracic Society. Thorax 1997;52:38-44
41. Turner-Warwick M, Burrows B, Johnson A. Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: response to corticosteroid treatment and its effect on survival. Thorax 1980;35:593-599
42. Arase Y, Ikeda K, Tsubota A, et al. Usefulness of serum KL-6 for early diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in patients with hepatitis C virus. Hepatol Res 2003;27:89-94
43. Ashitani J, Mukae H, Taniguchi H, et al. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Thorax 1999;54:1015-1020
44. Capelli A, Lusuardi M, Cerutti CG, Donner CF. Lung alkaline phosphatase as a marker of fibrosis in chronic interstitial disorders. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155:249-253
45. Demopoulos K, Arvanhis DA, Vassilakis DA, Siafakas NM, Spandidos DA. MYCL1, FHIT, SPARC, p16(INK4) and TP53 genes associated to lung cancer in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Cell Mol Med 2002;6:215-222
46. Dobashi N, Fujita J, Ohtsuki Y, et al. Elevated serum and BAL cytokeratin 19 fragment in pulmonary fibrosis and acute interstitial pneumonia. Eur Respir J 1999;14:574-578
47. Esposito I, Perna F, Ponticiello A, Perrella M, Gilli M, Sanduzzi A. Natural killer cells in BAL and peripheral blood of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2005;18:541-545
48. Fujita J, Obayashi Y, Yamadori I, et al. Marked elevation of CA19-9 in a patient with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: CA19-9 as a bad prognostic factor. Respirology 1998;3: 211-214
49. Tsoutsou PG, Gourgoulianis KI, Petinaki E, et al. ICAM-1, ICAM-2 and ICAM-3 in the sera of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Inflammation 2004;28:359-364
50. Yamanouchi H, Fujita J, Yoshinouchi T, et al. Measurement of hepatocyte growth factor in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med 1998;92:273-278
51. Takeuchi M, Nagai S, Tsutumi T, Mio T, Izumi T. The number of interleukin 1 receptors on lung fibroblasts in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respiration 1999;66:236-241
52. Greene KE, King TE Jr, Kuroki Y, et al. Serum surfactant proteins-A and -D as biomarkers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2002;19:439-446
53. Kaneko Y, Kuwano K, Kunitake R, Kawasaki M, Hagimoto N, Hara N. B7-1, B7-2 and class II MHC molecules in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2000;15:49-55
54. Gunther A, Schmidt R, Nix F, et al. Surfactant abnormalities in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis and sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J 1999;14:565-573
55. Kadota J, Mizunoe S, Mito K, et al. High plasma concentrations of osteopontin in patients with interstitial pneumonia. Respir Med 2005;99:111-117
56. Kasuga I, Yonemaru M, Kiyokawa H, Ichinose Y, Toyama K. Clinical evaluation of serum type IV collagen 7S in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respirology 1996;1:277-281
57. Honda Y, Kuroki Y, Shijubo N, et al. Aberrant appearance of lung surfactant protein A in sera of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and its clinical significance. Respiration 1995;62:64-69
58. Inoue Y, King TE Jr, Barker E, Daniloff E, Newman LS. Basic fibroblast growth factor and its receptors in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:765-773
59. Kohno N, Awaya Y, Oyama T, et al. KL-6, a mucin-like glycoprotein, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with interstitial lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148: 637-642
60. Honda Y, Kuroki Y, Matsuura E, et al. Pulmonary surfactant protein D in sera and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152(6 Pt 1):1860-1866
61. Kuwano K, Maeyama T, Inoshima I, et al. Increased circulating levels of soluble Fas ligand are correlated with disease activity in patients with fibrosing lung diseases. Respirology 2002;7:15-21
62. Kuwano K, Kawasaki M, Maeyama T, et al. Soluble form of fas and fas ligand in BAL fluid from patients with pulmonary fibrosis and bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Chest 2000;118:451-458
63. Shijubo N, Imai K, Aoki S, et al. Circulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) antigen in sera of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Clin Exp Immunol 1992;89:58-62
64. Rankin JA, Kaliner M, Reynolds HY. Histamine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage from patients with asthma, sarcoidosis, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987;79:371-377
65. Phelps DS, Umstead TM, Mejia M, Carrillo G, Pardo A, Selman M. Increased surfactant protein-A levels in patients with newly diagnosed idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 2004;125:617-625
66. Peterson MW, Monick M, Hunninghake GW. Prognostic role of eosinophils in pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 1987;92:51-56
