메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 95, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 115-128

Plant productivity and soil nitrogen as a function of grazing, migration and fire in an African savanna

Author keywords

Fire effects; Fire herbivore interactions; Grazing optimization; Migratory ungulates; Nitrogen loss; Nutrient cycling; Primary productivity; Serengeti; Spatial subsidies; Wildebeest

Indexed keywords

FIRE; GRAZING; MIGRATION; NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY; NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; PLANT; PLANT-HERBIVORE INTERACTION; PRIMARY PRODUCTION; SAVANNA; SOIL NITROGEN;

EID: 33845657874     PISSN: 00220477     EISSN: 13652745     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01192.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (82)

References (79)
  • 1
    • 0346899552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feedbacks between soil nutrients and large herbivores in a managed savanna ecosystem
    • Augustine, D.J., McNaughton, S.J. & Frank, D.A. (2003) Feedbacks between soil nutrients and large herbivores in a managed savanna ecosystem. Ecological Applications, 13, 1325-1337.
    • (2003) Ecological Applications , vol.13 , pp. 1325-1337
    • Augustine, D.J.1    McNaughton, S.J.2    Frank, D.A.3
  • 2
    • 0032988690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutrient fluxes from water to land: Seabirds affect plant nutrient status on Gulf of California islands
    • Anderson, W.B. & Polis, G.A. (1999) Nutrient fluxes from water to land: seabirds affect plant nutrient status on Gulf of California islands. Oecologia, 118, 324-332.
    • (1999) Oecologia , vol.118 , pp. 324-332
    • Anderson, W.B.1    Polis, G.A.2
  • 4
    • 0022854239 scopus 로고
    • Does herbivory benefit plants - A review of the evidence
    • Belsky, A.J. (1986) Does herbivory benefit plants - a review of the evidence. American Naturalist, 127, 870-892.
    • (1986) American Naturalist , vol.127 , pp. 870-892
    • Belsky, A.J.1
  • 5
    • 0000348803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grazing frequency and ecosystem processes in a northern mixed prairie, USA
    • Biondini, M.E. & Manske, L. (1996) Grazing frequency and ecosystem processes in a northern mixed prairie, USA. Ecological Applications, 6, 239-256.
    • (1996) Ecological Applications , vol.6 , pp. 239-256
    • Biondini, M.E.1    Manske, L.2
  • 6
    • 0031971215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grazing intensity and ecosystem processes in a northern mixed-grass prairie, USA
    • Biondini, M.E., Patton, B.D. & Nyren, P.E. (1998) Grazing intensity and ecosystem processes in a northern mixed-grass prairie, USA. Ecological Applications, 8, 469-479.
    • (1998) Ecological Applications , vol.8 , pp. 469-479
    • Biondini, M.E.1    Patton, B.D.2    Nyren, P.E.3
  • 7
    • 0036094835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Addressing management questions for Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania, using the SAVANNA modelling system
    • Boone, R.B., Coughenour, M.B., Galvin, K.A. & Ellis, J.E. (2002) Addressing management questions for Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania, using the SAVANNA modelling system. African Journal of Ecology, 40, 138-150.
    • (2002) African Journal of Ecology , vol.40 , pp. 138-150
    • Boone, R.B.1    Coughenour, M.B.2    Galvin, K.A.3    Ellis, J.E.4
  • 8
    • 0022248838 scopus 로고
    • Resource availability and plant antiherbivore defense
    • Coley, P.D., Bryant, J.P. & Chapin, F.S. (1985) Resource availability and plant antiherbivore defense. Science, 230, 895-899.
    • (1985) Science , vol.230 , pp. 895-899
    • Coley, P.D.1    Bryant, J.P.2    Chapin, F.S.3
  • 9
    • 0032076610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of diversity by grazing and mowing in native tallgrass prairie
    • Collins, S.L., Knapp, A.K., Briggs, J.M., Blair, J.M. & Steinauer, E.M. (1998) Modulation of diversity by grazing and mowing in native tallgrass prairie. Science, 280, 745-747.
    • (1998) Science , vol.280 , pp. 745-747
    • Collins, S.L.1    Knapp, A.K.2    Briggs, J.M.3    Blair, J.M.4    Steinauer, E.M.5
  • 10
    • 0021565614 scopus 로고
    • A mechanistic simulation analysis of water-use, leaf angles, and grazing in East African graminoids
    • Coughenour, M.B. (1984) A mechanistic simulation analysis of water-use, leaf angles, and grazing in East African graminoids. Ecological Modelling, 26, 203-230.
