메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 35, Issue 10, 1996, Pages 1763-1789

A method for combined passive-active microwave retrievals of cloud and precipitation profiles

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMPR; CAMEX; CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; PRECIPITATION; TRMM; VERTICAL STRUCTURE;

EID: 0030390640     PISSN: 08948763     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035<1763:AMFCPM>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (132)

References (62)
  • 1
    • 0026287155 scopus 로고
    • Microwave simulations of a tropical rainfall system with a three-dimensional cloud model
    • Adler, R. F., H.-Y. M. Yeh, N. Prasad. W.-K. Tao, and J. Simpson, 1991: Microwave simulations of a tropical rainfall system with a three-dimensional cloud model. J. Appl. Meteor., 30, 924-953.
    • (1991) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.30 , pp. 924-953
    • Adler, R.F.1    Yeh, H.-Y.M.2    Prasad, N.3    Tao, W.-K.4    Simpson, J.5
  • 2
    • 0021543948 scopus 로고
    • The environment of fast- and slow-moving tropical mesoscale convective cloud lines
    • Barnes, G. M., and K. Sieckman, 1984: The environment of fast- and slow-moving tropical mesoscale convective cloud lines. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1782-1794.
    • (1984) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.112 , pp. 1782-1794
    • Barnes, G.M.1    Sieckman, K.2
  • 3
    • 0343382259 scopus 로고
    • NASA ER-2 Doppler Radar reflectivity calibration for the CAMEX project
    • Available from NASA Center for Aerospace Information, 800 Elkridge Landing Road, Linthicum Heights, MD 21090-2934
    • Caylor. I. J., G. M. Heymsfield, S. W. Bidwell, and S. Ameen, 1994: NASA ER-2 Doppler Radar reflectivity calibration for the CAMEX project. NASA Tech. Memo. 104611, 15 pp. [Available from NASA Center for Aerospace Information, 800 Elkridge Landing Road, Linthicum Heights, MD 21090-2934.]
    • (1994) NASA Tech. Memo. 104611
    • Caylor, I.J.1    Heymsfield, G.M.2    Bidwell, S.W.3    Ameen, S.4
  • 4
    • 0021641206 scopus 로고
    • Development and structure of winter monsoon cloud clusters on 10 December 1978
    • Churchill, D. D., and R. A. Houze Jr., 1984: Development and structure of winter monsoon cloud clusters on 10 December 1978. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 933-960.
    • (1984) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.41 , pp. 933-960
    • Churchill, D.D.1    Houze Jr., R.A.2
  • 5
    • 0022264251 scopus 로고
    • Linear response of a stratified tropical atmosphere to convective forcing
    • DeMaria, M., 1985: Linear response of a stratified tropical atmosphere to convective forcing. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1944-1959.
    • (1985) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.42 , pp. 1944-1959
    • DeMaria, M.1
  • 7
    • 0028794089 scopus 로고
    • A Bayesian approach to microwave precipitation profile retrieval
    • Evans, K. F., J. Turk, T. Wong, and G. L. Stephens, 1995: A Bayesian approach to microwave precipitation profile retrieval. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 260-278.
    • (1995) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.34 , pp. 260-278
    • Evans, K.F.1    Turk, J.2    Wong, T.3    Stephens, G.L.4
  • 8
    • 0024920002 scopus 로고
    • Inversion of cloudy satellite sounding radiances by nonlinear optimal estimation. Part I: Theory and simulation for TOVS
    • Eyre, J. R., 1989: Inversion of cloudy satellite sounding radiances by nonlinear optimal estimation. Part I: Theory and simulation for TOVS. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 115, 1001-1026.
    • (1989) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.115 , pp. 1001-1026
    • Eyre, J.R.1
  • 9
    • 0028599606 scopus 로고
    • A double-moment multiple-phase four-class bulk ice scheme. Part I: Description
    • Ferner, B. S., 1994: A double-moment multiple-phase four-class bulk ice scheme. Part I: Description. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 249-280.
    • (1994) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.51 , pp. 249-280
    • Ferner, B.S.1
  • 10
    • 0027277354 scopus 로고
    • Optimal estimation of rain rate profiles from radar returns at attenuating wavelengths
    • Norman, OK, Amer. Meteor. Soc.
    • Haddad, Z. S., and E. Im, 1993: Optimal estimation of rain rate profiles from radar returns at attenuating wavelengths. Proc. 26th Int. Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Norman, OK, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 699-701.
    • (1993) Proc. 26th Int. Conf. on Radar Meteorology , pp. 699-701
    • Haddad, Z.S.1    Im, E.2
  • 11
    • 0009936794 scopus 로고
    • Ground based remote sensing of LWC in cloud and rainfall by a combined dual wavelength radar-radiometer system
    • Hai, L., M. Xin, and C. Wei, 1985: Ground based remote sensing of LWC in cloud and rainfall by a combined dual wavelength radar-radiometer system. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 2, 93-103.
    • (1985) Adv. Atmos. Sci. , vol.2 , pp. 93-103
    • Hai, L.1    Xin, M.2    Wei, C.3
  • 12
    • 0021174331 scopus 로고