67. Pala L, Giannini S, Rosi E, et al. Direct measurement of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Endocrinol Invest 2001;24: 856-864
68. Nakos G, Adams A, Andriopoulos N. Antibodies to collagen in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 1993;103:1051-1058
69. Mukae H, Iiboshi H, Nakazato M, et al. Raised plasma concentrations of alpha-defensins in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Thorax 2002;57:623-628
70. Kuroki Y, Takahashi H, Chiba H, Akino T. Surfactant proteins A and D: disease markers. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998;1408:334-345
71. Gruber R, Pforte A, Beer B, Riethmuller G. Determination of gamma/delta and other T-lymphocyte subsets in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood from patients with sarcoidosis and idiopathic fibrosis of the lung. APMIS 1996;104:199-205
72. Gessner C, Wirtz H, Sack U, et al, BALF N-acetylglucosaminidase and beta-galactosidase activities in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med 2002;96:751-756
73. Montaldo C, Cannas E, Ledda M, Rosetti L, Congiu L, Atzori L. Bronchoalveolar glutathione and nitrite/nitrate in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vase Diffuse Lung Dis 2002;19:54-58
74. McCormack FX, King TE Jr, Bucher BL, Nielsen L, Mason RJ. Surfactant protein A predicts survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152:751-759
75. Low RB, Giancola MS, King TE Jr, Chapitis J, Vacek P, Davis GS. Serum and bronchoalveolar lavage of N-terminal type III procollagen peptides in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;146:701-706
76. Yokoyama A, Kondo K, Nakajima M, et al. Prognostic value of circulating KL-6 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respirology 2006;11:164-168
77. Ohnishi H, Yokoyama A, Kondo K, et al. Comparative study of KL-6, surfactant protein-a, surfactant protein-D, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 as serum markers for interstitial lung diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165:378-381
78. Kohno N, Kyoizumi S, Awaya Y, Fukuhara H, Yamakido M, Akiyama M. New serum indicator of interstitial pneumonitis activity: sialylated carbohydrate antigen KL-6. Chest 1989;96:68-73
79. Kohno N. Serum marker KL-6/MUC1 for the diagnosis and management of interstitial pneumonitis. J Med Invest 1999;46:151-158
80. Yokoyama A, Kohno N, Hamada H, et al. Circulating KL-6 predicts the outcome of rapidly progressive idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;158: 1680-1684
81. Takahashi H, Sano H, Chiba H, Kuroki Y. Pulmonary surfactant proteins A and D: innate immune functions and biomarkers for lung diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2006;12:589-598
82. Mason RJ, Nielsen LD, Kuroki Y, Matsuura E, Freed JH, Shannon JM. A 50-kDa variant form of human surfactant protein D. Eur Respir J 1998;12:1147-1155
83. Takahashi H, Fujishima T, Koba H, et al. Serum surfactant proteins A and D as prognostic factors in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and their relationship to disease extent. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162(3 Pt 1): 1109-1114
84. Selman M, Lin HM, Montano M, et al. Surfactant protein A and B genetic variants predispose to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Hum Genet 2003;113:542-550
85. Martinez FJ, Safrin S, Weycker D, et al. The clinical course of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ann Intern Med 2005;142(12 Pt 1):963-967
86. Takahashi H, Shiratori M, Kanai A, Chiba H, Kuroki Y, Abe S. Monitoring markers of disease activity for interstitial lung diseases with serum surfactant proteins A and D. Respirology 2006;11(Suppl):S51-S54
87. Kuroki Y, Tsutahara S, Shijubo N, et al. Elevated levels of lung surfactant protein A in sera from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147:723-729
88. Kondoh Y, Taniguchi H, Kawabata Y, Yokoi T, Suzuki K, Takagi K. Acute exacerbation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: analysis of clinical and pathologic findings in three cases. Chest 1993;103:1808-1812
89. Tukiainen P, Taskineu E, Holsti P, et al. Prognosis of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Thorax 1983;38:349-355
90. Watters LC, Schwarz MI, Cherniack RM, et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: pretreatment bronchoalveolar lavage cellular constituents and their relationships with lung histopathology and clinical response to therapy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;135:696-704
91. Gay SE, Kazerooni EA, Toews GB, et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: predicting response to therapy and survival. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157(4 Pt 1): 1063-1072
92. Douglas WW, Ryu JH, Schroeder DR. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: impact of oxygen and colchicine, prednisone, or no therapy on survival. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:1172-1178
