Surface-water chemistry and fertility variations in the tropical Atlantic across the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum as evidenced by calcareous nannoplankton from ODP Leg 207, Hole 1259B

Revue de Micropaleontologie

Volumn 49, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 227-244

  Jiang, Shijun ^a   Wise Jr , Sherwood W ^a  

^a FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Calcareous nannofossils; Correspondence analysis; Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum; Paleoecology; Paleoproductivity; Surface water chemistry

Indexed keywords

BIOINDICATOR; EOCENE; FERTILITY; FOSSIL ASSEMBLAGE; HYPSITHERMAL; NANOFOSSIL; NANOPLANKTON; PALEOCENE; PALEOECOLOGY; SURFACE WATER; WATER CHEMISTRY;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; DEMERARA RISE;

ARCA; CHIASMOLITHUS; COCCOLITHUS PELAGICUS; DISCOASTER ANARTIOS; DISCOASTER ARANEUS; FASCICULITHUS; RHOMBOASTER; TOWEIUS;

EID: 33845305761     PISSN: 00351598     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.revmic.2006.10.002     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Agnini C., Fornaciari E., Giusberti L., and Rio D. The Southern Alps Early Paleogene pelagic record: a high-resolution study of the calcareous nannofossils across the P/E boundary in the Southern Alps. Climate and Biota of the Early Paleogene CBEP V. February 8-12, 2004 (2004), Abstract and Program Book, Luxor-Egypt
2. Andruleit H. Coccolithophore fluxes in the Norwegian-Greeland Sea: seasonality and assemblage alterations. Marine Micropaleontology 31 (1997) 45-64
3. Angori E., and Monechi S. High-resolution calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy across the Paleocene/Eocene boundary at Caravaca (southern Spain). Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 44 (1996) 197-206
4. Arney, J.E., Wise Jr., S.W., 2003. Paleocene-Eocene nannofossil biostratigraphy of ODP Leg 183, Kerguelen Plateau. In: Frey, F.A., Coffin, M.F., Wallace, P.J., Quilty, P.G. (Eds.), Proceedings Ocean Drilling Program, Science Results, 183 [Online]. Available from World Wide Web: . (Cited 2006-1-9).
5. Aubry M.-P. Late Paleogene nannoplankton evolution: a tale of climatic deterioration. In: Prothero D.R., and Berggren W.A. (Eds). Eocene-Oligocene Climatic and Biotic Evolution (1992), Princeton University Press, Princeton 272-309
6. Aubry M.-P. Early Paleogene calcareous nannoplankton evolution: a tale of climatic amelioration. In: Aubry M.-P., Lucas S., and Berggren W.A. (Eds). Late Paleocene and Early Eocene Climatic and Biotic Evolution (1998), Columbia University Press, New York 158-203
7. Aubry M.-P. Provincialism in the photic zone during the LPTM. In: Ash A., and Wing S. (Eds). Climate and Biota of the Early Paleogene. International Meeting (2001), Powell, Wyoming 6 (Abstract)
8. Aubry M.-P., Berggren W.A., Stott L., and Sinha A. The upper Paleocene-lower Eocene stratigraphic record and the Paleocene/Eocene boundary carbon isotope excursion: implications for geochronology. In: Knox R.W.O., Corfield R.M., and Dunay R.E. (Eds). Correlation of the Early Paleogene in Northwestern Europe. Special Publication, 101 (1996), Geological Society of London 353-380
9. 2-concentrating mechanisms in algae. Canadian Journal of Botany 76 (1998) 973-1002
10. Bains S., Corfield R.M., and Norris R.D. Mechanisms of climate warming at the end of the Paleocene. Science 285 (1999) 724-727
11. Bains S., Norris R.D., Corfield R.M., and Faul K.L. Termination of global warmth at the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary through productivity feedback. Nature 407 (2000) 171-174
12. Båtvik H., Heimdal B.R., Fagerbakke K.M., and Green J.C. Effects of unbalanced nutrient regime on coccolith morphology and size in Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae). European Journal of Phycology 32 (1997) 155-165
13. Bé, A.W.H., McIntyre, A., 1965. Recent coccoliths of the Atlantic Ocean. Geological Society of America Special Paper 82, 8.
