Androcentric reporting of gender differences in APA Journals: 1965-2004

Review of General Psychology

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 377-389

  Hegarty, Peter ^a   Buechel, Carmen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SURREY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

American Psychological Association journal articles; Androcentrism; Category norms; Diagrams; Explanations; Gender differences

Indexed keywords

EID: 33845634181     PISSN: 10892680     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/1089-2680.10.4.377     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Anderson, C. A., & Sechler, E. S. (1986). Effects of explanation and counterexplanation on the development and use of social theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 24-34.
2. Antaki, C. (Ed.). (1981). The psychology of ordinary explanations of social behaviour. London: Academic Press.
3. APA Publication Manual Task Force. (1977). Guidelines for non-sexist language in APA journals: Publication Manual change sheet 2. American Psychologist, 32, 487-494.
4. Asch, S. E., & Zukier, H. (1984). Thinking about persons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1230-1240.
5. Baumeister, R. F. (1988). Should we stop studying sex differences altogether? American Psychologist, 43, 1092-1095.
6. Bem, S. (1993). The lenses of gender: Transforming the debate on sexual inequality. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
7. Billig, M. (1987). Arguing and thinking: A rhetorical approach to social psychology. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
8. Black, K. N., & Stevenson, M. R. (1984). The relationship of self-reported sex-role characteristics and attitudes toward homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 10, 83-93.
9. Bodine, A. (1975). Androcentrism in prescriptive grammar. Language in Society, 4, 129-146.
10. Bragg, M. (2003). The adventure of English: The biography of a language. London: Hodder and Stoughton
11. Brescoll, V., & LaFrance, M. (2004). The correlates and consequences of newspaper reports of research on sex differences. Psychological Science, 15, 515-520.
12. Bricknell, C. (2000). Heroes and invaders: Gay and lesbian pride parades and the public/private distinction in New Zealand media accounts. Gender, Place, and Culture, 7, 163-178.
13. Broverman, I. K., Broverman, D. M., Clarkson, F. E., Rosenkrantz, P. S., & Vogel, S. R. (1970). Sex-role stereotypes and clinical judgments of mental health. Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology, 34, 1-7.
14. Burman, E. (1994). Deconstructing developmental psychology. London: Routledge.
15. Chatterjee, A. (2001). Language and space: Some interactions. Trends in Cognitive Science, 5, 55-61.
16. Clark, H., & Haviland, S. (1977). Comprehension and the given-new contract. In R. Freedle (Ed.), Discourse production and comprehension (pp. 1-40). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
17. Clark, H. H. (1969). Linguistic processes in deductive reasoning. Psychological Review, 76, 387-404.
18. Clark, H. H., & Chase, W. G. (1972). On the process of comparing sentences against pictures. Cognitive Psychology, 3, 472-517.
19. Crawford, M. (1995). Talking difference: On gender and language. London: Sage.
20. Crawford, M., & Marecek, J. (1989). Psychology reconstructs the female: 1968-1988. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 13, 147-165.
21. Crick, N. R., Casas, J. F., & Mosher, M. (1997). Relational and overt aggression in preschool. Developmental Psychology, 33, 579-588.
22. Danziger, K. (1990). Constructing the subject: Historical origins of psychological research. New York: Cambridge University Press.
23. De Beauvoir, S. (1972). The second sex. [H. M. Parshley, Trans.] London: Penguin. (Original work published 1949)
24. Devos, T., & Banaji, M. (2005). American = White? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 447-466.
25. Dyer, R. (1997). White. London: Routledge.
26. Eagly, A. H. (1995). The science and politics of comparing women and men. American Psychologist, 50, 145-158.
27. Eagly, A. H., & Kite, M. E. (1987). Are stereotypes of nationalities applied to both women and men? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 451-462.
28. Edley, N., & Wetherell, M. (1995). Men in perspective: Practice, power and ideology. London: Prentice Hall.
29. Edwards, D., & Potter, J. (1993). Language and causation: A discursive action model of description and attribution. Psychological Review, 100, 23-41.
30. Favreau, O. E. (1997). Sex and gender comparisons: Does null hypothesis testing create a false dichotomy? Feminism & Psychology, 7, 63-81.
31. Fedigan, L. M. (1986). The changing role of women in models of human evolution. Annual Review of Anthropology, 15, 25-66.
32. Fine, M., Weis, L., Powell, L. C., & Wong, L. M. (Eds.). (1997). Off White: Readings on race, power, and society. New York: Routledge.
33. Fiske, S. T. (1998). Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 357-411). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
34. Foucault, M. (1970). The order of things. New York: Vintage.
35. Freud, S. (1961). Some psychical consequences of the anatomical distinction between the sexes. In J. Stratchey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol.19, pp. 243-258). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1925)