93. Nagai S, Kitaichi M, Hamada K, et al. Hospital-based historical cohort study of 234 histologically proven Japanese patients with IPF. Sarcoidosis Vase Diffuse Lung Dis 1999;16:209-214
94. Mapel DW, Samet JM, Coultas DB. Corticosteroids and the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: past, present, and future. Chest 1996;110:1058-1067
95. Erbes R, Schaberg T, Loddenkemper R. Lung function tests in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: are they helpful for predicting outcome? Chest 1997;111:51-57
96. Hubbard R, Johnston I, Britton J. Survival in patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveoiitis: a population-based cohort study. Chest 1998;113:396-400
97. Collard HR, King TE Jr, Bartelson BB, Vourlekis JS, Schwarz MI, Brown KK. Changes in clinical and physiologic variables predict survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:538-542
98. Nishimura K, Itoh H. High-resolution computed tomographic features of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Chest 1992;102(Suppl 1):26S-31S
99. Coultas DB, Zumwalt RE, Black WC, Sobonya RE. The epidemiology of interstitial lung diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:967-972
100. Hubbard R, Johnston I, Coultas DB, Britton J. Mortality rates from cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis in seven countries. Thorax 1996;51:711-716
101. Scott J, Johnston I, Britton J. What causes cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis? A case-control study of environmental exposure to dust. BMJ 1990;301:1015-1017
102. Harris JM, Cullinan P, McDonald JC. Occupational distribution and geographic clustering of deaths certified to be cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis in England and Wales. Chest 2001;119:428-433
103. Iwai K, Mori T, Yamada N, Yamaguchi M, Hosoda Y. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: epidemiologic approaches to occupational exposure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150:670-675
104. Mannino DM, Etzel RA, Parrish RG. Pulmonary fibrosis deaths in the United States, 1979-1991: an analysis of multiple-cause mortality data. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:1548-1552
105. Thomas AQ, Lane K, Phillips J III, et al. Heterozygosity for a surfactant protein C gene mutation associated with usual interstitial pneumonitis and cellular nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis in one kindred. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165:1322-1328
106. Fan LL, Kozinetz CA. Factors influencing survival in children with chronic interstitial lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156(3 Pt 1):939-942
107. Osika E, Muller MH, Boccon-Gibod L, et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in infants. Pediatr Pulmonol 1997;23: 49-54
108. Schwartz DA, Van Fossen DS, Davis CS, et al. Determinants of progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149(2 Pt 1):444-449
109. Schwartz DA, Helmers RA, Galvin JR, et al. Determinants of survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149(2 Pt 1):450-454
110. Billings CG, Howard P. Hypothesis: exposure to solvents may cause fibrosing alveolitis. Eur Respir J 1994;7:1172-1176
111. Abraham JL, Hertzberg MA. Inorganic particulates associated with desquamative interstitial pneumonia. Chest 1981;80(Suppl 1):67-70
112. Monso E, Tura JM, Marsal M, Morell F, Pujadas J, Morera J. Mineralogical microanalysis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Arch Environ Health 1990;45:185-188
113. Gaensler EA, Jederlinic PJ, Churg A. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in asbestos-exposed workers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;144(3 Pt 1):689-696
114. Tobin RW, Pope CE II, Pellegrini CA, Emond MJ, Sillery J, Raghu G. Increased prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;158:1804-1808
115. Raghu G, Freudenberger TD, Yang S, et al. High prevalence of abnormal acid gastro-oesophageal reflux in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2006;27:136-142
116. Steele MP, Speer MC, Loyd JE, et al. Clinical and pathologic features of familial interstitial pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;172:1146-1152
117. Grutters JC, du Bois RM. Genetics of fibrosing lung diseases. Eur Respir J 2005;25:915-927
118. Marshall RP, Puddicombe A, Cookson WO, Laurent GJ. Adult familial cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis in the United Kingdom. Thorax 2000;55:143-146
119. Lee HL, Ryu JH, Wittmer MH, et al. Familial idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: clinical features and outcome. Chest 2005;127:2034-2041
120. Loyd JE. Pulmonary fibrosis in families. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003;29(Suppl 3):S47-S50
