Bacterial risk reduction by improved donor arm disinfection, diversion and bacterial screening

Transfusion Medicine

Volumn 16, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 381-396

  McDonald, C P ^a  

^a NHS BLOOD AND TRANSPLANT   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bacteria; Disinfection; Diversion; Screening

Indexed keywords

ARM; ASSAY; BACTEREMIA; BACTERIAL GROWTH; BACTERIUM CONTAMINATION; BACTERIUM DETECTION; BLOOD CULTURE; BLOOD DONOR; DISINFECTION; ELECTROPHORESIS; FLOW CYTOMETRY; HUMAN; INFECTION RISK; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SCREENING TEST;

BLOOD DONORS; BLOOD SPECIMEN COLLECTION; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; COLONY COUNT, MICROBIAL; DISINFECTION; HUMANS; MASS SCREENING;

EID: 33751379063     PISSN: 09587578     EISSN: 13653148     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3148.2006.00697.x     Document Type: Review

References (157)

1. Adams, M.R., Johnson, D.K. & Busch, M.P. (1997) Automatic volumetric capillary cytometry for counting white cells in white cell-reduced platelet-pheresis components. Transfusion, 37, 29-37.
2. Ali, N., Upreti, R.K. & Srivastava, L.P. (1991) Membrane damaging potential of photosensitized riboflavin. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 29, 818-822.
3. Amorim, L., Lopes, M.E.E.D., Oliveira, J.F., Mello, C., Santos, E. & Azevedo, I. (2004) Bacterial detection in platelet concentrates: a comparison between urine strips and culture. Transfusion, 44 (Suppl.), 48A.
4. Anderson, K.C., Lew, M.A. & Gorgone, B.C. (1986) Transfusion-related sepsis after prolonged platelet storage. American Journal of Medicine, 81, 405-411.
5. Arduino, A.M., Bland, L.A. & Tipple, M.A. (1989) Growth and endotoxin productions of Yersinia enterocolitica and Enterobacter agglomerans in packed erythrocytes. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 27, 1483-1485.
6. AuBuchon, J.P., Cooper, L.K., Leach, M.F., Zuaro, D.E. & Schwartzman, J.D. (2002) Experience with universal bacterial culturing to detect contamination of apheresis platelet units in a hospital transfusion service. Transfusion, 42, 855-861.
7. AuBuchon, J.P., Herschel, L., Roger, J., Taylor, H., Whitley, P., Li, J., Edrich, R. & Goodrich, R.P. (2005) Efficacy of apheresis platelets treated with riboflavin and ultraviolet light for pathogen reduction. Transfusion, 45, 1335-1341.
8. Bang, F.B. (1953) The toxic effect of a marine bacterium on Limulus and the formation of blood clots. Biological Bulletin, 105, 361-362.
9. Barrett, B.B., Andersen, J.W. & Anderson, K.C. (1993) Strategies for the avoidance of bacterial contamination of blood components. Transfusion, 33, 228-233.
10. Beausang, L.A., Levin, A. & Kovalenko, V. (2004) A rapid assay for the detection of bacteria in platelet units. Transfusion, 44 (Suppl.), 47A.
11. Benavides, S., Nicol, K., Koranyi, K. & Nahata, M.C. (2003) Yersinia septic shock following an autologous transfusion in a pediatric patient. Transfusion and Apheresis Science, 28, 19-23.
12. Bertolini, F. & Murphy, S. (1994) A multicenter evaluation of reproducibility of swirling in platelet concentrates. Transfusion, 34, 796-801.
13. Betts, W.B. & Brown, A.P. (1999) Dielectrophoretic analysis of microbes in water. Journal of Applied Microbiology Symposium Supplement, 85, 201S-213S.
14. Bhanji, S., Williams, B., Sheller, B., Elwood, T. & Mancl, L. (2002) Transient bacteremia induced by toothbrushing a comparison of the Sonicare toothbrush with a conventional toothbrush. Pediatric Dentistry, 24, 295-299.
15. Bjork, P. & Johnson, U. (1998) Detection of bacterial growth in platelet concentrates [abstract]. Vox Sanguinis, 74 (Suppl.), 1267.
16. Blajchman, M.A. (2002) Incidence and significance of the bacterial contamination of blood components. Developments in Biologicals, 108, 59-67.
17. Bos, H., Yedema, T.H. & Luten, M. (2002) Reduction of the incidence on bacterial contamination by pre-donation drawing blood for safety tests. Vox Sanguinis, 83 (Suppl. 2), 014.