    • (1984) Ecological Modelling , vol.26 , pp. 203-230
    • Coughenour, M.B.1
  • 11
    • 0000353376 scopus 로고
    • Spatial modelling and landscape characterization of an African pastoral ecosystem: A prototype model and its potential use for monitoring drought
    • (eds D.H. McKenzie, D.E. Hyatt & V.J. McDonald), Elsevier Applied Science, New York
    • Coughenour, M.B. (1992) Spatial modelling and landscape characterization of an African pastoral ecosystem: a prototype model and its potential use for monitoring drought. Ecological Indicators, Volume 1 (eds D.H. McKenzie, D.E. Hyatt & V.J. McDonald), pp. 787-810. Elsevier Applied Science, New York.
    • (1992) Ecological Indicators , vol.1 , pp. 787-810
    • Coughenour, M.B.1
  • 12
    • 0021558708 scopus 로고
    • Simulation study of East African perennial graminoid responses to defoliation
    • Coughenour, M.B., McNaughton, S.J. & Wallace, L.L. (1984) Simulation study of East African perennial graminoid responses to defoliation. Ecological Modelling, 26, 177-201.
    • (1984) Ecological Modelling , vol.26 , pp. 177-201
    • Coughenour, M.B.1    McNaughton, S.J.2    Wallace, L.L.3
  • 13
    • 0025626194 scopus 로고
    • Biomass burning in the tropics - Impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles
    • Crutzen, P.J. & Andreae, M.O. (1990) Biomass burning in the tropics - impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles. Science, 250, 1669-1678.
    • (1990) Science , vol.250 , pp. 1669-1678
    • Crutzen, P.J.1    Andreae, M.O.2
  • 14
    • 0037338260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ungulate community structure and ecological processes: Body size, hoof area and trampling in African savannas
    • Cumming, D.H.M. & Cumming, G.S. (2003) Ungulate community structure and ecological processes: body size, hoof area and trampling in African savannas. Oecologia, 134, 560-568.
    • (2003) Oecologia , vol.134 , pp. 560-568
    • Cumming, D.H.M.1    Cumming, G.S.2
  • 16
    • 15744382712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Partitioning of nitrogen over five growing seasons in tallgrass prairie
    • Dell, C.J., Williams, M.A. & Rice, C.W. (2005) Partitioning of nitrogen over five growing seasons in tallgrass prairie. Ecology, 86, 1280-1287.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 1280-1287
    • Dell, C.J.1    Williams, M.A.2    Rice, C.W.3
  • 17
    • 0025682789 scopus 로고
    • Elephants and fire as causes of multiple stable states in the Serengeti-Mara woodlands
    • Dublin, H.T., Sinclair, A.R.E. & McGlade, J. (1990) Elephants and fire as causes of multiple stable states in the Serengeti-Mara woodlands. Journal of Animal Ecology, 59, 1147-1164.
    • (1990) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.59 , pp. 1147-1164
    • Dublin, H.T.1    Sinclair, A.R.E.2    McGlade, J.3
  • 18
    • 0028163499 scopus 로고
    • The biogeochemistry of a north-temperate grassland with native ungulates - Nitrogen dynamics in Yellowstone National Park
    • Frank, D.A., Inouye, R.S., Huntly, N., Minshall, G.W. & Anderson, J.E. (1994) The biogeochemistry of a north-temperate grassland with native ungulates - nitrogen dynamics in Yellowstone National Park. Biogeochemistry, 26, 163-188.
    • (1994) Biogeochemistry , vol.26 , pp. 163-188
    • Frank, D.A.1    Inouye, R.S.2    Huntly, N.3    Minshall, G.W.4    Anderson, J.E.5
  • 20
    • 0024921810 scopus 로고
    • Ecological conditions that determine when grazing stimulates grass production
    • Georgiadis, N.J., Ruess, R.W., McNaughton, S.J. & Western, D. (1989) Ecological conditions that determine when grazing stimulates grass production. Oecologia, 81, 316-322.
    • (1989) Oecologia , vol.81 , pp. 316-322
    • Georgiadis, N.J.1    Ruess, R.W.2    McNaughton, S.J.3    Western, D.4
  • 21
    • 12544254855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire effects on mycorrhizal symbiosis and root system architecture in southern African savanna grasses
    • Hartnett, D.C., Potgieter, A.F. & Wilson, G.W.T. (2004) Fire effects on mycorrhizal symbiosis and root system architecture in southern African savanna grasses. African Journal of Ecology, 42, 328-337.