121. Hodgson U, Laitinen T, Tukiainen P. Nationwide prevalence of sporadic and familial idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evidence of founder effect among multiplex families in Finland. Thorax 2002;57:338-342
122. DePinho RA, Kaplan KL. The Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome: report of three cases and review of pathophysiology and management considerations. Medicine (Baltimore) 1985;64:192-202
123. Reynolds SP, Davies BH, Gibbs AR. Diffuse pulmonary fibrosis and the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome: clinical course and postmortem findings. Thorax 1994;49:617-618
124. Auwerx J, Boogaerts M, Ceuppens JL, Demedts M. Defective host defence mechanisms in a family with hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia and coexisting interstitial lung disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1985;62:57-64
125. Riccardi VM. Von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis. N Engl J Med 1981;305:1617-1627
126. Patti MG, Tedesco P, Golden J, et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: how often is it really idiopathic? J Gastrointest Surg 2005;9:1053-1056; discussion 6-8
127. Raghu G, Yang ST, Spada C, Hayes J, Pellegrini CA. Sole treatment of acid gastroesophageal reflux in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a case series. Chest 2006;129:794-800
128. Cherniack RM, Colby TV, Flint A, et al. Correlation of structure and function in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:1180-1188
129. Doherty MJ, Pearson MG, O'Grady EA, Pellegrini V, Calverley PM. Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis with preserved lung volumes. Thorax 1997;52:998-1002
130. Flaherty KR, Martinez FJ. The role of pulmonary function testing in pulmonary fibrosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2000;6: 404-410
131. Hanson D, Winterbauer RH, Kirtland SH, Wu R. Changes in pulmonary function test results after 1 year of therapy as predictors of survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 1995;108:305-310
132. Daniil ZD, Gilchrist FC, Nicholson AG, et al. A histologic pattern of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia is associated with a better prognosis than usual interstitial pneumonia in patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:899-905
133. Dunn TL, Watters LC, Hendrix C, Cherniack RM, Schwarz MI, King TE Jr. Gas exchange at a given degree of volume restriction is different in sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Med 1988;85:221-224
134. Epler GR, McLoud TC, Gaensler EA, Mikus JP, Carrington CB. Normal chest roentgenograms in chronic diffuse infiltrative lung disease. N Engl J Med 1978;298: 934-939
135. Hanley ME, King TE Jr, Schwarz MI, Watters LC, Shen AS, Cherniack RM. The impact of smoking on mechanical properties of the lungs in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;144:1102-1106
136. Fulmer JD, Roberts WC, von Gal ER, Crystal RG. Morphologic-physiologic correlates of the severity of fibrosis and degree of cellularity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Invest 1979;63:665-676
137. Xaubet A, Agusti C, Luburich P, et al. Pulmonary function tests and CT scan in the management of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;158: 431-436
138. Wells AU, King AD, Rubens MB, Cramer D, du Bois RM, Hansell DM. Lone cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: a functional-morphologic correlation based on extent of disease on thin-section computed tomography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155:1367-1375
139. Cottin V, Nunes H, Brillet PY, et al. Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: a distinct underrecognised entity. Eur Respir J 2005;26:586-593
140. King TE Jr, Tooze JA, Schwarz MI, Brown KR, Cherniack RM. Predicting survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: scoring system and survival model. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:1171-1181
141. Markovitz GH, Cooper CB. Exercise and interstitial lung disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med 1998;4:272-280
142. Chinet T, Jaubert F, Dusser D, Danel C, Chretien J, Huchon GJ. Effects of inflammation and fibrosis on pulmonary function in diffuse lung fibrosis. Thorax 1990;45:675-678
143. Harris-Eze AO, Sridhar G, Clemens RE, Gallagher CG, Marciniuk DD. Oxygen improves maximal exercise performance in interstitial lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150(6 Pt 1):1616-1622
144. Martinez F, Lynch JP III. Role of physiological assessment in usual interstitial pneumonia. In: Lynch JP III, ed. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2004:137-165
145. Agusti C, Xaubet A, Agusti AG, Roca J, Ramirez J, Rodriguez-Roisin R. Clinical and functional assessment of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: results of a 3 year follow-up. Eur Respir J 1994;7:643-650