18. Bradley, R.M., Gander, R.M., & Patel, S.K. (1997) Inhibitory effect of 0 degree C storage on the proliferation of Yersinia enterocolitia in donated blood. Transfusion, 37, 691-695.
19. Brecher, M.E., Holland, P.V., Pineda, A.A., Tegtmeier, G.E. & Yomtovian, R. (2000a) Growth of bacteria in inoculated platelets: implications for bacteria detection and the extension of platelet storage. Transfusion, 40, 1308-1312.
20. Brecher, M.E., Wong, E.C.C., Chen, S.E., Vampola, C. & Rocco, R.M. (2000b) Antibiotic-labeled probes and microvolume fluorimetry for the rapid detection of bacterial contamination in platelet components: a preliminary report. Transfusion, 40, 411-413.
21. Brecher, M.E., Means, N. & Jere, C.S. (2001) Evaluation of the BacT/ALERT 3D microbial detection system for platelet bacterial contamination: an analysis of 15 contaminating organisms. Transfusion, 41, 477-482.
22. Brecher, M.E., Hay, S.N. & Rothenberg, S.J. (2004) Validation of BacT/ALERT plastic culture bottles for use in testing of whole-blood-derived leukoreduced platelet-rich-plasma-derived platelets. Transfusion, 44, 1174-1178.
23. Brecher, M.E., Heath, D. & Hay, S. (2005) Evaluation of a new generation culture bottle using the BacT/ALERT 3D microbial detection system on 9 common contaminating organisms found in platelet components. Transfusion, 42, 774-779.
24. Bruneau, C., Perez, P., Chassaigne, M. et al. (2001) Efficacy of a new collection procedure for preventing bacterial contamination of whole-blood donations. Transfusion, 41, 74-81.
25. Burstain, J.M., Brecher, M.E., Workman, K., Foster, M., Faber, G.H. & Mair, D. (1997) Rapid identification of bacterially contaminated platelets using reagent strips: glucose and pH analysis as markers of bacterial metabolism. Transfusion, 37, 255-258.
26. Cardo, L.J., Rentas, F.J., Ketchum, L. et al. (2006) Pathogen inactivation of Leishmania donovani infantum in plasma and platelet concentrates using riboflavin and ultraviolet light. Vox Sanguinis, 90, 85-91.
27. Centre for Disease Control. Yersinia enterocolitica bacteremia and endotoxin shock associated with red blood cell transfusion - United States Morbility and Mortality Weekly Report 1991; 40, 176-178.
28. Cerus Corporation. (2005) Intercept System [WWW document]. URL http://www.cerus.com. (Accessed 6 December 2005).
29. Choo, Y., Rudon, L., Czajkowska, Z., Rankin, I. & Whitsett, C. (2004) Bacterial screening of platelet concentrates using dipstick measurements of glucose and pH: validation in a tertiary care hospital. Transfusion, 44 (Suppl.), 51A.
30. Claeys, H. & Verhaeghe, B. (2000) Bacterial screening of platelets [abstract]. Vox Sanguinis, 78 (Suppl. 1), P374.
31. Cocco, A.E., Yomtovian, R.A., Jacobs, M.R., Gerson, S.L. & Downes, K.A. (2004) Platelet bacterial contamination masquerading as a RBC febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction (FNHTR): a case report. Transfusion, 44 (Suppl.), 134A.
32. Currie, L.M., Harper, J.R. & Allan, H. (1997) Inhibition of cytokine accumulation and bacterial growth during storage of platelet concentrates of 4 degrees C with retention of in vitro functional activity. 1. Transfusion, 37, 18-24.
33. Debeir, J., Noel, L., Allen, J.-P., Frette, C., Sari, F., Mai, M. & Cosson, A. (1999) The French haemovigilance system. Vox Sanguinis, 77, 77-81.
34. de Korte, D., Marcelis, J.H. & Soeterboek, A.M. (2001) Determination of the degree of bacterial contamination of whole-blood collections using an automated microbe-detection system. Transfusion, 41, 815-818.
35. de Korte, D., Marcelis, J.H., Verhoeven, A.J. & Soeterboek, A.M. (2002) Diversion of first blood volume results in a reduction of bacterial contamination for whole-blood collections. Vox Sanguinis, 83, 13-16.
36. Dietz, L., Debrow, R.S. & Manian, B.S. (1996) Volumetric capillary cytometry - a new method for absolute cell enumeration. Cytometry, 23, 177-186.