14. 2 and temperature spike across the Palaeocene-Eocene boundary. Journal of the Geological Society of London 155 (1998) 591-594
15. Berggren W., and Ouda K. Upper Paleocene-lower Eocene planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Dababiya section, Upper Nile Valley (Egypt). Micropaleontology 49 suppl. 1 (2003) 61-92
16. Bijma J., Spero H.J., and Lea D.W. Reassessing foraminiferal stable isotope geochemistry: impact of the oceanic carbonate system. In: Fischer G., and Wefer G. (Eds). Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography-Examples from the South Atlantic (1999), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg 489-512
17. Bowen G.J., Beerling D.J., Koch P.L., Zachos J.C., and Quattlebaum T. A humid climate state during the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum. Nature 432 (2004) 495-499
18. In: Bown P.R. (Ed). Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy (1998), Kluwer Academic Publishing, London
19. Bralower T.J. Evidence of surface water oligotrophy during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: nannofossil assemblage data from Ocean Drilling Program Site 690, Maud Rise, Weddell Sea. Paleoceanography 17 (2002) 1023 (10.1029/2001PA000662)
20. Brand L.E. Physiological ecology of marine coccolithophores. In: Winter A., and Siesser W. (Eds). Coccolithophores (1994), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 39-49
21. Brand L.E., Sunda W.G., and Guillard R.R.L. Limitation of marine phytoplankton reproductive rates by zinc, manganese and iron. Limnology and Oceanography 28 (1983) 1182-1198
22. Brand L.E., Sunda W.G., and Guillard R.R.L. Reduction of marine phytoplankton reproduction rates by copper and cadmium. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 96 (1986) 225-250
23. Bukry D. Coccolith and silicoflagellate stratigraphy, Tasman Sea and southwestern Pacific Ocean, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 21. In: Burns R.E., Andrews J.E., et al. (Eds). Initial Report of the DSDP, 21 (1973), U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 885-893
24. Bybell L.M., and Self-Trail J.M. Evolutionary, biostratigraphic, and taxonomic study of calcareous nannofossils from a continuous Paleocene-Eocene boundary section in New Jersey. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1554 (1995) 1-113
25. Chapman M.R., and Chepstow-Lusty J. Late Pliocene climatic change and the global extinction of the discoasters: anindependent assessment using oxygen isotope records. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 134 (1997) 109-125
26. Chepstow-Lusty A., Shackleton N.J., and Backman J. Upper Pliocene Discoaster abundance variations from the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans: the significance of productivity pressure at low latitudes. Memorie di Scienze Geologiche 44 (1992) 357-373
27. Clyde W.C., and Gingerich P.D. Mammalian community response to the latest Paleocene thermal maximum: an isotaphonomic study from the northern Bighorn basin, Wyoming. Geology 26 (1998) 1011-1014
28. 13C excursions in the late Paleocene-early Eocene (chrons C24n-C25n). Paleoceanography 18 (2003) 1097 (10.1029/2003PA000909)
29. Dickens G.R. Methane oxidation during the Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France 171 (2000) 37-49
30. Dickens G.R., Castillo M.M., and Walker J.C.G. A blast of gas in the latest Paleocene: simulating first order effects of massive dissociation of oceanic methane hydrates. Geology 25 (1997) 259-262
31. Dickens G.R., O'Neil J.R., Rea D.K., and Owen R.M. Dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate as a cause of the carbon isotope excursion at the end of the Paleocene. Paleoceanography 10 (1995) 965-971
32. 2-uptake and transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) production in natural phytoplankton. Journal of Plankton Research 24 (2002) 49-53
33. 2 concentration on a bloom of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi in mesocosm experiments. Limnology and Oceanography 50 (2005) 493-507
34. Falkowski P.G., Katz M.E., Knoll A.H., Quigg A., Raven J.A., Schofield O., and Taylor F.J. The evolution of modern eukaryotic phytoplankton. Science 306 (2004) 354-360
35. 3He. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 208 (2003) 135-148
36. Firth J.V., and Wise Jr. S.W. A preliminary study of the evolution of Chiasmolithus in the middle Eocene to Oligocene of Sites 647 and 748. In: Wise Jr. S.W., Schlich R., et al. (Eds). Proceedings Ocean Drilling Program, Science Results, 120 (1992), Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX 493-508
37. Gattuso J.-P., Frankignouille M., and Bourge I. Effects of calcium carbonate saturation of seawater on coral calcification. Global and Planetary Change 18 (1998) 37-46
38. Gibbs S., Bralower T.J., Bown P.R., Zachos J.C., and Bybell L.M. Shelf and open-ocean calcareous phytoplankton assemblages across the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: Implications for global productivity gradients. Geology 34 (2006) 233-236
39. Gibbs S.J., Shackleton N.J., and Young J. Orbitally forced climate signals in mid-Pliocene nannofossil assemblages. Marine Micropaleontology 51 (2004) 39-56
40. Gingerich, P.D., 2003. Mammalian responses to climate change at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary: Polecat Bench record in the northern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. In: Wing, S.L., Gingerich, P.D., Schmitz, B., Thomas, E. (Eds.), Causes and Consequences of Globally Warm Climates in the Early Paleogene. Special Paper, 369. Geological Society of America, Boulder, pp. 463-478.