36. Gannon, L. (1998). The impact of medical and sexual politics on women's health. Feminism & Psychology, 8, 285-302.
37. Gannon, L., Luchetta, T., Rhodes, K., Pardie, L., & Segrist, D. (1992). Sex bias in psychological research: Progress or complacency? American Psychologist, 47, 389-396.
38. Gastil, J. (1990). Generic pronouns and sexist language: The oxymoronic character of masculine generics. Sex Roles, 23, 629-643.
39. Hamilton, M. C. (1988). Using masculine generics: Does generic he increase male bias in the user's imagery? Sex Roles, 19, 785-799.
40. Hamilton, M. C. (1991). Masculine bias in the attribution of personhood: People = male, male = people. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 15, 393-402.
41. Hare-Mustin, R. T., & Marecek, J. (Eds.). (1990). Gender and the meaning of difference: Postmodernism and psychology. Making a difference: Psychology and the construction of gender (pp. 22-64). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
42. Haslam, N., Rotschild, N., & Ernst, D. (2000). Essentialist beliefs about social categories. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 113-127.
43. Hegarty, P., Buechel, C., & Ungar, S. (2006). Androcentric preferences for visuospatial representations of gender differences. In D. Barker-Plummer, R. Cox, & N. Swoboda (Eds.). Diagrammatic Representation and Interference: 4th International Conference, Diagrams 2006 (pp. 263-266). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
44. Hegarty, P., & Chryssochoou, X. (2005). Why "our" policies set the standard more than "theirs": Category norms and generalization between European Union countries. Social Cognition, 23, 491-529.
45. Hegarty, P., & Pratto, F. (2001). The effects of category norms and stereotypes on explanations of intergroup differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 723-735.
46. Hegarty, P., & Pratto, F. (2004). The differences that norms make: Empiricism, social constructionism and the interpretation of group differences. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 50, 445-453.
47. Hegarty, P., Pratto, F., & Lemieux, A. F. (2004). Heterosexist ambivalence and heterocentric norms: Drinking in intergroup discomfort. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 7, 119-130.
48. Hill, J. H. (1999). Language, race, and White public space. American Anthropologist, 100, 680-689.
49. Hoffman, C., & Hurst, N. (1990). Gender stereotypes: Perception or rationalization? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 197-208.
50. Hofstadter, D. R. (1985). A person paper on purity in language. In Metamagical themes: Questing for the essence of mind and pattern (pp. 159-172). New York: Basic Books.
51. Hyde, J. S. (1984). Children's understanding of sexist language. Developmental Psychology, 20, 697-706.
52. Hyde, J. S. (2005). The gender similarities hypothesis. American Psychologist, 60, 581-592.
53. Jost, J. T., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2002). The estrangement of social constructionism and experimental social psychology: History of the rift and prospects for reconciliation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 168-187.
54. Kahneman, D., & Miller, D. T. (1986). Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives. Psychological Review, 93, 136-153.
55. Kanazawa, S. (1992). Outcome or expectancy? Antecedents of spontaneous causal attribution. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 659-668.
56. Kitzinger, C. (Ed.). (1994). Should psychologists study sex differences? Feminism & Psychology, 4, 501-546.
57. Kuhn, T. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
58. Kunda, Z., Miller, D. T., & Claire, T. (1990). Combining social concepts: The role of causal reasoning. Cognitive Science, 14, 551-577.
59. Lambdin, J. R., Greer, K. M., Jibotian, K. S., Wood, K. R., & Hamilton, M. C. (2003). The animal = male hypothesis: Children's and adult's beliefs about the sex of non sex-specific stuffed animals. Sex Roles, 48, 471-482.
60. Lave, J. (1988). Cognition in practice: Mind, mathematics and culture in everyday life. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
61. Leach, C. W., Snider, N., & Iyer, A. (2002). "Poisoning the consciences of the fortunate": The experience of relative advantage and support for social equality. In I. Walker (Ed.), Relative deprivation: Specification, development and integration (pp. 136-163). New York: Cambridge University Press.
62. Maass, A., & Russo, A. (2003). Directional bias in the mental representation of spatial events: Nature or culture? Psychological Science, 14, 296-301.
63. Mahalingam, R. (2003). Essentialism, culture and beliefs about gender among the Aravanis of Tamil Nadu, India. Sex Roles, 49, 489-496.
64. Martin, C. L., & Parker, S. (1995). Folk theories about sex and race differences. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 45-57.
65. Martyna, W. (1980). Beyond the he/man approach. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 5, 482-493.
66. McGuire, W. (1973). The yin and yang of progress in social psychology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 26, 446-456.
67. McHugh, M., Koeske, R. D., & Frieze, I. N. (1986). Issues to consider in conducting nonsexist psychological research. American Psychologist, 41, 879-890.