    • (2004) African Journal of Ecology , vol.42 , pp. 328-337
    • Hartnett, D.C.1    Potgieter, A.F.2    Wilson, G.W.T.3
  • 22
    • 0034800741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of salmon-derived nitrogen on riparian forest growth and implications for stream productivity
    • Helfield, J.M. & Naiman, R.J. (2001) Effects of salmon-derived nitrogen on riparian forest growth and implications for stream productivity. Ecology, 82, 2403-2409.
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 2403-2409
    • Helfield, J.M.1    Naiman, R.J.2
  • 23
    • 0030417343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modification of ecosystems by ungulates
    • Hobbs, N.T. (1996) Modification of ecosystems by ungulates. Journal of Wildlife Management, 60, 695-713.
    • (1996) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.60 , pp. 695-713
    • Hobbs, N.T.1
  • 24
    • 0026313217 scopus 로고
    • Fire and grazing in the tallgrass prairie - Contingent effects on nitrogen budgets
    • Hobbs, N.T., Schimel, D.S., Owensby, C.E. & Ojima, D.S. (1991) Fire and grazing in the tallgrass prairie - contingent effects on nitrogen budgets. Ecology, 72, 1374-1382.
    • (1991) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 1374-1382
    • Hobbs, N.T.1    Schimel, D.S.2    Owensby, C.E.3    Ojima, D.S.4
  • 26
    • 0032927181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The keystone role of bison in north American tallgrass prairie - Bison increase habitat heterogeneity and alter a broad array of plant, community, and ecosystem processes
    • Knapp, A.K., Blair, J.M., Briggs, J.M., Collins, S.L., Hartnett, D.C., Johnson, L.C. et al. (1999) The keystone role of bison in north American tallgrass prairie - Bison increase habitat heterogeneity and alter a broad array of plant, community, and ecosystem processes. Bioscience, 49, 39-50.
    • (1999) Bioscience , vol.49 , pp. 39-50
    • Knapp, A.K.1    Blair, J.M.2    Briggs, J.M.3    Collins, S.L.4    Hartnett, D.C.5    Johnson, L.C.6
  • 27
    • 21644488708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in nitrogen deposition and available soil nitrogen in a forest-grassland ecotone in Canada
    • Kochy, M. & Wilson, S.D. (2005) Variation in nitrogen deposition and available soil nitrogen in a forest-grassland ecotone in Canada. Landscape Ecology, 20, 191-202.
    • (2005) Landscape Ecology , vol.20 , pp. 191-202
    • Kochy, M.1    Wilson, S.D.2
  • 28
    • 0026271245 scopus 로고
    • Molecular nitrogen emissions from denitrification during biomass burning
    • Kuhlbusch, T.A., Lobert, J.M., Crutzen, P.J. & Warneck, P. (1991) Molecular nitrogen emissions from denitrification during biomass burning. Nature, 351, 135-137.
    • (1991) Nature , vol.351 , pp. 135-137
    • Kuhlbusch, T.A.1    Lobert, J.M.2    Crutzen, P.J.3    Warneck, P.4
  • 29
    • 0000378831 scopus 로고
    • Population dynamic models in heterogeneous environments
    • Levin, S.A. (1976) Population dynamic models in heterogeneous environments. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 7, 287-310.
    • (1976) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.7 , pp. 287-310
    • Levin, S.A.1
  • 30
    • 2442511026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial flows and the regulation of ecosystems
    • Loreau, M. & Holt, R.D. (2004) Spatial flows and the regulation of ecosystems. American Naturalist, 163, 606-615.
    • (2004) American Naturalist , vol.163 , pp. 606-615
    • Loreau, M.1    Holt, R.D.2
  • 31
    • 0043130217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-ecosystems: A theoretical framework for a spatial ecosystem ecology
    • Loreau, M., Mouquet, N. & Holt, R.D. (2003) Meta-ecosystems: a theoretical framework for a spatial ecosystem ecology. Ecology Letters, 6, 673-679.
    • (2003) Ecology Letters , vol.6 , pp. 673-679
    • Loreau, M.1    Mouquet, N.2    Holt, R.D.3
  • 33
    • 0031711743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grazing optimization and nutrient cycling: When do herbivores enhance plant production?
    • de Mazancourt, C., Loreau, M. & Abbadie, L. (1998) Grazing optimization and nutrient cycling: when do herbivores enhance plant production? Ecology, 79, 2242-2252.