37. Duncan, K.L., Ransley, J. & Elterman, M. (1994) Transfusion- transmitted Serratia liquifaciens from an autologous blood unit [letter]. Transfusion, 34, 738-739.
38. Dzik, W. (1995) Use of leukodepletion filters for the removal of bacteria. Immunological Investigation, 24, 95-115.
39. Dzik, W.H. (1997) A general method for concentrating blood samples in preparation for counting very low numbers of white cells. Transfusion, 37, 277-283.
40. Fang, C.T., Chambers, L.A., Kennedy, J. et al. (2005) Detection of bacterial contamination in apheresis platelet products: American Red Cross experience, 2004. Transfusion, 45, 1845-1852.
41. Fast, L.D., DiLeone, G., Li, J. & Goodrich, R. (2006) Functional inactivation of white blood cells by Mirasol treatment. Transfusion, 46, 642-648.
42. Franzin, L. & Gioannini, P. (1992) Growth of Yersinia species in artificially contaminated blood bags. Transfusion, 32, 673-676.
43. Ghazy, F.S., Kimura, T. & Muranishi, S. (1977) The photodynamic action of riboflavin on erythrocytes. Life Sciences, 21, 1703-1708.
44. Gibson, T. & Norris, W. (1958) Skin fragments removed by injection needles. Lancet, 2, 983-985.
45. Goldman, M. & Blajchman, M.A. (1991) Blood product-associated bacterial sepsis. Transfusion Medicine Reviews, 5, 73-83.
46. Goldman, M. & Blajchman, M.A. (2001) Bacterial contamination. In: Transfusion Reaction (2nd edn, ed. Popovsky, M.), 133-159. AABB, Bethesda.
47. Goldman, M., Roy, G., Frechette, N., Decary, F., Massicotte, L. & Delage, G. (1997) Evaluation of donor skin disinfection methods. Transfusion, 37, 309-312.
48. Gong, J., Hogman, C.F. & Lundholm, M. (1994) Novel automated microbial screening of platelet concentrates. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, et Immunologica Scandinavica, 102, 72-78.
49. Gonzales, R., Durham, L. & Mark, O. (2004) Validation of the versatrek blood detection system for detection of bacterial contamination of platelets [abstract]. Transfusion, 44, 47A.
50. Goodnough, L.T., Shander, A. & Brecher, M.E. (2003) Transfusion medicine: looking to the future. Lancet, 361, 161-169.
51. Goodrich, L., Douglas, I. & Urioste, M. (2002) Riboflavin photoinactivation procedure inactivates significant levels of bacteria and produces a culture negative product [abstract]. Transfusion, 42 (Suppl.), 16S.
52. Goodrich, R.P., Li, J., Pieters, H., Crookes, R., Roodt, J. & Heyns, A.P. (2006) Correlation of in vitro platelet quality measurements with in vivo platelet viability in human subjects. Vox Sanguinis, 90, 279-285.
53. Haditsch, M., Binder, L., Gabriel, C., Muller-Uri, P., Watschinger, R. & Mittermayer, H. (1994) Yersinia enterocolitica septicemia in autologous blood transfusion. Transfusion, 34, 907-909.
54. Hahn, L.F., Casciola, T.M., Triulzi, D.J. & Kelley, D.L. (2004) Validation of pH determination on random donor platelets for the detection of bacteria. Transfusion, 44 (Suppl.), 48A.
55. Hall, J. & Lajoie, C. (2004) Correlation of PGD Test result and pH of platelet concentrates inoculated with bacteria. Transfusion, 44 (Suppl.), 49A.
56. Hay, S.N., Brecher, M.E., Rothenberg, S.J., Nuckols, C., Fekete, A. & Willert, M. (2004) Validation of the BacT/ notify remote notification software system. Transfusion, 44 (Suppl.), 53A.
57. Heal, J.M., Jones, M.E., Forey, J., Chaudhry, A. & Stricof, R.L. (1987) Fatal Salmonella septicemia after platelet transfusion. Transfusion, 27, 2-5.
58. Hebert, P.C., Wells, G. & Blajchman, M.A. (1999) A multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. New England Journal of Medicine, 340, 409-417.
59. Hochstei, H.D. (1987) The LAL test versus the rabbit pyrogen test for endotoxin detection: update 87. Pharmaceutical Technology, 11, 124-129.
