Surface energy balance closure by the eddy-covariance method above three boreal forest stands and implications for the measurement of the CO2 flux

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology

Volumn 140, Issue 1-4, 2006, Pages 322-337

  Barr, A G ^a   Morgenstern, K ^b   Black, T A ^b   McCaughey, J H ^c   Nesic, Z ^b  

^a ENVIRONMENT CANADA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^c QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Boreal forest; Eddy covariance; Energy balance closure; Net ecosystem exchange; Surface energy balance

Indexed keywords

BOREAL FOREST; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBON FLUX; EDDY COVARIANCE; ENERGY BALANCE; LATENT HEAT FLUX; NET ECOSYSTEM EXCHANGE; SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX; WATER VAPOR;

CANADA; NORTH AMERICA; SASKATCHEWAN;

PICEA MARIANA; PINUS BANKSIANA;

EID: 33845214885     PISSN: 01681923     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.08.007     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Amiro B.D., Barr A.G., Black T.A., Iwashita H., Kljun N., McCaughey J.H., Morgenstern K., Murayama S., Nesic Z., Orchansky A.L., and Saigusa N. Carbon, energy and water fluxes at mature and disturbed forest sites, Saskatchewan, Canada. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 136 (2006) 237-251
2. 2 exchange and evapotranspiration predicted by nine ecosystem process models: intermodel comparisons and relationships to field measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 106 (2001) 33623-33648
3. Arain M.A., Black T.A., Barr A.G., Jarvis P.G., Massheder J.M., Verseghy D.L., and Nesic Z. Effects of seasonal and interannual climate variability on net ecosystem productivity of boreal deciduous and conifer forests. Can. J. Forest Res. 32 (2002) 878-891
4. Aubinet M., Grelle A., Ibrom A., Rannik U., Moncrieff J., Foken T., Kowalski A.S., Martin P.H., Berbigier P., Bernhofer Ch., Clement R., Elbers J., Granier A., Grünwald T., Morgenstern K., Pilegaard K., Rebmann C., Snijders W., Valentini R., and Vesala T. Estimates of the net annual carbon and water exchange of forests: the EUROFLUX methodology. Adv. Ecol. Res. 30 (2000) 113-175
5. 2 storage and advection conditions at night at different CARBOEUROFLUX sites. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 116 (2005) 63-94
6. Baldocchi D.D., Vogel A.V., and Hall B. Seasonal variation of energy and water vapor exchange rates above and below a boreal jack pine forest canopy. J. Geophys. Res. 102 D24 (1997) 28939-28951
7. Baldocchi D., Falge E., Gu L., Olson R., Hollinger D., Running S., Anthoni P., Bernhofer Ch., Davis K., Evans R., Fuentes J., Goldstein A., Katul G., Law B.E., Lee X., Malhi Y., Meyers T., Munger W., Oechel W., Paw U.K.T., Pilegaard K., Schmid H.P., Valentini R., Verma S., Vesala T., Wilson K., and Wofsy S. FLUXNET: a new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 82 (2001) 2415-2434
8. 2 in a mid-latitude forest. Science 294 (2001) 1688-1691
9. Barr A.G., King K.M., Gillespie T.J., den Hartog G., and Neumann H.H. A comparison of Bowen ratio and eddy correlation sensible and latent heat flux measurements above deciduous forest. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 71 (1994) 21-41
10. Barr A.G., and Betts A.K. Radiosonde boundary-layer budgets above a boreal forest. J. Geophys. Res. 102 D24 (1997) 29205-29212
11. Barr A.G., van der Kamp G., Schmidt R., and Black T.A. Monitoring the moisture balance of a boreal aspen forest using a deep groundwater piezometer. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 102 (2000) 13-24
12. Barr A.G., Betts A.K., Black T.A., McCaughey J.H., and Smith C.D. Intercomparison of BOREAS northern and southern study area surface fluxes in 1994. J. Geophys. Res. 106 (2001) 33543-33550
13. Barr A.G., Griffis T.G., Black T.A., Lee X., Staebler R.M., Fuentes J.D., Chen Z., and Morgenstern K. Comparing the carbon budgets of boreal and temperate deciduous forest stands. Can. J. Forest Res. 32 (2002) 813-822