41. Hagino K., Okada H., and Matsuoka H. Coccolithophore assemblages and morphotypes of Emiliania huxleyi in the boundary zone between the cold Oyashio and warm Kuroshio currents off the coast of Japan. Marine Micropaleontology 55 (2005) 19-47
42. Haq B.U. Biogeographic history of Miocene calcareous nannoplankton and paleoceanography of the Atlantic Ocean. Micropaleontology 26 (1980) 414-443
43. Haq B.U., and Lohmann G.P. Early Cenozoic calcareous nannoplankton biogeography of the Atlantic Ocean. Marine Micropaleontology 1 (1976) 119-194
44. Herfort L., Loste E., Meldrum F., and Thake B. Structural and physiological effects of calcium and magnesium in Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) Hay and Mohler. Journal of Structural Biology 148 (2004) 307-314
45. Herfort L., Thake B., and Roberts J. Acquisition and use of bicarbonate by Emiliania huxleyi. New Phytologist 156 (2002) 427-436
46. Jaramillo C. Response of tropical vegetation to Paleogene warming. Paleobiology 28 (2002) 222-243
47. Kahn A., and Aubry M.-P. Provincialism associated with the Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum: temporal constraint. Marine Micropaleontology 52 (2004) 117-131
48. Katz M.E., Finkel Z.V., Grzebyk D., Knoll A.H., and Falkowski P.G. Evolutionary trajectories and biogeochemical impacts of marine eukaryotic phytoplankton. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 35 (2004) 523-556
49. Katz M.E., Pak D.K., Dickens G.R., and Miller K.G. The source and fate of massive carbon input during the latest Paleocene thermal maximum. Science 286 (1999) 1531-1533
50. Kelly D.C., Bralower T.J., and Zachos J.C. Evolutionary consequences of the latest Paleocene thermal maximum for tropical planktonic foraminifera. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 141 (1998) 139-161
51. Kelly D.C., Bralower T.J., Zachos J.C., Premoli-Silva I., and Thomas E. Rapid diversification of planktonic foraminifera in the tropical Pacific (ODP Site 865) during the Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum. Geology 24 (1996) 423-426
52. Kennett J.P., and Stott L.D. Abrupt deep-sea warming, palaeoceanographic changes and benthic extinctions at the end of the Palaeocene. Nature 353 (1991) 225-229
53. Kent D.V., Cramer B.S., Lanci L., Wang D., Wright J.D., and Van der Voo R. A case for a comet impact trigger for the Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum and carbon isotope excursion. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 211 (2003) 13-26
54. Kleijne A. Distribution and malformation of extant calcareous nannoplankton in the Indonesian Seas. Marine Micropaleontology 16 (1990) 293-316
55. Kleypas J.A., Buddemeier R.W., Archer D., Gattuso J.-P., Langdon C., and Opdyke B.N. Geochemical consequences of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide on coral reefs. Science 284 (1999) 118-120
56. Koch P.L., Zachos J.C., and Gingerich P.D. Coupled isotopic change in marine and continental carbon reservoirs at the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary. Nature 358 (1992) 319-322
57. Kurtz A.C., Kump L.R., Arthur M.A., Zachos J.C., and Paytan A. Early Cenozoic decoupling of the global carbon and sulfur cycles. Paleoceanography 18 (2003) 1090 (10.1029/2003PA000908)
58. Martini E. Standard Tertiary and Quaternary calcareous nannoplankton zonation. In: Farinacci A. (Ed). Proceedings Second International Conference Planktonic Microfossils Roma, 2 (1971), Ed. Tecnosci., Roma 739-785
59. Martini E., and Müller C. Current Tertiary and Quaternary calcareous nannoplankton stratigraphy and correlations. Newsletters on Stratigraphy 16 (1986) 99-112
60. McIntyre A., and Bé A.W.H. Modern coccolithophoridae of the Atlantic Ocean-I. Placoliths and Cyrtoliths. Deep-Sea Research 14 (1967) 561-597
61. McIntyre A., Bé A.W.H., and Roche M.B. Modern Pacific Coccolithophorida: a paleontological thermometer. Transactions New York Academy of Sciences 32 (1970) 720-731 (Serie II)