60. Hoffmeister, K.M., Felbinger, T.W., Falet, H., Mayadas, T.N., Von Andrian, U.H., Wagner, D.D., Stossel, T.P. & Hartwig, J.H. (2003a) The clearance mechanism of chilled blood platelets. Cell, 112, 87-97.
61. Hoffmeister, K.M., Josefsson, E.C., Isaac, N.A., Clausen, H., Hartwig, J.H. & Stossel, T.P. (2003b) Glycosylation restores survival of chilled blood platelets. Science, 301, 1531-1534.
62. Hogman, C.F. & Gong, J. (1994) Studies of one invasive and two noninvasive methods for detection of bacterial contamination of platelet concentrates. Vox Sanguinis, 67, 351-355.
63. Hogman, C.F., Gong, J. & Eriksson, L. (1991) White cells protect donor blood against bacterial contamination. Transfusion, 31, 620-626.
64. Holden, F., Foley, M. & Devin, G. (2000) Coagulase-negative staphylococcal contamination of whole blood and its components: the effect of WBC reduction. Transfusion, 40, 1508-1513.
65. Hoppe, P.A. (1992) Interim measures for detection of bacterially contaminated red cell components. Transfusion, 32, 199-201.
66. Jacobs, M.R., Bajaksouzian, S., Windau, A., Palavecino, E.L. & Yomtovian, R. (2005) Evaluation of the scansystem method for detection of bacterially contaminated platelets. Transfusion, 45, 265-269.
67. Janetzko, K., Lin, L., Eichler, H., Mayaudon, V., Flament, J. & Kluter, H. (2004) Implementation of the INTERCEPT blood system for platelets into routine blood bank manufacturing procedures: evaluation of apheresis platelets. Vox Sanguinis, 86, 239-245.
68. Jarfari, M., Forsberg, J., Gilcher, R.O., Smith, J.W., Crutcher, J.M., McDermott, M., Brown, B.R. & George, J.N. (2002) Salmonella sepsis caused by a platelet transfusion from a donor with a pet snake. New England Journal of Medicine, 347, 1075.
69. Jones, B.L., Saw, M.H., Hanson, M.F., Mactine, M.J., Scott, J. & Murphy, W.G. (1993) Yersinia enterocolitica septicaemia from transfusion of red cell concentrate stored for 16 days. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 46, 477-478.
70. Kagan, D. & Levin, A.E. (2001) Rapid assay for bacterial contamination of platelets. Transfusion, 41 (Suppl.), 34S.
71. Kahwash, E.B., Leonard, J. & Redmon, M. (2004) BACTEC detection of bacteria in platelet pools [abstract]. Transfusion, 44, 47A.
72. Kendrick, C.J., Baker, B., Morris, A.J. & O'Toole, P.W. (2001) Identification of Yersinia-infected blood donors by anti Yop IgA immunoassay. Transfusion, 41, 1365-1372.
73. Kim, D.M., Brecher, M.E. & Bland, L.A. (1992a) Prestorage removal of Yersinia enterocolitica from red cells with white cell-reduction filters. Transfusion, 32, 658-662.
74. Kim, D.M., Brecher, M.E. & Bland, L.A. (1992b) Visual identification of bacterially contaminated red cells. Transfusion, 32, 221-225.
75. Knutson, F., Alfonso, R. & Dupuis, K. (2000) Photochemical inactivation of bacteria and HIV in buffy-coat-derived platelet concentrates under conditions that preserve in vitro platelet function. Vox Sanguinis, 78, 209-216.
76. Kojima, K., Togashi, T., Hasegawa, K. & Kawasaki, H. (1998) Subcutaneous fatty tissue can stray into a blood bag [abstract 1205]. Vox Sanguinis, 74 (Suppl. 1).
77. Kuehnert, M.J., Roth, V.R., Haley, N.R. et al. (2001) Transfusion-transmitted bacterial infection in the United States, 1998 through 2000. Transfusion, 41, 1493-1499.
78. Lee, L.G., Woo, S.L. & Head, D.F. (1995) Near-IR dyes in three-color volumetric capillary cytometry: cell analysis with 633- and 785-nm laser excitation. Cytometry, 21, 120-128.
79. Lee, C.K., Ho, P.L., Chan, N.K., Mak, A., Hong, J. & Lin, C.K. (2002) Impact of donor arm skin disinfection on the bacterial contamination rate of platelet concentrates. Vox Sanguinis, 83, 204-208.
80. Levin, J. & Bang, F.B. (1964a) A description of cellular coagulation in the Limulus. Bulletin of the John Hopkins Hospital, 115, 337-345.