14. Barr A.G., Black T.A., Hogg E.H., Kljun N., Morgenstern K., and Nesic Z. Inter-annual variability in the leaf area index of a boreal aspen-hazelnut forest in relation to net ecosystem production. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 126 (2004) 237-255
15. Barr, A.G., Black, T.A., Hogg, E.H., Griffis, T., Morgenstern, K., Kljun, N., Theede, A., Nesic, Z. Climatic controls on the carbon and water budgets of a boreal aspen forest. Global Change Biol., doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01220.x, in press.
16. Betts, A.K., Ball, J.H., Barr, A.G., Black, T.A., McCaughey, J.H., Viterbo, P. Analysis of ERA-40 biases and surface-BL-cloud coupling using BERMS data. Agric. Forest Meteorol., submitted for publication.
17. Black T.A., den Hartog G., Neumann H.H., Blanken P.D., Yang P.C., Russel C., Nesic Z., Lee X., Chen S.G., Staebler R., and Novak M.D. Annual cycles of water vapor and carbon dioxide fluxes in and above a boreal aspen forest. Global Change Biol. 2 (1996) 219-229
18. Black T.A., Chen W.J., Barr A.G., Arain M.A., Chen Z., Nesic Z., Hogg E.H., Neumann H.H., and Yang P.C. Increased carbon sequestration by a boreal deciduous forest in years with a warm spring. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27 (2000) 1271-1274
19. Blanken P.D., Black T.A., Yang P.C., Neumann H.H., Nesic Z., and Staebler R. Energy balance and canopy conductance of a boreal aspen forest: partitioning overstory and understory components. J. Geophys. Res. 102 D24 (1997) 28915-28927
20. Blanken P.D., Black T.A., Neumann H.H., den Hartog G., Yang P.C., Nesic Z., Staebler R., Chen W., and Lee X. Turbulent flux measurements above and below the overstory of a boreal aspen forest. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 89 (1998) 109-140
21. Chen W.J., Black T.A., Yang P.C., Barr A.B., Neumann H.H., Nesic Z., Blanken P.D., Novak M.D., Eley J., Ketler R.J., and Cuenca R. Effects of climatic variability on the annual carbon sequestration by a boreal aspen forest. Global Change Biol. 5 (1999) 41-53
22. Coursolle C., Margolis H.A., Barr A.G., Black T.A., Amiro B.D., McCaughey J.H., Flanagan L.B., Lafleur P.M., Roulet N.T., Bourque C.P.-A., Arain M.A., Wofsy S.C., Dunn A., Morgenstern K., Orchansky A.L., Bernier P.Y., Chen J.M., Kidston J., Saigusa N., and Hedstrom N. Late-summer carbon fluxes from Canadian forests and peatlands along an east-west continental transect. Can. J. Forest Res. 36 (2006) 783-800
23. Desjardins R.L., MacPherson J.I., Mahrt L., Schuepp P., Pattey E., Neumann H., Baldocchi D., Wofsy S., Fitzjarrald D., McCaughey H., and Joiner D.W. Scaling up flux measurements from the boreal forest using aircraft-tower combinations. J. Geophys. Res. 102 D24 (1997) 29125-29133
24. Fairall C.W., Persson P.O.G., Bradley E.F., Payne R.E.R., and Anderson S.P. A new look at calibration and use of Eppley precision infrared radiometers Part I: Theory and application. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 15 (1998) 1229-1242
25. Falge E., Baldocchi D., Tenhunen J., Aubinet M., Bakwin P., Berbigier P., Bernhofer C., Burba G., Clement R., Davis K.J., Elbers J.A., Goldstein A.H., Grelle A., Granier A., Guomundsson J., Hollinger D., Kowalski A.S., Katul G., Law B.E., Malhi Y., Meyers T., Monson R.K., Munger J.W., Oechel W., Paw U.K.T., Pilegaard K., Rannik U., Rebmann C., Suyker A., Valentini R., Wilson K., and Wofsy S. Seasonality of ecosystem respiration and gross primary production as derived from FLUXNET measurements. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 113 (2002) 53-74
26. Finnigan J. A comment on the paper by Lee (1998): on micrometeorological observations of surface-air exchange over tall vegetation. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 97 (1999) 55-64
27. Finnigan J.J., Clement R., Malhi Y., Leuning R., and Cleugh H.A. A re-evaluation of long-term flux measurement techniques-Part I: Averaging and coordinate rotation. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 107 (2003) 1-48
