Valley formation and methane precipitation rates on Titan

Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets

Volumn 111, Issue 11, 2006, Pages

  Perron, J Taylor ^a   Lamb, Michael P ^a   Koven, Charles D ^b   Fung, Inez Y ^a   Yager, Elowyn ^a   Ádámkovics, Máté ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DRAINAGE BASIN; EROSION; METHANE; OPEN CHANNEL FLOW; PRECIPITATION (CHEMISTRY); RUNOFF; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; TITAN; VALLEY;

EID: 33751095807     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2005JE002602     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Andrews, E. D. (1983), Entrainment of gravel from naturally sorted river bed material, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 94, 1225-1231.
2. Ashida, K., and M. Bayazit (1973), Initiation of motion and roughness of flows in steep channels, paper presented at 15th IAHR Congress, Int. Assoc. of Hydraul. Eng., Istanbul, Turkey.
3. Awal, M., and J. I. Lunine (1994), Moist convective clouds in Titan's atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21(23), 2491-2494.
4. Baker, V R., and D. F. Ritter (1975), Competence of rivers to transport coarse bedload material, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 86, 975-978. Barth, E. L., and O. B. Toon (2004), Properties of methane clouds on Titan: Results from microphysical modeling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L17SO7, doi:10.1029/2004GL019825.
5. Barth, E. L., and O. B. Toon (2006), Methane, ethane, and mixed clouds in Titan's atmosphere: Properties derived from microphysical modeling, Icarus, 182, 230-250.
6. Bathurst, J. C. (1985), Flow resistance estimation in mountain rivers, J Hydraul. Eng., 111, 625-643.
7. Beard, K. V, and H. R. Pruppacher (1971), A wind tunnel investigation of the rate of evaporation of small water drops falling at terminal velocity in air, J Atmos. Sci., 28, 1455-1464.
8. Beven, K. J. (2000), Rainfall-Runoff Modelling, 360 pp., John Wiley, Hoboken, N. J.
9. Bouchez, A. H., and M. E. Brown (2005), Statistics of Titan's south polar tropospheric clouds, Astrophys. J., 618, L53-L56.
10. Brown, M. E., A. H. Bouchez, and C. A. Griffith (2002), Direct detection of variable tropospheric clouds near Titan's south pole, Nature, 420, 795-797.
11. Brutsaert, W. (2005), Hydrology: An Introduction, 605 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
12. Buffington, J. M., and D. R. Montgomery (1997), A systematic analysis of eight decades of incipient motion studies, with special reference to gravel-bedded rivers, Water Resour Res., 33(8), 1993 -2030.
13. Burr, D. M., J. P. Emery, R. D. Lorenz, G. C. Collins, and P. A. Carling (2006), Sediment transport by liquid surficial flow: Application to Titan, Icarus, 181, 235-242.
14. Carr, M. H. (1974), The role of lava erosion in the formation of Lunar rilles and Martian channels, Icarus, 22, 1-23.
15. Chiew, Y. M., and G. Parker (1994), Incipient sediment motion on non-horizontal slopes, J. Hydraul. Res., 32, 649-660.
16. Collins, G. C. (2005), Relative rates of fluvial bedrock incision on Titan and Earth, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L22202, doi:10.1029/ 2005GL024551.
17. Courtin, R., D. Gautier, and C. P. McKay (1995), Titan's thermal emission spectrum: Reanalysis of the Voyager infrared measurements, Icarus, 114, 114-162.
18. Craddock, R. A., and A. D. Howard (2002), The case for rainfall on a warm, wet early Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 107(E11), 5111, doi:10.1029/2001JE001505.
19. Cuda, V., and R. L. Ash (1984), Development of a uniaxial ice tensile specimen for low temperature testing, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 9, 47-52.
20. Dietrich, W. E., and T. Dunne (1993), The channel head, in Channel Network Hydrology, edited by K. Beven and M. J. Kirkby, pp. 175-219, John Wiley, Hoboken, N. J.
21. Dietrich, W. E., D. Bellugi, A. M. Heimsath, J. J. Roering, L. Sklar, and J. D. Stock (2003), Geomorphic transport laws for predicting the form and evolution of landscapes, in Prediction in Geomorphology, Geophys. Monogr Ser., vol. 135, edited by P. R. Wilcock and R. M. Iverson, pp. 103-132, AGU, Washington, D. C.
22. Dunne, T. (1978), Field studies of hillslope flow processes, in Hillslope Hydrology, edited by M. J. Kirkby, pp. 227-294, John Wiley, Hoboken,N. J.