81. Levin, J. & Bang, F.B. (1964b) The role of endotoxin in the extracellular coagulation of Limulus blood. Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, 115, 265-274.
82. Levin, J. & Bang, F.B. (1968) Clottable protein in Limulus: its localization and kinetics of its coagulation by endotoxin. Thrombosis et Diathesis Haemorrhagica, 19, 186-197.
83. Li, J., de Korte, D., Woolum, M.D., Ruane, P.H., Keil, S.D., Lockerbie, O., McLean, R. & Goodrich, R.P. (2004) Pathogen reduction of buffy coat platelet concentrates using riboflavin and light: comparisons with pathogen-reduction technology-treated apheresis platelet products. Vox Sanguinis, 87, 82-90.
84. Li, J., Lockerbie, O., de Korte, D., Rice, J., McLean, R. & Goodrich, R.P. (2005a) Evaluation of platelet mitochondria integrity after treatment with Mirasol pathogen reduction technology. Transfusion, 45, 920-926.
85. Li, J., Goodrich, L., Hansen, E., Edrich, R., Gampp, D. & Goodrich, R.P. (2005b) Platelet glycolytic flux increases stimulated by ultraviolet-induced stress is not the direct cause of platelet morphology and activation changes: possible implications for the role of glucose in platelet storage. Transfusion, 45, 1750-1758.
86. Liu, H.W., Yuen, K.Y., Cheng, T.S., Lee, K.B., Chua, E.K. & Ho, P.L. (1999) Reduction of platelet transfusion-associated sepsis by short-term bacterial culture. Vox Sanguinis, 77, 1-5.
87. Macauley, A., Chandrasekar, A., Geddis, G., Morris, K.G. & McClelland, W.M. (2003) Operational feasibility of routine bacterial monitoring of platelets. Transfusion Medicine, 13, 189-195.
88. McCarthy, L.R. & Senne, J.E. (1980) Evaluation of acridine orange stain for detection of microorganisms in blood cultures. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 11, 281-285.
89. McDonald, C.P., Barbara, J.A. & Hewitt, P.E. (1996) Yersinia enterocolitica transmission from a red cell unit 34 days old. Transfusion Medicine, 6, 61-63.
90. McDonald, C.P., Hartley, S., Orchard, K., Hughes, G., Brett, M.M., Hewitt, P.E. & Barbara, J.A. (1998) Fatal clostridium perfringens sepsis from a pooled platelet transfusion. Transfusion Medicine, 8, 19-22.
91. McDonald, C.P., Roy, A., Lowe, P., Rogers, A., Green, G., Vegoda, J., Earley, J. & Barbara, J.A.J. (2000) The first experience in the United Kingdom of the bacteriological screening of Platelets to increase shelf life to 7 days [abstract]. Vox Sanguinis, 78 (Suppl. 1), 375.
92. McDonald, C.P., Roy, A., Lowe, P., Robbins, S., Hartley, S. & Barbara, J.A. (2001a) Evaluation of the BacT/Alert automated blood culture system for detecting bacteria and measuring their growth kinetics in leucodepleted and non-leucodepleted platelet concentrates. Vox Sanguinis, 81, 154-160.
93. McDonald, C.P., Lowe, P., Robbins, S., Hartley, S., Harrison, J.F., Slopecki, A., Verlander, N. & Barbara, J.A.J. (2001b) Evaluation of donor arm disinfection techniques. Vox Sanguinis, 80, 135-141.
94. McDonald, C.P., Rogers, A., Cox, M. et al. (2002a) Evaluation of the 3D BacT/ALERT automated culture system for the detection of microbial contamination of platelet concentrates. Transfusion Medicine, 12, 303-309.
95. McDonald, C.P., Roy, A., Majahan, P., French, K., Beckhouse, A., Turner, C. & Barbara, J.A.J. (2002b) Evaluation of the Chloroprep disinfection system(abstract). Vox Sanguinis, 83 (Suppl. 2), 5.
96. McDonald, C.P., Colvin, J. & Smith, R. (2004a) A novel method for the detection of bacteria in platelet concentrates utilising oxygen consumption as a marker for bacterial growth. Transfusion Medicine, 14, 391-398.
97. McDonald, C.P., Robbins, S. & Shahram, M. (2004b) Monitoring donor arm disinfection: essential for blood safety? [abstract]. Vox Sanguinis, 87 (Suppl. 3), S6.