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 2242-2252
    • De Mazancourt, C.1    Loreau, M.2    Abbadie, L.3
  • 34
    • 0033178783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grazing optimization and nutrient cycling: Potential impact of large herbivores in a savanna system
    • de Mazancourt, C., Loreau, M. & Abbadie, L. (1999) Grazing optimization and nutrient cycling: potential impact of large herbivores in a savanna system. Ecological Applications, 9, 784-797.
    • (1999) Ecological Applications , vol.9 , pp. 784-797
    • De Mazancourt, C.1    Loreau, M.2    Abbadie, L.3
  • 36
    • 0000533876 scopus 로고
    • Grazing as an optimization process - Grass ungulate relationships in the Serengeti
    • McNaughton, S.J. (1979) Grazing as an optimization process - grass ungulate relationships in the Serengeti. American Naturalist, 113, 691-703.
    • (1979) American Naturalist , vol.113 , pp. 691-703
    • McNaughton, S.J.1
  • 37
    • 0021090115 scopus 로고
    • Compensatory plant growth as a response to herbivory
    • McNaughton, S.J. (1983) Compensatory plant growth as a response to herbivory. Oikos, 40, 329-336.
    • (1983) Oikos , vol.40 , pp. 329-336
    • McNaughton, S.J.1
  • 38
    • 0001578138 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of a grazing ecosystem - The Serengeti
    • McNaughton, S.J. (1985) Ecology of a grazing ecosystem - the Serengeti. Ecological Monographs, 55, 259-294.
    • (1985) Ecological Monographs , vol.55 , pp. 259-294
    • McNaughton, S.J.1
  • 39
    • 0000547831 scopus 로고
    • On plants and herbivores
    • McNaughton, S.J. (1986) On plants and herbivores. American Naturalist, 128, 765-770.
    • (1986) American Naturalist , vol.128 , pp. 765-770
    • McNaughton, S.J.1
  • 41
    • 0030698729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Promotion of the cycling of diet-enhancing nutrients by African grazers
    • McNaughton, S.J., Banyikwa, F.F. & McNaughton, M.M. (1997) Promotion of the cycling of diet-enhancing nutrients by African grazers. Science, 278, 1798-1800.
    • (1997) Science , vol.278 , pp. 1798-1800
    • McNaughton, S.J.1    Banyikwa, F.F.2    McNaughton, M.M.3
  • 42
    • 0001389491 scopus 로고
    • Large mammals and process dynamics in African Ecosystems
    • McNaughton, S.J., Ruess, R.W. & Seagle, S.W. (1988) Large mammals and process dynamics in African Ecosystems. Bioscience, 38, 794-800.
    • (1988) Bioscience , vol.38 , pp. 794-800
    • McNaughton, S.J.1    Ruess, R.W.2    Seagle, S.W.3
  • 44
    • 0027332466 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative effects of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range of environments
    • Milchunas, D.G. & Lauenroth, W.K. (1993) Quantitative effects of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range of environments. Ecological Monographs, 63, 327-366.
    • (1993) Ecological Monographs , vol.63 , pp. 327-366
    • Milchunas, D.G.1    Lauenroth, W.K.2
  • 46
    • 0034075732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetation modification and resource competition in grazing ungulates
    • Murray, M.G. & Illius, A.W. (2000) Vegetation modification and resource competition in grazing ungulates. Oikos, 89, 501-508.
    • (2000) Oikos , vol.89 , pp. 501-508
    • Murray, M.G.1    Illius, A.W.2
  • 47
    • 0028164318 scopus 로고
    • Long-term and short-term effects of fire on nitrogen cycling in tallgrass prairie
    • Ojima, D.S., Schimel, D.S., Parton, W.J. & Owensby, C.E. (1994) Long-term and short-term effects of fire on nitrogen cycling in tallgrass prairie. Biogeochemistry, 24, 67-84.
    • (1994) Biogeochemistry , vol.24 , pp. 67-84
    • Ojima, D.S.1    Schimel, D.S.2    Parton, W.J.3    Owensby, C.E.4
  • 48
  • 50
    • 0030856627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of model structure on conclusions about the viability and harvesting of Serengeti wildebeest
    • Pascual, M.A., Kareiva, P. & Hilborn, R. (1997) The influence of model structure on conclusions about the viability and harvesting of Serengeti wildebeest. Conservation Biology, 11, 966-976.