28. Foken T., and Wichura B. Tools for quality assessment of surface-based flux measurements. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 78 (1996) 83-105
29. Gash J.H.C., and Dolman A.J. Sonic anemometer (co)sine response and flux measurement I. The potential for (co) sine error to affect sonic anemometer-based flux measurements. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 119 (2003) 195-207
30. Garratt J.R. The Atmospheric Boundary Layer (1992), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 316 pp
31. Gaumont-Guay D., Black T.A., Griffis T.J., Barr A.G., Morgenstern K., Jassal R.S., and Nesic Z. Influence of temperature and drought on seasonal and interannual variations of soil, bole and ecosystem respiration in a boreal aspen stand. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 140 (2006) 203-219
32. Goulden M.L., Munger J.W., Fan S.-M., Daube B.C., and Wofsy S.C. Measurements of carbon sequestration by long-term eddy covariance: methods and critical evaluation of accuracy. Gobal Change Biol. 2 (1996) 169-182
33. Goulden M.L., Wofsy S.C., Harden J.W., Trumbore S.E., Crill P.M., Gower S.T., Fries T., Daube B.C., Fan S.-M., Sutton D.J., Bazzaz A., and Munger J.W. Sensitivity of boreal forest carbon balance to soil thaw. Science 279 (1998) 214-217
34. Goulden, M.L., Miller, S.D., da Rocha, H.R., 2006. Nocturnal cold air drainage and pooling in a tropical forest. J. Geophys. Res. 111 (D8), D08S04, doi:10.1029/2005JD006037.
35. Gower S.T., Vogel J.G., Norman J.M., Kucharick C.J., Steele S.J., and Sow T.K. Carbon distribution and above ground net primary production in aspen, jack pine, and black spruce stands in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada. J. Geophys. Res. 102 D24 (1997) 29029-29041
36. Grant R.F., Black T.A., den Hartog G., Berry J.A., Neumann H.H., Blanken P.D., Yang P.C., Russell C., and Nalder I.A. Daily and annual exchanges of mass and energy between an aspen-hazelnut forest and the atmosphere: testing the mathematical model Ecosys with data for the BOREAS experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 104 (1999) 27699-27717
37. Grant R.F., Jarvis P.G., Massheder J.M., Hale S.E., Moncrieff J.B., Rayment M., Scott S.L., and Berry J.A. Controls on carbon and energy exchange by a black spruce-moss ecosystem: testing the mathematical model Ecosys with data from the BOREAS experiment. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 15 (2001) 129-147
38. 2 exchange at a subarctic fen. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 14 (2000) 1109-1121
39. Griffis T.J., Black T.A., Morgenstern K., Barr A.G., Nesic Z., Drewitt G.B., Gaumont-Guay D., and McCaughey J.H. Ecophysiological controls on the carbon balances of three southern boreal forests. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 117 (2003) 53-71
40. Jarvis P.G., Massheder J.M., Hale S.E., Moncrieff J.B., Rayment M., and Scott S.L. Seasonal variation of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy exchanges of a boreal black spruce forest. J. Geophys. Res. 102 D24 (1997) 28953-28966
41. Kanda M., Ianagaki A., Letzel M.O., Raasch S., and Watanabe T. LES study of the energy imbalance problem with eddy covariance fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 110 (2004) 381-404
42. Kljun, N., Black, T.A., Griffis, T., Barr, A., Gaumont-Guay, D., McCaughey, J.H., Morgenstern, K., Nesic, Z. Response of net ecosystem productivity of three boreal forest stands to drought. Ecosystems, in press.
43. Lee X.H. On micrometeorological observations of surface-air exchange over tall vegetation. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 91 (1998) 39-49
44. Lee X., and Hu X. Forest-air fluxes of carbon, water and energy over non-flat terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 103 (2002) 277-301
45. Lenschow D.H., Mann J., and Kristensen L. How long is long enough when measuring fluxes and other turbulence statistics?. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 11 (1994) 661-673