98. McDonald, C.P., Roy, A., Mahajan, P., Smith, R., Charlett, A. & Barbara, J.A. (2004c) Relative values of the interventions of diversion and improved donor-arm disinfection to reduce the bacterial risk from blood transfusion. Vox Sanguinis, 86, 178-182.
99. McDonald, C.P., Colvin, J., Robbins, S., & Barbara, J.A.J. (2005a) The use of a solid phase fluorescent cytometric technique for the detection of bacteria in platelet concentrates. Transfusion Medicine, 15, 175-183.
100. McDonald, C.P., Pearce, S., Wilkins, K., Colvin, J., Robbins, S., Colley, L., Taylor, J. & Barbara, J.A.J. (2005b) Pall eBDS an enhanced bacterial detection system for screening platelet concentrates. Transfusion Medicine, 15, 259-268.
101. McDonald, C.P., Smith, R. & Colvin, J. (2005c) Evaluation of a novel Dielectrophoresis system for the rapid detection of bacteria in platelet concentrates [abstract]. Transfusion, 41 (Suppl.), 34S.
102. Mitchell, K.M.T. & Brecher, M.E. (1999) Approaches to the detection of bacterial contamination in cellular blood products. Transfusion Medicine Reviews, 13, 132-144.
103. Mohammadi, T., Reesink, H.W., Vandenbroucke-Grauls, M.J.E. & Savelkoul, P.H.M. (2003) Optimization of real-time PCR assay for rapid and sensitive detection of eubacterial 16S ribosomal DNA in platelet concentrates. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 41, 4796-4798.
104. Mohammadi, T., Pietersz, R.N.I., Scholtalbers, L.A.H., Vandenbroucke-Grauls, C.M.J.E., Savelkoul, P.H.M. & Reesink, H.W. (2005a) Optimal sampling time after preparation of platelet concentrates for detection of bacterial contamination by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Vox Sanguinis, 89, 208-214.
105. Mohammadi, T., Pietersz, R.N.I., Vandenbroucke-Grauls, C.M.J.E., Savelkoul, P.H.M. & Reesink, H.W. (2005b) Detection of bacteria in platelet concentrates: comparison of broad-range real-time 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction and automated culturing. Transfusion, 45, 731-736.
106. Mohr, H., Spengler, H.-P., Lambrecht, B., Montag-Lessing, T. & Muller, T. (2003) Flow cytometric sterility testing of platelet concentrates. VIII European Congress of International Society of Blood Transfusion, 49-52.
107. Mohr, H., Lambrecht, B., Bayer, A., Spengler, H.P., Nicol, S.B., Montag, T. & Muller, T.H. (2006a) Basics of flow cytometry-based sterility testing of platelet concentrates. Transfusion, 46, 41-49.
108. Mohr, H., Lambrecht, B., Bayer, A., Spengler, H.P., Nicol, S.B., Montag, T. & Muller, T.H. (2006b) Sterility testing of platelet concentrates prepared from deliberately infected blood donations. Transfusion, 46, 486-491.
109. Morel, P. (1999) Bacterial contamination of platelets workshop, Bethseda [WWW document]. URL fda.gov/cber/minutes/bact092499.pdf (Accessed 13 October 2005).
110. Morel, P., Deschaseaux, M., Bertrand, X., Naegelen, C. & Talon, D. (2002) Detection of bacterial contamination in platelet concentrates using scansystem: first results [abstract]. Transfusion, 42 (Suppl.), 40S.
111. Munksgaard, L., Albjerg, L., Lillevang, S.T., Gahrn-Hansen, B. & Georgsen, J. (2004) Detection of bacterial contamination of platelet components: six years' experience with the BacT/ALERT system. Transfusion, 44, 1166-1173.
112. Ness, P., Braine, H. & King, K. (2001) Single-donor platelets reduce the risk of septic platelet transfusion reactions. Transfusion, 41, 857-861.
113. Nguyen, K.-A., Yamamoto, T. & Sandhu, H. (2004) Performance evaluation of the Pall eBDS bacterial detection method and direct comparison with BacT/Alert, pH and swirling. Transfusion, 44 (Suppl.), 25A.
114. Olthuis, H., Puylaert, C., Verhagen, C. & Valk, L. (1995) Method for Removal of Contamination Bacteria during Venepuncture. Presented at the Fifth International Society of Blood Transfusion Regional Congress, Venice, Italy. 2-5 July 1995.