146. Sciurba FC, Slivka WA. Six-minute walk testing. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 1998;19:383-392
147. Lama VN, Flaherty KR, Toews GB, et al. Prognostic value of desaturation during a 6-minute walk test in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168:1084-1090
148. Hallstrand TS, Boitano LJ, Johnson WC, Spada CA, Hayes JG, Raghu G. The timed walk test as a measure of severity and survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2005;25:96-103
149. Latsi PI, du Bois RM, Nicholson AG, et al. Fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: the prognostic value of longitudinal functional trends. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:531-537
150. Flaherty KR, Mumford JA, Murray S, et al. Prognostic implications of physiologic and radiographic changes in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:543-548
151. Mogulkoc N, Brutsche MH, Bishop PW, Greaves SM, Horrocks AW, Egan JJ. Pulmonary function in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and referral for lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:103-108
152. King TE Jr, Safrin S, Starko KM, et al. Analyses of efficacy end points in a controlled trial of interferon-gamma1b for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 2005; 127:171-177
153. Jegal Y, Kim DS, Shim TS, et al. Physiology is a stronger predictor of survival than pathology in fibrotic interstitial pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171:639-644
154. Raghu G, Brown KK, Bradford WZ, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of interferon gamma-1b in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med 2004;350:125-133
155. Lynch DA, Godwin JD, Safrin S, et al. High-resolution computed tomography in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: diagnosis and prognosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;172:488-493
156. 2 predict survival? Chest 2002;122:779-784
157. Flaherty KR, Toews GB, Lynch JP III, et al. Steroids in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a prospective assessment of adverse reactions, response to therapy, and survival. Am J Med 2001;110:278-282
158. Mild K, Maekura R, Hiraga T, et al. Impairments and prognostic factors for survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med 2003;97:482-490
159. Kangalee KM, Abboud RT. Intel-laboratory and intralaboratory variability in pulmonary function testing: a 13-year study using a normal biologic control. Chest 1992;101: 88-92
160. Watters LC, King TE, Cherniack RM, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid neutrophils increase after corticosteroid therapy in smokers with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986;133:104-109
161. Marciniuk DD, Watts RE, Gallagher CG. Reproducibility of incremental maximal cycle ergometer testing in patients with restrictive lung disease. Thorax 1993;48:894-898
162. Raghu G, Mageto YN, Lockhart D, Schmidt RA, Wood DE, Godwin JD. The accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of new-onset idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other interstitial lung disease: a prospective study. Chest 1999;116: 1168-1174
163. Raghu G, Depaso WJ, Cain K, et al. Azathioprine combined with prednisone in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a prospective double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144:291-296
164. Wells AU, Desai SR, Rubens MB, et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a composite physiologic index derived from disease extent observed by computed tomography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;167:962-969
165. Watters LC, King TE, Schwarz MI, Waldron JA, Stanford RE, Cherniack RM. A clinical, radiographic, and physiologic scoring system for the longitudinal assessment of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986;133:97-103
166. Wells A. Clinical usefulness of high resolution computed tomography in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Thorax 1998;53:1080-1087
167. Wells AU, Cullinan P, Hansell DM, et al. Fibrosing alveolitis associated with systemic sclerosis has a better prognosis than lone cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:1583-1590
168. Elliot TL, Lynch DA, Newell JD Jr, et al. High-resolution computed tomography features of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and usual interstitial pneumonia. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2005;29:339-345
169. Wells AU, Hansell DM, Rubens MB, Cullinan P, Black CM, du Bois RM. The predictive value of appearances on thin-section computed tomography in fibrosing alveolitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148(4 Pt 1):1076-1082
170. Nishimura K, Kitaichi M, Izumi T, Nagai S, Kanaoka M, Itoh H. Usual interstitial pneumonia: histologic correlation with high-resolution CT. Radiology 1992;182:337-342