68. McIntosh, P. (1998). White privilege: Unpacking the invisible knapsack. In M. McGoldrick (Ed.), Revisioning family therapy: Race, culture, and gender in clinical practices (pp. 147-152). New York: Guilford Press.
69. Mednick, M. T. (1989). On the politics of psychological constructs: Stop the bandwagon, I want to get off. American Psychologist, 44, 1118-1123.
70. Miller, D. T., & Prentice, D. A. (1996). The construction of social norms and standards. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 799-829). New York: Guilford Press.
71. Miller, D. T., Taylor, B., & Buck, M. L. (1991). Gender gaps: Who needs to be explained? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 5-12.
72. Moyer, R. (1997). Covering gender on memory's front page: Men's prominence and women's prospects. Sex Roles, 37, 595-618.
73. Ng, S. H. (1990). Androcentric coding of man and his in memory by language users. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 455-464.
74. Oyama, S. (2000). The ontogeny of information: Developmental systems and evolution. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
75. Parks, J. B., & Robertson, M. A. (2004). Attitudes toward women mediate the gender effect on attitudes toward sexist language. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28, 233-239.
76. Petersen, A. (1998). Sexing the body: Representations of sex differences in Gray's Anatomy, 1858 to the present. Body & Society, 4, 1-15.
77. Popper, K. (1959). The logic of scientific discovery. New York: Basic Books.
78. Potter, J., & Wetherell, M. (1987). Discourse and social psychology: Beyond attitudes and behaviour. London: Sage.
79. Powell, A. A., Branscombe, N. R., & Schmitt, M. T. (2005). Inequality as ingroup privilege or outgroup disadvantage: The impact of group focus on collective guilt and interracial attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 508 521.
80. Pratto, F., Hegarty, P., & Korchmairos, J. (in press). Who gets stereotyped? How communication practices and category norms lead people to stereotype particular people and groups. In Y. Kashima, K. Fiedler, & P. Freytag (Eds.), Stereotype dynamics: Language-based approaches to stereotype formation, maintenance, and change. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
81. Pratto, F., Korchmairos, J. N., & Hegarty, P. (in press). When race and gender go without saying. Social Cognition.
82. Prentice, D. A. (1994). Do language reforms change our way of thinking? Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 13, 3-19.
83. Rothblum, E. D. (1988). More on reporting sex differences. American Psychologist, 43, 1095.
84. Scarr, S. (1988). Race and gender as psychological variables: Social and ethical issues. American Psychologist, 43, 56-59.
85. Sedgwick, E. K. (1990). Epistemology of the closet. Berkeley: University of California Press.
86. Shah, P., & Hoeffner, J. (2002). Review of graph comprehension research: Implications for instruction. Educational Psychology Review, 14, 47-69.
87. Shah, P., Mayer, R., & Hegarty, M. (1999). Graphs as aids to knowledge construction: Signaling techniques for guiding the process of graph comprehension. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 690-702.
88. Silveira, J. (1980). Generic masculine words and thinking. In N C. Kramarae (Ed.), The voices and words of women and men (pp. 165-178). Oxford, England: Pergamon Press.
89. Snyder, M., & Swann, W. B. (1978). Hypothesis-testing porcesses in social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1202-1212.
90. Spalek, T. M., & Hammad, S. (2005). The left-toright bias in inhibition of return is due to the direction of reading. Psychological Science, 16, 15-18.
91. Spencer, S. J., Steele, C. M., & Quinn, D. M. (1999). Stereotype threat and women's math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 4-28.
92. Stahlberg, D., Sczesny, S., & Braun, F. (2001). Name your favourite musician: Effects of masculine generics and their alternatives in German. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 20, 464-469.
93. Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52, 613-629.
94. Stroessner, S. J. (1996). Social categorization by race or sex: Effects of perceived non-normalcy on response times. Social Cognition, 14, 247-276.
95. Swim, J. K., Mallett, R., & Stangor, C. (2004). Understanding subtle sexism: Detection and use of sexist language. Sex Roles, 51, 117-128.
96. Tiefer, L. (1991). A brief history of the Association for Women in Psychology: 1969-1991. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 15, 635-649.
97. Tversky, B., Kugelman, S., & Winter, A. (1991). Cross-cultural and developmental trends in graphic productions. Cognitive Psychology, 23, 515-557.
98. Walsh, R. (1989). Do research reports in mainstream feminist psychology journals reflect feminist values? Psychology of Women Quarterly, 13, 433-444.
99. Wason, P. C. (1960). On the failure to eliminate hypotheses in a conceptual task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12, 129-140.
100. Willig, M. A. (1985). Metatheoretical dilemmas in the psychology of gender. American Psychologist, 40, 800-811.
101. Zachs, J., & Tversky, B. (1999). Bars and lines: A study of graphic communication. Memory & Cognition, 27, 1073-1079.
102. Zárate, M., & Smith, E. E. (1990). Person categorization and stereotyping. Social Cognition, 8, 161-185.