23. Dunne, T. (1990), Hydrology, mechanics, and geomorphic implications of erosion by subsurface flow, in Groundwater Geomorphology: The Role of Subsurface Water in Earth-Surface Processes and Landforms, edited by C. G. Higgins and D. R. Coates, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 252, 1-28.
24. 2O ice at high pressure and low temperature: Preliminary results, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 377-392.
25. Elachi, C., et al. (2005), Cassini Radar views the surface of Titan, Science, 308, 970-974.
26. Elachi, C., et al. (2006), Cassini Radar's third and fourth looks at Titan, Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf., XXXVII, abstract 1252.
27. 2O), Icarus, 162, 59-73.
28. Fulchignoni, M., et al. (2005), In situ measurements of the physical characteristics of Titan's environment, Nature, 438, 785-791.
29. Gibbard, S. G., B. Macintosh, D. Gavel, C. E. Max, I. de Pater, A. M. Ghez, E. F. Young, and C. P. McKay (1999), Titan: High-resolution speckle images from the Keck Telescope, Icarus, 139, 189-201.
30. Gilbert, G. K. (1907), The rate of recession of Niagara Falls, U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull., 306, 25.
31. Goodman, R. E. (1989), Introduction to Rock Mechanics, John Wiley, Hoboken, N. J.
32. Griffith, C. A., T. Owen, and R. Wagener (1991), Titan's surface and troposphere, investigated with ground-based, near-infrared observations, Icarus, 93, 362-378.
33. Griffith, C. A., T. Owen, G. A. Miller, and T. Geballe (1998), Transient clouds in Titan's lower atmosphere, Nature, 395, 575-578.
34. Griffith, C. A., J. L. Hall, and T. R. Geballe (2000), Detection of daily clouds on Titan, Science, 290, 509-513.
35. Griffith, C. A., T. Owen, T. Geballe, J. Rayner, and P. Rannou (2003), Evidence for the exposure of water ice on Titan's surface, Science, 300, 628-630.
36. Griffith, C. A., et al. (2005), The evolution of Titan's mid-latitude clouds, Science, 310, 474-477.
37. Griffiths, R. W. (2000), The dynamics of lava flows, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 32, 477-518.
38. Hey, R. D. (1983), Flow resistance in gravel-bed rivers, J. Hydraul. Eng., 105, 365-379.
39. Holland, W. N., and G. Pickup (1976), Flume study of knickpoint development in stratified sediment, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 87, 76-82.
40. Horton, R. E. (1945), Erosional development of streams and their drainage basins: Hydrophysical approach to quantitative geomorphology, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 56, 275-370.
41. Howard, A. D., and C. F. McLane (1988), Erosion of cohesionless sediment by groundwater seepage, Water Resour Res., 24(10), 1659-1674.
42. Howard, A. D., W. E. Dietrich, and M. A. Seidl (1994), Modeling fluvial erosion on regional and continental scales, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 13,971-13,986.
43. Hulme, G. (1974), The interpretation of lava flow morphology, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 39, 361-383.
44. Irwin, R. P., R. A. Craddock, and A. D. Howard (2005), Interior channels in Martian valley networks: Discharge and runoff production, Geology, 33(6), 489-492.
45. Kirchner, J. W., W. E. Dietrich, F. Iseya, and H. Ikeda (1990), The variability of critical shear stress, friction angle, and grain protrusion in water-worked sediments, Sedimentology, 37, 647-672.
46. Knighton, D. (1998), Fluvial Forms and Processes, 400 pp., Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
47. Komar, P. D., and P. A. Carling (1991), Grain sorting in gravel-bed streams and the choice of particle sizes for flow-competence evaluations, Sedimentology, 38, 489-502.
48. Kouvaris, L. C., and F. M. Flasar (1991), Phase equilibrium of methane and nitrogen at low temperatures - Application to Titan, Icarus, 91, 112-124.
49. Laity, J. E., and M. C. Malin (1985), Sapping processes and the development of theatre-headed valley networks on the Colorado Plateau, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 96, 203-217.
50. Lamb, M. P., A. Howard, J. Johnson, K. Whipple, W. E. Dietrich, and T. Perron (2006), Can springs cut canyons into rock?, J. Geophys. Res., 111, E07002, doi:10.1029/2005JE002663.
51. Lara, L. M., E. Lellouch, J. J. López-Moreno, and R. Rodrigo (1996), Vertical distribution of Titan's atmospheric neutral constituents, J. Geophys. Res., 101; 23,261-23,283.
52. Lemmon, M., R. Lorenz, P. Smith, and J. Caldwell (2004), HST observations of Titan, 1994-1997: New surface albedo maps and detection of large-scale, sub-tropical cloud activity, Geophys. Res. Abstr., 6, 05783.