115. Ortolano, G.A., Freundlich, L.F. & Holme, S. (2003) Detection of bacteria in WBC-reduced PLT concentrates using percent oxygen as a marker for bacteria growth. Transfusion, 43, 1276-1284.
116. Pall Corporation. (2003) Bacteria Detection System for Leukocyte-Reduced Platelet Transfusion Products-sample Set. Pall BDS Package Insert. East Hills, NY.
117. Pearce, S., Hayward, M., Rowe, G., Scott, C., Williams, I. & Ahya, R. (2004) Routine bacterial monitoring of platelets [abstract]. Vox Sanguinis, 87 (Suppl. 3), 27.
118. Pepersack, F., Prigogyne, T. & Butzler, J.P. (1979) Campylobacter jejuni posttransfusion septicemia [letter]. Lancet, 2, 911.
119. Perez, P., Salmi, L.R., Follea, G., Schmit, J.L., de Barbeyrac, B., Sudre, P. & Salamon, R. (2001) Determinants of transfusion-associated bacterial contamination: results of the French BACTHEM Case-Control Study. Transfusion, 41, 862-872.
120. Perez-Pujol, S., Tonda, R., Lozano, M. et al. (2005) Effects of a new pathogen-reduction technology (Mirasol PRT) on functional aspects of platelet concentrates. Transfusion, 45, 911-919.
121. Pickard, C., Herschel, L. & Seery, P. (1998) Visual identification of bacterially contaminated red blood cells [abstract]. Transfusion, 38 (Suppl.), 12S.
122. Picker, S.M., Speer, R. & Gathof, B.S. (2004) Evaluation of processing characteristics of photochemically treated pooled platelets: target requirements for the INTERCEPT Blood System comply with routine use after process optimization. Transfusion Medicine, 14, 217-223.
123. Pietersz, R.N., de Korte, D. & Reesink, H.W. (1989) Storage of whole blood for up to 24 hours at ambient temperature prior to component preparation. Vox Sanguinis, 56, 145-150.
124. Pleasant, H., Marini, J. & Stehling, L. (1994) Evaluation of three skin preps for use prior to phlebotomy (abstract). Transfusion, 34 (Suppl.), 14S.
125. Prentice, M. (1992) Transfusing Yersinia enterocolitica. British Medical Journal, 305, 663-664.
126. Puca, K.E., Boyer, T.C., Grygny, C.-J. & Gottschall, J.L. (2004) A blood center experience using pH paper for detection of bacterial contamination of whole blood-derived platelets. Transfusion, 44 (Suppl.), 51A.
127. Puckett, A., Davison, G., Entwistle, C.C. & Barbara, J.A. (1992) Post transfusion septicaemia 1980-1989: importance of donor arm cleansing. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45, 155-157.
128. Punsalang, A., Heal, J.M. & Murphy, P.J. (1989) Growth of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in platelet concentrates. Transfusion, 29, 596-599.
129. Reik, H. & Rubin, S.J. (1981) Evaluation of the buffy-coat smear for rapid detection of bacteremia. Journal of American Medical Association, 245, 357-359.
130. Rhames, F.S., Root, R.K., MacLowry, J.D., Dadisman, T.A. & Bennett, J.V. (1973) Salmonella septicemia from platelet transfusions. Study of an outbreak traced to a hematogenous carrier of Salmonella cholerae-suis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 78, 633-641.
131. Ribault, S., Faucon, A. & Faure, I. (2004a) Bacterial detection in red blood cell concentrates using scansystem [abstract]. Transfusion, 44, 50A.
132. Ribault, S., Grave, L. & Faucon, A. (2004b) Detection of bacterial growth in contaminated red blood cell concentrates using scansystem [abstract]. Transfusion, 44, 50A.
133. Ribault, S., Harper, K., Grave, L., Lafontaine, C., Nannini, P., Raimondo, A. & Faure, I.B. (2004c) Rapid screening method for the detection of bacteria in platelet concentrates. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 42, 1903-1908.
134. Rock, G., Neurath, D., Toye, B. et al. (2004) The use of a bacteria detection system to evaluate bacterial contamination in PLT concentrates. Transfusion, 44, 337-342.
135. Ruane, P.H., Edrich, R., Gampp, D., Keil, S.D., Leonard, R.L. & Goodrich, R.P. (2004) Photochemical inactivation of selected viruses and bacteria in platelet concentratres using riboflavin and light. Transfusion, 44, 877-885.
136. Sanz, C., Pereira, A. & Vila, J. (1997) Growth of bacteria in platelet concentrates obtained from whole blood stored for 16 hours at 22 degrees C before component preparation. Transfusion, 37, 251-254.