62. Medlin L.K., Barker G.L.A., Campbell L., Green J.C., Hayes P.K., Marie D., Wrieden S., and Vaulot D. Genetic characterization of Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyta). Journal of Marine Systems 9 (1996) 13-31
63. Meng J., and McKenna M.C. Faunal turnovers of Palaeogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394 (1998) 364-367
64. Nöel M.-H., Kawachi M., and Inouye I. Induced dimorphic life cycle of a coccolithophorid, Calyptrosphaera sphaeroidea (Prymnesiophyceae, Haptophyta). Journal of Phycology 40 (2004) 112-129
65. Norris R.D., and Röhl U. Carbon cycling and chronology of climate warming during the Palaeocene/Eocene transition. Nature 401 (1999) 775-778
66. Okada H., and Bukry D. Supplementary modification and introduction of code numbers to the low-latitude coccolith biostratigraphic zonation (Bukry, 1973, 1975). Marine Micropaleontology 5 (1980) 321-325
67. Okada H., and Honjo S. The distribution of oceanic coccolithophorids in the Pacific. Deep-Sea Research 20 (1973) 355-374
68. Okada H., and Honjo S. Distribution of coccolithophores in marginal seas along the western Pacific ocean and in the Red Sea. Marine Biology 31 (1975) 271-286
69. Okada H., and McIntyre A. Seasonal distribution of modern Coccolithophores in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Marine Biology 54 (1979) 319-328
70. Paasche E. A tracer study of the inorganic carbon uptake during coccolith formation and photosynthesis in the coccolithophorid Coccolithus huxleyi. Physiologia Plantarum (Supplement 3) (1964) 1-82
71. Paasche E. Biology and physiology of coccolithophorids. Annual Review of Microbiology 22 (1968) 71-86
72. Paasche E. The effect of temperature, light intensity, and photoperiod on coccolith formation. Limnology and Oceanography 13 (1968) 178-181
73. Paasche E. Roles of nitrogen and phosphorus in coccolith formation in Emiliania huxleyi (Prymenesiophyceae). European Journal of Phycology 33 (1998) 33-42
74. Perch-Nielsen K. Cenozoic calcareous nannofossils. In: Bolli H.M., Saunders J.B., and Perch-Nielsen K. (Eds). Plankton Stratigraphy (1985), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 427-554
75. Pienaar R.N. Ultrastructure and calcification of coccolithophores. In: Winter A., and Siesser W. (Eds). Coccolithophores (1994), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 13-37
76. Pospichal J.J., and Huber B.T. The Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary in the southern Indian Ocean: Results from Ocean Drilling Program coring operations. In: Duncan R.A., Rea D.K., Kidd R.B., von Rad U., and Weissel J.K. (Eds). The Indian Ocean: A Synthesis of Results from the Ocean Drilling Program, Geophysical Monograph 70 (1992), American Geophysical Union, Washington 275-294
77. Raffi I., Backman J., and Pälike H. Changes in calcareous nannofossil assemblages across the Paleocene/Eocene transition from the paleo-equatorial Pacific Ocean. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 226 (2005) 93-126
78. Raven J.A. Physiological consequences of extremely small size for autotrophic organisms in the sea. Canadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 214 (1986) 1-70
79. Riebesell U., Wolfgladrow D.A., and Smetacek V. Carbon dioxide limitation of marine phytoplankton growth rates. Nature 361 (1993) 249-251
80. 2. Nature 407 (2000) 364-367
81. Riegman R., Stolte W., Noordeloos A.A.M., and Slezak D. Nutrient uptake and alkaline phosphatase (EC 3:1:3:1) activity of Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae) during growth under N and P limitation in continuous cultures. Journal of Phycology 36 (2000) 87-96
82. Röhl U., Bralower T.J., Norris R.D., and Wefer G. New chronology for the late Paleocene thermal Maximum and its environmental implications. Geology 28 (2000) 927-930
83. Rost B., and Riebesell U. Coccolithophores and the biological pump: responses to environmental changes. In: Thierstein H.R., and Young J.R. (Eds). Coccolithophores: from Molecular Processes to Global Impact (2004), Springer, New York 76-99