53. Lenzi, M. A. (2004), Displacement and transport of marked pebbles, cobbles and boulders during floods in a steep mountain stream, Hydrol. Proc., 18, 1899-1914.
54. Lenzi, M. A., V. D'Agostino, and P. Billi (1999), Bedload transport in the instrumented catchment of the Rio Cordon: Part I. Analysis of bedload records, conditions and threshold of bedload entrainment, Catena, 36, 171-190.
55. Lorenz, R. D. (1993), The life, death and afterlife of a raindrop on Titan, Planet. Space Sci., 31, 647-655.
56. Lorenz, R. D. (2000), The weather on Titan, Science, 290, 467-468.
57. Lorenz, R. D., and J. I. Lunine (1996), Erosion on Titan: Past and present, Icarus, 122, 79-91.
58. Lorenz, R. D., and J. I. Lunine (1997), Titan's surface reviewed: The nature of bright and dark terrain, Planet. Space Sci., 45, 981-992.
59. Lorenz, R. D., and J. I. Lunine (2005), Titan's surface before Cassini, Planet. Space Sci., 53, 557-576.
60. Lorenz, R. D., C. A. Griffith, J. I. Lunine, C. P. McKay, and N. O. Rennò (2005), Convective plumes and the scarcity of Titan's clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L01201, doi:10.1029/2004GLO21415.
61. Lorenz, R. D., et al. (2006), Radar imaging of giant longitudinal dunes: Namib Desert (Earth) and the Belet Sand Sea (Titan), Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf, XXXVII, abstract 1249.
62. Lunine, J. I., and D. J. Stevenson (1985), Evolution of Titan's coupled ocean-atmosphere system and interaction of ocean with bedrock, in Ices in the Solar System, edited by J. Klingeret al. pp. 741-757, Springer, New York.
63. Mars Channel Working Group (1983), Channels and valleys on Mars, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 94, 1035-1054.
64. Marston, R. A. (1983), Supraglacial stream dynamics on the Juneau Ice-field, Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr., 73, 597-608.
65. Mayo, L. A., and R. E. Samuelson (2005), Condensate clouds in Titan's north polar stratosphere, Icarus, 176, 316-330.
66. McKay, C. P., J. B. Pollack, and R. Courtin (1991), The greenhouse and anti-greenhouse effect on Titan, Science, 253, 1118-1121.
67. Mizuyama, T. (1977), Bedload transport in steep channels, Ph.D. thesis, Kyoto Univ., Kyoto, Japan.
68. Nash, D. J. (1996), Groundwater sapping and valley development in the Hackness hills, north Yorkshire, England, Earth Surf Processes Landforms, 21, 781-795.
69. Niemann, H. B., et al. (2005), The abundances of constituents of Titan's atmosphere from the GCMS instrument on the Huygens probe, Nature, 438, 779-784.
70. Olson, W. S., C. D. Kummerow, G. M. Heymsfield, and L. Giglio (1996), A method for combined passive-active microwave retrievals of cloud and precipitation profiles, J. Appl. Meteorol., 35, 1763-1789.
71. Owen, T. (2005), Huygens rediscovers Titan, Nature, 438, 756-757.
72. Parker, G., P. C. Klingeman, and D. G. McLean (1982), Bedload and size distribution in paved gravel-bed streams, J. Hydraul. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 108, 544-571.
73. Perron, J. T., and I. de Pater (2004), Dynamics of an ice continent on Titan, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L17S04, doi:10.1029/2004GL019802.
74. Pieri, D. (1976), Distribution of small channels on the Martian surface, Icarus, 27, 25-50.
75. Porco, C. C., et al. (2005), Imaging of Titan from the Cassini spacecraft, Nature, 434, 159-168.
76. Pruppacher, H. R., and R. Rasmussen (1979), A wind tunnel investigation of the rate of evaporation of large water drops falling at terminal velocity in air, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1255-1260.
77. Rest, R. J., R. G. Scurlock, and M. F. Wu (1990), The solubilities of nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, aliphatic ethers and alcohols, and water in cryogenic liquids, Chem. Eng. J, 43, 25-31.
78. Rickenmann, D. (1997), Sediment transport in Swiss torrents, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 22, 937-951.
79. Roe, H. G., I. de Pater, B. A. Macintosh, and C. P. McKay (2002), Titan's clouds from Gemini and Keck adaptive optics imaging, Astrophys. J, 581, 1399-1406.
80. Roe, H. G., A. H. Bouchez, C. A. Trujillo, E. L. Schaller, and M. E. Brown (2005a), Discovery of temperate latitude clouds on Titan, Astrophys. J., 618, L49-L52.