    • (1997) Conservation Biology , vol.11 , pp. 966-976
    • Pascual, M.A.1    Kareiva, P.2    Hilborn, R.3
  • 51
    • 0030758509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Herbivores, the functional diversity of plants species, and the cycling of nutrients in ecosystems
    • Pastor, J. & Cohen, Y. (1997) Herbivores, the functional diversity of plants species, and the cycling of nutrients in ecosystems. Theoretical Population Biology, 51, 165-179.
    • (1997) Theoretical Population Biology , vol.51 , pp. 165-179
    • Pastor, J.1    Cohen, Y.2
  • 52
    • 0027386543 scopus 로고
    • Moose browsing and soil fertility in the boreal forests of Isle Royale National Park
    • Pastor, J., Dewey, B., Naiman, R.J., McInnes, P.F. & Cohen, Y. (1993) Moose browsing and soil fertility in the boreal forests of Isle Royale National Park. Ecology, 74, 467-480.
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 467-480
    • Pastor, J.1    Dewey, B.2    Naiman, R.J.3    McInnes, P.F.4    Cohen, Y.5
  • 53
    • 0031438539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward an integration of landscape and food web ecology: The dynamics of spatially subsidized food webs
    • Polis, G.A., Anderson, W.B. & Holt, R.D. (1997) Toward an integration of landscape and food web ecology: the dynamics of spatially subsidized food webs. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 28, 289-316.
    • (1997) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.28 , pp. 289-316
    • Polis, G.A.1    Anderson, W.B.2    Holt, R.D.3
  • 55
    • 0034952153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire and vegetation effects on productivity and nitrogen cycling across a forest-grassland continuum
    • Reich, P.B., Peterson, D.W., Wedin, D.A. & Wrage, K. (2001) Fire and vegetation effects on productivity and nitrogen cycling across a forest-grassland continuum. Ecology, 82, 1703-1719.
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 1703-1719
    • Reich, P.B.1    Peterson, D.W.2    Wedin, D.A.3    Wrage, K.4
  • 56
    • 0031657264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Herbivore effects on plant and nitrogen dynamics in oak savanna
    • Ritchie, M.E., Tilman, D. & Knops, J.M.H. (1998) Herbivore effects on plant and nitrogen dynamics in oak savanna. Ecology, 79, 165-177.
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 165-177
    • Ritchie, M.E.1    Tilman, D.2    Knops, J.M.H.3
  • 57
    • 0002425379 scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen in West Africa - The regional cycle
    • Robertson, G.P. & Rosswall, T. (1986) Nitrogen in West Africa - the regional cycle. Ecological Monographs, 56, 43-72.
    • (1986) Ecological Monographs , vol.56 , pp. 43-72
    • Robertson, G.P.1    Rosswall, T.2
  • 58
    • 0023516290 scopus 로고
    • Grazing and the dynamics of nutrient and energy regulated microbial processes in the Serengeti grasslands
    • Ruess, R.W. & McNaughton, S.J. (1987) Grazing and the dynamics of nutrient and energy regulated microbial processes in the Serengeti grasslands. Oikos, 49, 101-110.
    • (1987) Oikos , vol.49 , pp. 101-110
    • Ruess, R.W.1    McNaughton, S.J.2
  • 59
    • 0024180712 scopus 로고
    • Ammonia volatilization and the effects of large grazing mammals on nutrient loss from East African grasslands
    • Ruess, R.W. & McNaughton, S.J. (1988) Ammonia volatilization and the effects of large grazing mammals on nutrient loss from East African grasslands. Oecologia, 77, 382-386.
    • (1988) Oecologia , vol.77 , pp. 382-386
    • Ruess, R.W.1    McNaughton, S.J.2
  • 60
    • 0028159940 scopus 로고
    • Landscape patterns in soil microbial processes in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania
    • Ruess, R.W. & Seagle, S.W. (1994) Landscape patterns in soil microbial processes in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Ecology, 75, 892-904.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 892-904
    • Ruess, R.W.1    Seagle, S.W.2
  • 63
    • 0142070871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can ungulates foraging in a multiple-use landscape alter forest nitrogen budgets?
    • Seagle, S.W. (2003) Can ungulates foraging in a multiple-use landscape alter forest nitrogen budgets? Oikos, 103, 230-234.