171. Lee JS, Im JG, Ahn JM, Kim YM, Han MC. Fibrosing alveolitis: prognostic implication of ground-glass attenuation at high-resolution CT. Radiology 1992;184:451-454
172. Remy-Jardin M, Giraud F, Remy J, Copin MC, Gosselin B, Duhamel A. Importance of ground-glass attenuation in chronic diffuse infiltrative lung disease: pathologic-CT correlation. Radiology 1993;189:693-698
173. Akira M, Sakatani M, Ueda E. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: progression of honeycombing at thin-section CT. Radiology 1993;189:687-691
174. Johkoh T, Muller NL, Cartier Y, et al. Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: diagnostic accuracy of thin-section CT in 129 patients. Radiology 1999a;211:555-560
175. Tung KT, Wells AU, Rubens MB, Kirk JM, du Bois RM, Hansell DM. Accuracy of the typical computed tomographic appearances of fibrosing alveolitis. Thorax 1993;48: 334-338
176. Swensen SJ, Aughenbaugh GL, Myers JL. Diffuse lung disease: diagnostic accuracy of CT in patients undergoing surgical biopsy of the lung. Radiology 1997;205:229-234
177. MacDonald SL, Rubens MB, Hansell DM, et al. Non-specific interstitial pneumonia and usual interstitial pneumonia: comparative appearances at and diagnostic accuracy of thin-section CT. Radiology 2001;221:600-605
178. Hartman TE, Swensen SJ, Hansell DM, et al. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: variable appearance at high-resolution chest CT. Radiology 2000;217:701-705
179. Nishiyama O, Kondoh Y, Taniguchi H, et al. Serial high resolution CT findings in nonspecific interstitial pneumonia/fibrosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2000;24:41-46
180. Park JS, Lee KS, Kim JS, et al. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia with fibrosis: radiographic and CT findings in seven patients. Radiology 1995;195:645-648
181. Kim TS, Lee K, Chung M, et al. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia with fibrosis: high resolution CT and pathologic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998;171:1645-1650
182. Wells AU, Hansell DM, Rubens MB, Cailes JB, Black CM, du Bois RM. Functional impairment in lone cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and fibrosing alveolitis associated with systemic sclerosis: a comparison. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155:1657-1664
183. Staples CA, Muller NL, Vedal S, Abboud R, Ostrow D, Miller RR. Usual interstitial pneumonia: correlation of CT with clinical, functional, and radiologic findings. Radiology 1987;162:377-381
184. Brandy M, Avila NA, Shotelersuk V, Lucero C, Huizing M, Gahl WA. Pulmonary function and high-resolution CT findings in patients with an inherited form of pulmonary fibrosis, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, due to mutations in HPS-1. Chest 2000;117:129-136
185. Wells AU, Rubens MB, du Bois RM, Hansell DM. Functional impairment in fibrosing alveolitis: relationship to reversible disease on thin section computed tomography. Eur Respir J 1997;10:280-285
186. Wells AU, Rubens MB, du Bois RM, Hansell DM. Serial CT in fibrosing alveolitis: prognostic significance of the initial pattern. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1993;161:1159-1165
187. Akira M, Kozuka T, Inoue Y, Sakatani M. Long-term follow-up CT scan evaluation in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Chest 2005;127:185-191
188. Drent M, van Nierop MA, Gerritsen FA, Wouters EF, Mulder PG. A computer program using BALF-analysis results as a diagnostic tool in interstitial lung diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:736-741
189. Turner-Warwick M, Haslam PL. The value of serial bronchoalveolar lavages in assessing the clinical progress of patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;135:26-34
190. Boomars KA, Wagenaar SS, Mulder PG, van Velzen-Blad H, van den Bosch JM. Relationship between cells obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage and survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Thorax 1995;50:1087-1092
191. Fireman E, Vardinon N, Burke M, et al. Predictive value of response to treatment of T-lymphocyte subpopulations in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 1998;11:706-711
192. Wells AU, Hansell DM, Haslam PL, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage cellularity: lone cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis compared with the fibrosing alveolitis of systemic sclerosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157(5 Pt 1): 1474-1482
193. Rudd RM, Haslam PL, Turner-Warwick M. Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: relationships of pulmonary physiology and bronchoalveolar lavage to response to treatment and prognosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981;124:1-8
194. Turner-Warwick M, Lebowitz M, Burrows B, Johnson A. Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and lung cancer. Thorax 1980;35:496-499