81. Roe, H. G., M. E. Brown, E. L. Schaller, A. H. Bouchez, and C. A. Trujillo (2005b), Geographic control of Titan's mid-latitude clouds, Science, 310, 477-479.
82. Samuelson, R. E., N. R. Nath, and A. Borysow (1997), Gaseous abundances and methane supersaturation in Titan's troposphere, Planet. Space Sci., 45, 959-980.
83. Schaller, E. L., M. E. Brown, H. G. Roe, and A. H. Bouchez (2006), A large cloud outburst at Titan's south pole, Icarus, 182, 224-229.
84. Schubert, G. S., T. Spohn, and R. T. Reynolds (1986), Thermal histories, compositions and internal structures of the moons of the solar system, in Satellites, edited by J. A. Burns and M. S. Matthews, pp. 224-292, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson.
85. Segura, T. L., O. B. Toon, A. Colaprete, and K. Zahnle (2002), Environmental effects of large impacts on Mars, Science, 298, 1977-1980.
86. Shields, A. (1936), Anwendung der Aehnlichkeitsmechanik und der Turbulenzforschung auf die Geschiebebewegung, Rep. 26, 26 pp., Mitteil Preuss Versuchsanst. Wasserbau Schiffbau, Berlin. (Engl. transl. by W. P. Ott and J. C. van Uchelen, Rep. 167, 43 pp., Calif. Inst. of Technol., Pasadena.)
87. Shvidchenko, A. B., and G. Pender (2000), Flume study of the effect of relative depth on the incipient motion of coarse uniform sediments, Water Resour. Res., 36(2), 619-628.
88. Smith, P. H., M. T. Lemmon, R. D. Lorenz, L. A. Sromovsky, J. J. Caldwell, and M. D. Allison (1996), Titan's surface, revealed by HST imaging, Icarus, 119, 336-349.
89. Sotin, C., et al. (2005), Release of volatiles from a possible cryovolcano from near-infrared imaging of Titan, Nature, 435, 786-789.
90. Strobel, D. F. (1982), Chemistry and evolution of Titan's atmosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 30, 839-848.
91. Summerfield, M. A. (1991), Global Geomorphology, 537 pp., PrenticeHall, Upper Saddle River, N. J.
92. Swanson, D. A. (1973), Pahoehoe flows from the 1969-1971 Mauna Ulu eruption, Kilaeuea volcano, Hawaii, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 84, 615-626.
93. Tobie, G., J. I. Lunine, and C. Sotin (2006), Episodic outgassing as the origin of atmospheric methane on Titan, Nature, 440, 61-64.
94. Tokano, T., G. J. Molina-Cuberos, H. Lammer, and W. Stumptner (2001 a), Modelling of thunderclouds and lightning generation on Titan, Planet. Space Sci., 49, 539-560. Tokano, T., F. M. Neubauer, M. Laube, and C. P. McKay (2001b), Three-dimensional modeling of the tropospheric methane cycle on Titan, Icarus, 153, 130-147.
95. Tomasko, M. G., et al. (2005), Rain, winds and haze during the Huygens probe's descent to Titan's surface, Nature, 438, 765-778.
96. Toon, O. B., C. P. McKay, R. Courtin, and T. P. Ackerman (1988), Methane rain on Titan, Icarus, 75, 255-284.
97. Wallace, J. M., and P. V. Hobbs (1977), Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey, Elsevier, New York.
98. West, R. A., M. E. Brown, S. V. Salinas, A. H. Bouchez, and H. G. Roe (2005), No oceans on Titan from the absence of a near-infrared specular reflection, Nature, 436, 670-672.
99. Whipple, K. X. (2004), Bedrock rivers and the geomorphology of active orogens, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 32, 151-185.
100. Whipple, K. X., G. S. Hancock, and R. S. Anderson (2000), River incision into bedrock: Mechanics and relative efficacy of plucking, abrasion, and cavitation, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 112, 490-503.
101. Wilcock, P. R. (1992), Flow competence: A criticism of a classic concept, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 17, 289-298.
102. World Meteorological Organization (1994), Guide to hydrologic practices, WMO 168, Geneva.
103. Yager, E., B. W. McArdell, W. E. Dietrich, and J. W. Kirchner (2005), Measurements of flow and sediment transport in a steep, rough stream, paper presented at General Assembly, Eur. Geosci. Union, Vienna.
104. Zamecki, J. C., et al. (2005), A soft solid surface on Titan as revealed by the Huygens Surface Science Package, Nature, 438, 792-795.