    • (2003) Oikos , vol.103 , pp. 230-234
    • Seagle, S.W.1
  • 64
    • 0026540019 scopus 로고
    • Simulated effects of grazing on soil nitrogen and mineralization in contrasting Serengeti grasslands
    • Seagle, S.W., McNaughton, S.J. & Ruess, R.W. (1992) Simulated effects of grazing on soil nitrogen and mineralization in contrasting Serengeti grasslands. Ecology, 73, 1105-1123.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 1105-1123
    • Seagle, S.W.1    McNaughton, S.J.2    Ruess, R.W.3
  • 67
    • 0002200579 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of the Serengeti ecosystem: Process and pattern
    • (eds A.R.E. Sinclair & M. Norton- Griffiths), University of Chicago Press, Chicago
    • Sinclair, A.R.E. (1979) Dynamics of the Serengeti ecosystem: process and pattern. Serengeti - Dynamics of an Ecosystem (eds A.R.E. Sinclair & M. Norton- Griffiths), pp. 1-30. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    • (1979) Serengeti - Dynamics of An Ecosystem , pp. 1-30
    • Sinclair, A.R.E.1
  • 68
    • 0042405057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do ungulates accelerate or decelerate nitrogen cycling?
    • Singer, F.J. & Schoenecker, K.A. (2003) Do ungulates accelerate or decelerate nitrogen cycling? Forest Ecology and Management, 181, 189-204.
    • (2003) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.181 , pp. 189-204
    • Singer, F.J.1    Schoenecker, K.A.2
  • 69
    • 0037336611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marine resources subsidize insular rodent populations in the Gulf of California, Mexico
    • Stapp, P. & Polis, G.A. (2003) Marine resources subsidize insular rodent populations in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Oecologia, 134, 496-504.
    • (2003) Oecologia , vol.134 , pp. 496-504
    • Stapp, P.1    Polis, G.A.2
  • 70
    • 0024935854 scopus 로고
    • Grassland fire dynamics in the Serengeti ecosystem, and a potential method of retrospectively estimating fire energy
    • Stronach, N.R.H. & McNaughton, S.J. (1989) Grassland fire dynamics in the Serengeti ecosystem, and a potential method of retrospectively estimating fire energy. Journal of Applied Ecology, 26, 1025-1033.
    • (1989) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.26 , pp. 1025-1033
    • Stronach, N.R.H.1    McNaughton, S.J.2
  • 71
    • 0002048389 scopus 로고
    • An approach toward a rational classification of climate
    • Thornwaite, C. (1948) An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geographical Review, 83, 55-94.
    • (1948) Geographical Review , vol.83 , pp. 55-94
    • Thornwaite, C.1
  • 73
    • 0030613573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil N and plant responses to fire, topography, and supplemental N in tallgrass prairie
    • Turner, C.L., Blair, J.M., Schartz, R.J. & Neel, J.C. (1997) Soil N and plant responses to fire, topography, and supplemental N in tallgrass prairie. Ecology, 78, 1832-1843.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 1832-1843
    • Turner, C.L.1    Blair, J.M.2    Schartz, R.J.3    Neel, J.C.4
  • 74
    • 0027388282 scopus 로고
    • Maximization of aboveground grassland production - The role of defoliation frequency, intensity, and history
    • Turner, C.L., Seastedt, T.R. & Dyer, M.I. (1993) Maximization of aboveground grassland production - the role of defoliation frequency, intensity, and history. Ecological Applications, 3, 175-186.
    • (1993) Ecological Applications , vol.3 , pp. 175-186
    • Turner, C.L.1    Seastedt, T.R.2    Dyer, M.I.3
  • 75
    • 0042209922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dynamics of nitrogen movement in an Arctic salt marsh in response to goose herbivory: A parameterized model with alternate stable states
    • Walker, N.A., Henry, H.A.L., Wilson, D.J. & Jefferies, R.L. (2003) The dynamics of nitrogen movement in an Arctic salt marsh in response to goose herbivory: a parameterized model with alternate stable states. Journal of Ecology, 91, 637-650.
    • (2003) Journal of Ecology , vol.91 , pp. 637-650
    • Walker, N.A.1    Henry, H.A.L.2    Wilson, D.J.3    Jefferies, R.L.4
  • 76
    • 0002365443 scopus 로고
    • Species, nitrogen, and grassland dynamics: The constraints of stuff
    • (eds C.G. Jones & J.H. Lawton), Chapman & Hall, New York
    • Wedin, D.A. (1995) Species, nitrogen, and grassland dynamics: the constraints of stuff. Linking Species and Ecosystems (eds C.G. Jones & J.H. Lawton), pp. 253-262. Chapman & Hall, New York.
    • (1995) Linking Species and Ecosystems , pp. 253-262
    • Wedin, D.A.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.