195. Gelb AF, Dreisen RB, Epstein JD, et al. Immune complexes, gallium lung scans, and bronchoalveolar lavage in idiopathic interstitial pneumonitis-fibrosis. Chest 1983; 84:148-153
196. 201thallium, 18F-labeled fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography. Clin Chest Med 1997;18:799-811
197. Pantin CF, Valind SO, Sweatman M, et al. Measures of the inflammatory response in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;138:1234-1241
198. Lynch JP III, Toews GB. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In: Fishman A, ed. Textbook of Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1997:1193-1210
199. Kaplan JD, Trulock EP, Anderson DJ, Schuster DP. Pulmonary vascular permeability in interstitial lung disease: a positron emission tomographic study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145:1495-1498
200. Vizza CD, Lynch JP, Ochoa LL, Richardson G, Trulock EP. Right and left ventricular dysfunction in patients with severe pulmonary disease. Chest 1998;113:576-583
201. Nadrous HF, Pellikka PA, Krowka MJ, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 2005;128:2393-2399
202. Ghofrani HA, Wiedemann R, Rose F, et al. Sildenafil for treatment of lung fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:895-900
203. Olschewski H, Ghofrani HA, Walmrath D, et al. Inhaled prostacyclin and iloprost in severe pulmonary hypertension
204. secondary to lung fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:600-607
205. Arcasoy SM, Christie JD, Ferrari VA, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary hypertension in patients with advanced lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;167:735-740
206. Homma A, Anzueto A, Peters JI, et al. Pulmonary artery systolic pressures estimated by echocardiogram vs cardiac catheterization in patients awaiting lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001;20:833-839
207. Leuchte HH, Neurohr C, Baumgartner R, et al. Brain natriuretic peptide and exercise capacity in lung fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170:360-365
208. Galie N, Ghofrani HA, Torbicki A, et al. Sildenafil citrate therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2148-2157
209. Whelan TP, Dunitz JM, Kelly RF, et al. Effect of preoperative pulmonary artery pressure on early survival after lung transplantation for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005;24:1269-1274
210. Bando K, Keenan RJ, Paradis IL, et al. Impact of pulmonary hypertension on outcome after single-lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 1994;58:1336-1342
211. Huerd SS, Hodges TN, Grover FL, et al. Secondary pulmonary hypertension does not adversely affect outcome after single lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;119:458-465
212. Aubry MC, Myers JL, Douglas WW, et al. Primary pulmonary carcinoma in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Mayo Clin Proc 2002;77:763-770
213. Fraire AE, Greenberg SD. Carcinoma and diffuse interstitial fibrosis of lung. Cancer 1973;31:1078-1086
214. Hironaka M, Fukayama M. Pulmonary fibrosis and lung carcinoma: a comparative study of metaplastic epithelia in honeycombed areas of usual interstitial pneumonia with or without lung carcinoma. Pathol Int 1999;49:1060-1066
215. Hubbard R, Venn A, Lewis S, Britton J. Lung cancer and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: a population-based cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:5-8
216. Sobue T, Suzuki T, Matsuda M, Kuroishi T, Ikeda S, Naruke T. Survival for clinical stage I lung cancer not surgically treated. Comparison between screen-detected and symptom-detected cases. The Japanese Lung Cancer Screening Research Group. Cancer 1992;69:685-692
217. Pearson FG. Non-small cell lung cancer: role of surgery for stages I-III. Chest 1999;116(Suppl 6):500S-503S
218. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics, 2006. CA Cancer J Clin 2006;56:106-130
219. Park J, Kim DS, Shim TS, et al. Lung cancer in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2001;17: 1216-1219
220. Wells C, Mannino DM. Pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer in the United States: analysis of the multiple cause of death mortality data, 1979 through 1991. South Med J 1996;89: 505-510
221. Matsushita H, Tanaka S, Saiki Y, et al. Lung cancer associated with usual interstitial pneumonia. Pathol Int 1995;45:925-932
222. Mizushima Y, Kobayashi M. Clinical characteristics of synchronous multiple lung cancer associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a review of Japanese cases. Chest 1995; 108:1272-1277
223. Kumar P, Goldstraw P, Yamada K, et al. Pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer: risk and benefit analysis of pulmonary resection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003;125: 1321-1327