84. Roth P.H. Distribution of coccoliths in oceanic sediments. In: Winter A., and Siesser W. (Eds). Coccolithophores (1994), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 199-218
85. Roth P.H., and Berger W.H. Distribution and dissolution of coccoliths in the South and central Pacific. In: Sliter W.V., Bé A.W.H., and Berger W.H. (Eds). Dissolution of Deep-Sea Carbonates, 13 (1975), Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research Special Publication, Washington 87-113
86. Roth P.H., and Krumbach K.R. Middle Cretaceous calcareous nannofossil biogeography and preservation in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans: implications for paleoceanography. Marine Micropaleontology 10 (1986) 235-266
87. Schneidermann N. Selective dissolution of recent coccoliths in the Atlantic Ocean. In: Ramsay A.T.S. (Ed). Oceanic Micropaleontology (1977), Academic Press, New York 1009-1053
88. Schulz K.G., Zondervan I., Gerringa L.J.A., Timmermans K.R., Veldhuis M.J.W., and Riebesell U. Effect of trace metal availability on coccolithophorid calcification. Nature 430 (2004) 673-676
89. Shipboard Scientific Party, 2004. Leg 207 summary. In: Erbacher, J., Mosher, D.C., Malone, M.J. et al. (Eds.), Proceedings Ocean Drilling Program, Science Results, 207 [Online]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/207_IR/chap_01/chap_01.htm. (Cited 2006-01-06).
90. Shiraiwa Y. Physiological regulation of carbon fixation in the photosynthesis and calcification of coccolithophorids. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, B 136 (2003) 775-783
91. Stillwell E.F., and Corum K.E. Effects of cadmium and low magnesium on cell division and calcification in the marine coccolithophorid Cricosphaera (Hymenomonas) carterae. Marine Biology 66 (1982) 227-230
92. Stoll H.M., and Bains S. Coccolith Sr/Ca records of productivity during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum from the Weddell Sea. Paleoceanography 18 (2003) (10.1029/2002PA000875)
93. Street C., and Bown P.R. Palaeobiogeography of Early Cretaceous (Berriasian-Barremian) calcareous nannoplankton. Marine Micropaleontology 39 (2000) 265-291
94. Svensen H., Planke S., Malthe-Sorenssen A., Jamtveit B., Myklebust R., Eidem T.R., and Rey S.S. Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming. Nature 429 (2004) 542-545
95. Tantawy A.A.A.M. Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy and paleoecology of the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition in the central eastern desert of Egypt. Marine Micropaleontology 47 (2003) 323-356
96. Tappan H. The Paleobiology of Plant Protists (1980), W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco (p. 1028)
97. Ter Braak C.J.F., and Prentice I.C. A theory of gradient analysis. Advances in Ecological Research 18 (1988) 271-317
98. Thomas E. Late Cretaceous-Early Eocene mass extinctions in the deep sea. In: Sharpton V.L., and Ward P.D. (Eds). Global Catastrophes in Earth History, 247 (1990), Geological Society of American Special Publication, Boulder 481-495
99. Thomas E., and Shackleton N.J. The Paleocene-Eocene benthic foraminiferal extinction and stable isotope anomalies. In: Knox R.W.O., Corfield R.M., and Dunay R.E. (Eds). Correlation of the Early Paleogene in Northwest Europe. Special Publication, 101 (1996), Geological Society of London 401-441
100. Thomas E., Zachos J.C., and Bralower T.J. Deep-sea environments on a warm Earth: latest Paleocene-early Eocene. In: Huber B.T., MacLeod K.G.E., and Wing S.L.E. (Eds). Warm Climates in Earth History (2000), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 132-160
101. Tjalsma R.C., and Lohmann G.P. Paleocene-Eocene bathyal and abyssal benthic foraminifera from the Atlantic Ocean. Micropaleontology, Special Publication 4 (1983) 1-90
102. 2 effects on taxonomic composition and nutrient utilization in an Equatorial Pacific phytoplankton assemblage. Marine Ecology Progress Series 236 (2002) 37-43