137. Schiffer, C.A., Anderson, K.C. & Bennett, C.L. (2001) Platelet transfusion for patients with cancer: clinical practice guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 19, 1519-1538.
138. Schneider, T., Tunez, V., & Fontaine, O. (2002) Benefits of the pre-donation sampling pouch in order to reduce bacterial contamination of pooled platelets concentrates [abstract]. Vox Sanguinis, 83 (Suppl. 2), 162.
139. Schneider, T., Tunez, V., Vens, T., Defer, C., Fontaine, O., Morel, P., Coste, J. & Huart, J.J. (2003) A comparative study of the scansystem and the BacT/ALERT [abstract]. Transfusion, 43, 9S.
140. Snyder, E.L. & Rinder, H.M. (2003) Platelet storage - time to come in from the cold? The New England Journal of Medicine, 348, 2032-2033.
141. Soeterboek, A.M., Wells, F.H.W. & Marcelis, J.H. (1997) Sterility testing of blood products in 1994/1995 by three cooperating blood banks in The Netherlands. Vox Sanguinis, 72, 61-62.
142. Stainsby, D., Cohen, H., Jones, H., Knowles, S., Milkins, C., Chapman, C. & Gibson, B. (2003) Serious hazards of transfusion (SHOT). SHOT Annual Report, 1-88.
143. Tipple, M.A., Bland, L.A., Murphy, J.J. et al. (2004) Sepsis associated with transfusion of red cells contaminated with Yersinia enterocolitica. Transfusion, 30, 207-213.
144. Vasconcelos, E. (2001) Leucodepletion, bacterial contamination and virus inactivation: a Portuguese blood centre experience. Transfusion Apheresis Science, 25, 215-216.
145. Verax Biomedical, Inc. (2005) Pan genera detection [WWW document]. URL http://www.veraxbiomedical.com (Accessed 18 November 2005).
146. Vi Technologies, Inc. (2005) INACTINE [WWW document]. URL http://www.vitechnologies.com/ (Accessed 18 November 2005).
147. Vostal, J.G. & Mondoro, T.H. (1997) Liquid storage of platelets: a revitalized possible alternative for limiting bacterial contamination of platelet products. Transfusion Medicine Reviews, 11, 286-295.
148. Wagner, S. (1997) Transfusion related bacterial sepsis. Current Opinion in Hematology, 4, 464-469.
149. Wagner, S.J. & Robinette, D. (1996) Evaluation of swirling, pH, and glucose tests for the detection of bacterial contamination in platelet concentrates. Transfusion, 36, 989-993.
150. Wagner, S.J., Moroff, G., Katz, A.J. & Friedman, L.I. (1995a) Comparison of bacterial growth in single and pooled platelet concentrates after deliberate inoculation and storage. Transfusion, 35, 298-302.
151. Wagner, S.J., Robinette, D. & Nazario, M. (1995b) Bacteria levels in components prepared from deliberately inoculated whole blood held for 8 or 24 hours at 20 to 24 degrees C. Transfusion, 35, 911-916.
152. Wendel, S., Fontao-Wendel, R., Germano, S., Morato, L.E., Lazar, A. & Sakashita, A. (2000) Screening of bacterial contamination in a routine scale for blood component production in a Brazilian blood bank [abstract]. Vox Sanguinis, 78 (Suppl.), P376.
153. Wenz, B., Ciavarella, D. & Freundlich, L. (1993) Effect of prestorage white cell reduction on bacterial growth in platelet concentrates. Transfusion, 33, 520-523.
154. Werch, J.B., Mhawech, P., Stager, C.E., Banez, E.I. & Lichtiger, B. (2002) Detecting bacteria in platelet concentrates by use of reagent strips. Transfusion, 42, 1027-1031.
155. Wong, P.Y., Colville, V. & White, V.L. (2004) Appraisal of a proprietary preparation for pre-donation donor arm disinfection [abstract]. Transfusion, 44, 50A.
156. Yomtovian, R. (1993) A prospective microbiologic surveillance program to detect and prevent the transfusion of bacterially contaminated platelets. Transfusion, 33, 902-909.
157. Yu, J.C., Chong, C., Cortus, M.A., Le, C. & Holme, S. (2004) Bacteria growth in leukoreduced AS-3 red cell concentrates (RCC) a and detection with PALL eBDS. Transfusion, 44 (Suppl.) 45A.