46. Li Z.Q., Yu G.R., Wen X.F., Zhang L.M., Re C.Y., and Fu Y.L. Energy balance closure at ChinaFLUX sites. Sci. China Ser. D-Earth Sci. 48 (2005) 51-62
47. Mahrt L. Flux sampling errors for aircraft and towers. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 15 (1998) 416-429
48. Malhi Y., McNaughton K., and Von Radow C. Low frequency atmospheric transport and surface flux measurements. In: Lee X., Massman W., and Law B. (Eds). Handbook of Micrometeorology: A Guide for Surface Flux Measurement and Analysis (2004), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 101-118
49. Massman W.J., and Lee X. Eddy covariance flux corrections and uncertainties in long-term studies of carbon and energy exchanges. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 113 (2002) 121-144
50. McCaughey J.H., and Saxton W.L. Energy balance storage terms in a mixed forest. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 44 (1988) 1-18
51. Morgenstern K., Black T.A., Humphreys E.R., Griffis T.J., Drewitt G.B., Cai T., Nesic Z., Spittlehouse D.L., and Livingston N.J. Sensitivity and uncertainty of the carbon balance of a pacific Northwest Douglas-fir forest during an El Nino/La Nina cycle. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 123 (2004) 201-219
52. Nakai T., van der Molen M.K., Gash J.H.C., and Kodama Y. Correction of sonic anemometer angle of attack errors. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 136 (2006) 19-30
53. Paw U.K.T., Baldocchi D.D., Meyers T.P., and Wilson K.B. Correction of eddy-covariance measurements incorporating both advective effects and density fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 97 (2000) 487-511
54. Sellers P.J., Hall F., Margolis H., Kelly B., Baldocchi D., den Hartog G., Cihlar J., Ryan M.G., Goodison B., Crill P., Ranson K.J., Lettenmaier D., and Wickland D.E. The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS): an overview and early results from the 1994 field year. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 77 (1995) 1549-1577
55. Sellers P.J., Hall F.G., Kelly R.D., Black A., Baldocchi D., Berry J., Margolis H., Ryan M., Ranson J., Crill P., Lettenmaier D., Cihlar J., Newcomer J., Halliwell D., Fitzjarrald D., Jarvis P., Gower S., Williams D., Goodison B., Wickland D., and Guertin F. BOREAS in 1997: Experiment overview, scientific results, and future directions. J. Geophys. Res. 102 D24 (1997) 28731-28770
56. 2 advection. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 122 (2004) 139-156
57. Sun J.L., Desjardins R., Mahrt L., and MacPherson I. Transport of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and ozone by turbulence and local circulations. J. Geophys. Res. 103 (1998) 25873-25885
58. Twine T.E., Kustas W.P., Norman J.M., Cook D.R., Houser P.R., Meyers T.P., Prueger J.H., Starks P.J., and Wesely M.L. Correcting eddy-covariance flux underestimates over a grassland. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 103 (2000) 279-3000
59. van der Molen M.K., Gash J.H.C., and Elbers J.A. Sonic anemometer cosine response and flux measurement. II. The effect of introducing an angle of attack dependence calibration. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 122 (2004) 95-109
60. Wilson K., Goldstein A., Falge E., Aubinet M., Baldocchi D., Berbigier P., Bernhofer C., Ceulemans R., Dolman H., Field C., Grelle A., Ibrom A., Law B.E., Kowalski A., Meyers T., Moncrieff J., Monson R., Oechel W., Tenhunen J., Valentini R., and Verma S. Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 113 (2002) 223-243
61. Wohlfahrt G., Anfang C., Bahn M., Haslwanter A., Newesely C., Schmitt M., Drosler M., Pfadenhauer J., and Cernusca A. Quantifying nighttime respiration of a meadow using eddy covariance, chambers and modelling. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 128 (2005) 141-162
62. 2 concentration and flux in a boreal aspen forest. J. Geophys. Res. 104 (1999) 27653-27661