224. Kawasaki H, Nagai K, Yoshida J, Nishimura M, Nishiwaki Y. Postoperative morbidity, mortality, and survival in lung cancer associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Surg Oncol 2002;81:33-37
225. Nagai A, Chiyotani A, Nakadate T, Konno K. Lung cancer in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Tohoku J Exp Med 1992;167:231-237
226. Desmouliere A, Badid C, Bochaton-Piallat ML, Gabbiani G. Apoptosis during wound healing, fibrocontractive diseases and vascular wall injury. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1997;29:19-30
227. Zhang S, Smartt H, Holgate ST, Roche WR. Growth factors secreted by bronchial epithelial cells control myofibroblast proliferation: an in vitro co-culture model of airway remodeling in asthma. Lab Invest 1999;79:395-405
228. White ES, Atrasz RG, Hu B, et al. Negative regulation of myofibroblast differentiation by PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;173:112-121
229. Akira M, Hamada H, Sakatani M, Kobayashi C, Nishioka M, Yamamoto S. CT findings during phase of accelerated deterioration in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997;168:79-83
230. Parambil JG, Myers JL, Ryu JH. Histopathologic features and outcome of patients with acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis undergoing surgical lung biopsy. Chest 2005;128:3310-3315
231. Ambrosini V, Cancellieri A, Chilosi M, et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: report of a series. Eur Respir J 2003;22:821-826
232. Kim DS, Park JH, Park BK, Lee JS, Nicholson AG, Colby T. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: frequency and clinical features. Eur Respir J 2006;27:143-150
233. Rice AJ, Wells AU, Bouros D, et al. Terminal diffuse alveolar damage in relation to interstitial pneumonias: an autopsy study. Am J Clin Pathol 2003;119:709-714
234. Katzenstein AL, Myers JL, Mazur MT. Acute interstitial pneumonia: a clinicopathologic, ultrastructural, and cell kinetic study. Am J Surg Pathol 1986;10:256-267
235. Olson J, Colby TV, Elliott CG. Hamman-Rich syndrome revisited. Mayo Clin Proc 1990;65:1538-1548
236. Selman M, Carrillo G, Salas J, et al. Colchicine, D-penicillamine, and prednisone in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a controlled clinical trial. Chest 1998; 114:507-512
237. Zisman DA, Lynch JP III, Toews GB, Kazerooni EA, Flint A, Martinez FJ. Cyclophosphamide in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a prospective study in patients who failed to respond to corticosteroids. Chest 2000;117: 1619-1626
238. Lynch JP III, White E, Flaherty K. Corticosteroids in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2001;7:298-308
239. Johnson MA, Kwan S, Snell NJ, Nunn AJ, Darbyshire JH, Turner-Warwick M. Randomised controlled trial comparing prednisolone alone with Cyclophosphamide and low dose prednisolone in combination in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Thorax 1989;44:280-288
240. Lynch JP III, McCune WJ. Immunosuppressive and cytotoxic pharmacotherapy for pulmonary disorders. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155:395-420
241. Azuma A, Nukiwa T, Tsuboi E, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171:1040-1047
242. Demedts M, Behr J, Buhl R, et al. High-dose acetylcysteine in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med 2005;353: 2229-2242
243. Kolb M, Kirschner J, Riedel W, Wirtz H, Schmidt M. Cyclophosphamide pulse therapy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 1998;12:1409-1414
244. Baughman RP, Lower EE. Use of intermittent, intravenous Cyclophosphamide for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 1992;102:1090-1094
245. Douglas WW, Ryu J, Swensen S, et al. Colchicine versus prednisone in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a randomized prospective study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;158:220-225
246. Nathan SD, Saggar R, Lynch J P III. Lung transplantation for interstitial lung disorders. In: Lynch JP III, Ross D, eds. Lung and Heart-Lung Transplantation. New York: Taylor and Francis; 2006:165-204
247. International guidelines for the selection of lung transplant candidates. The American Society for Transplant Physicians (ASTP)/American Thoracic Society(ATS)/European Respiratory Society(ERS)/International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation(ISHLT). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;158:335-339
248. Meyer DM, Edwards LB, Torres F, Jessen ME, Novick RJ. Impact of recipient age and procedure type on survival after lung transplantation for pulmonary fibrosis. Ann Thorac Surg 2005;79:950-957discussion 957-958
249. Trulock EP, Edwards LB, Taylor DO, Boucek MM, Keck BM, Hertz MI. Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: twenty-second official adult lung and heart-lung transplant report-2005. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005;24:956-967