103. Tremolada F., and Bralower T.J. Nannofossil assemblage fluctuations during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum at Site 213 (Indian Ocean) and 401 (North Atlantic Ocean): Paleoceanographic Implications. Marine Micropaleontology 52 (2004) 107-116
104. Turner D.R., Whitfield M., and Dickson A.G. The equilibrium speciation of dissolved components in freshwater and seawater at 25 °C and 1 atm pressure. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 45 (1981) 855-881
105. Van Andel T.H., Thiede J., Sclater J.G., and Hay W.W. Depositional history of the South Atlantic Ocean during the last 125 million years. Journal of Geology 85 (1977) 651-698
106. Watabe N., and Wilbur K.M. Effects of temperature on growth, calcification, and coccolith form in Coccolithus huxleyi (Coccolithineae). Limnolology and Oceanography 11 (1966) 567-575
107. Watkins D.K. Calcareous nannofossil paleoceanography of the Cretaceous Greenhorn Sea. Geological Society of American Bulletin 97 (1986) 1239-1249
108. Wei W., and Pospichal J.J. Danian calcareous nannofossil succession at Site 738 in the southern Indian Ocean. In: Barron J., Larsen B., et al. (Eds). Proceedings Ocean Drilling Program, Science Results, 119 (1991), Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX 495-512
109. Wei W., and Wise Jr. S.W. Biogeographic gradients of middle Eocene-Oligocene calcareous nannoplankton in the South Atlantic Ocean. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 79 (1990) 29-61
110. Westbroek P., Young J.R., and Linschooten K. Coccolith production (biomineralization) in the marine alga Emiliania huxleyi. Journal of Protozoology 36 (1989) 368-373
111. Wing S.L., and Harrington G.J. Floral response to rapid warming in the earliest Eocene and implications for concurrent faunal change. Paleobiology 27 (2001) 539-563
112. Wise, S.W., Covington, J.M., Ladner, B.C., Wei, W. (Compilers), 2004. Electronic Calcareous Nannofossils, Version 3. International Nannoplankton Association, CD-ROM Series, No. 1.
113. Young J.R. Variation in Emiliania huxleyi coccolith morphology in samples from the Norwegian EHUX Experiment, 1992. Sarsia 79 (1994) 417-425
114. Young J.R. Functions of coccoliths. In: Winter A., and Siesser W. (Eds). Coccolithophores (1994), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 63-82
115. Young J.R., and Westbroek P. Genotypic variation in the coccolithophorid species Emiliania huxleyi. Marine Micropaleontology 18 (1991) 5-23
116. Young J.R., and Ziveri P. Calculation of coccolith volume and it use in calibration of carbonate flux estimates. Deep Sea Research II 47 (2000) 1679-1700
117. Zachos J.C., Lohmann K.C., Walker J.C.G., and Wise Jr. S.W. Abrupt climate changes and transient climates during the Paleogene: a marine perspective. Journal of Geology 101 (1993) 191-213
118. Zachos J.C., Röhl U., Schellenberg S.A., Sluijs A., Hodell D.A., Kelly D.C., Thomas E., Nicolo M., Raffi I., Lourens L.J., McCarren H., and Kroon D. Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Science 308 (2005) 1611-1615
119. Zachos J.C., Wara M.W., Bohaty S., Delaney M.L., Petrizzo M.R., Brill A., Bralower T.J., and Premoli-Silva I. A transient Rise in tropical sea surface temperature during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. Science 302 (2003) 1551-1554
120. 2 in seawater: equilibrium, kinetics and isotopes. Elsevier Oceanography Series 65 (2001) 346
121. Zijlstra J.J., Baars M.A., Tijssen S.B., Wetsteyn F.J., Witte J.I.J., Ilahude A.G., and Hadikusumah. Monsoonal effects on the hydrography of the upper waters (<300 m) of the eastern Banda Sea and northern Arafura Sea, with special reference to vertical transport processes. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 25 (1990) 431-447
122. 2 concentration on the PIC/POC ratio in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi grown under light-limiting conditions and different day lengths. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 272 (2002) 55-70
123. 2. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15 (2001) 507-516