    • Some implications of the mesoscale circulations in tropical cloud clusters of large-scale dynamics and climate
    • Hartmann, D. L., H. H. Hendon, and R. A. Houze Jr., 1984: Some implications of the mesoscale circulations in tropical cloud clusters of large-scale dynamics and climate. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 113-121.
    • (1984) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.41 , pp. 113-121
    • Hartmann, D.L.1    Hendon, H.H.2    Houze Jr., R.A.3
  • 14
    • 0030390578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure of Florida thunderstorms using high-altitude aircraft radiometer and radar observations
    • _, I. J. Caylor, J. M. Shepherd, W. S. Olson, S. W. Bidwell, W. C. Boncyk, and S. Ameen, 1996: Structure of Florida thunderstorms using high-altitude aircraft radiometer and radar observations. J. Appl. Meteor., 35, 1736-1762.
    • (1996) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.35 , pp. 1736-1762
    • Caylor, I.J.1    Shepherd, J.M.2    Olson, W.S.3    Bidwell, S.W.4    Boncyk, W.C.5    Ameen, S.6
  • 15
    • 0001982588 scopus 로고
    • Errors inherent in the radar measurement of rainfall at attenuating wavelengths
    • Hitschfield, W., and J. Bordan, 1954: Errors inherent in the radar measurement of rainfall at attenuating wavelengths. J. Meteor., 11, 58-67.
    • (1954) J. Meteor. , vol.11 , pp. 58-67
    • Hitschfield, W.1    Bordan, J.2
  • 16
    • 0021641033 scopus 로고
    • Mesoscale and convective-scale characteristics of mature hurricanes. Part I: General observations by research aircraft
    • Jorgensen, D. P., 1984: Mesoscale and convective-scale characteristics of mature hurricanes. Part I: General observations by research aircraft. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1268-1285.
    • (1984) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.41 , pp. 1268-1285
    • Jorgensen, D.P.1
  • 17
    • 0005708319 scopus 로고
    • A TOGA/ COARE squall line seen by multiple airborne Doppler radars
    • Portland, OR, Amer. Meteor. Soc.
    • _, T. J. Matejka, D. Johnson, and M. A. LeMone, 1994: A TOGA/ COARE squall line seen by multiple airborne Doppler radars. Proc. Sixth Conf. on Mesoscale Processes, Portland, OR, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 25-28.
    • (1994) Proc. Sixth Conf. on Mesoscale Processes , pp. 25-28
    • Matejka, T.J.1    Johnson, D.2    Lemone, M.A.3
  • 18
    • 0002387443 scopus 로고
    • Structure and momentum fluxes within a TOGA/COARE squall line system observed by airborne Doppler radar
    • Miami, FL, Amer. Meteor. Soc.
    • _, _, and _, 1995: Structure and momentum fluxes within a TOGA/COARE squall line system observed by airborne Doppler radar. Proc. 21st Conf. on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Miami, FL, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 579-581.
    • (1995) Proc. 21st Conf. on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology , pp. 579-581
  • 19
  • 20
    • 0026220560 scopus 로고
    • Dual-parameter radar rainfall measurement from space: A test result from an aircraft experiment
    • Kozu, T., K. Nakamura, R. Meneghini, and W. C. Boncyk, 1991: Dual-parameter radar rainfall measurement from space: A test result from an aircraft experiment. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 29, 690-703.
    • (1991) IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , vol.29 , pp. 690-703
    • Kozu, T.1    Nakamura, K.2    Meneghini, R.3    Boncyk, W.C.4
  • 21
    • 0027191593 scopus 로고
    • Combined analysis of airborne single-frequency radar and multi-frequency radiometer observations in the TRMM-1 experiment
    • Norman, OK, Amer. Meteor. Soc.
    • Kumagai, H., R. Meneghini, and J. R. Wang, 1993: Combined analysis of airborne single-frequency radar and multi-frequency radiometer observations in the TRMM-1 experiment. Proc. 26th Int. Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Norman, OK, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 696-698.
    • (1993) Proc. 26th Int. Conf. on Radar Meteorology , pp. 696-698
    • Kumagai, H.1    Meneghini, R.2    Wang, J.R.3
  • 22
    • 0028254927 scopus 로고
    • A passive microwave technique for estimating rainfall and vertical structure information from space. Part I: Algorithm description
    • Kummerow, C., and L. Giglio, 1994: A passive microwave technique for estimating rainfall and vertical structure information from space. Part I: Algorithm description. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 3-18.
    • (1994) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.33 , pp. 3-18
    • Kummerow, C.1    Giglio, L.2
  • 23
    • 0024923936 scopus 로고
    • A self-consistency approach to improve microwave rainfall estimates from space
    • _, R. A. Mack, and I. M. Hakkarinen, 1989: A self-consistency approach to improve microwave rainfall estimates from space. J. Appl. Meteor., 28, 869-884.
    • (1989) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.28 , pp. 869-884
    • Mack, R.A.1    Hakkarinen, I.M.2
  • 24
    • 0030242045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simplified scheme for obtaining precipitation and vertical hydrometeor profiles from passive microwave sensors
    • _, W. S. Olson, and L. Giglio, 1996: A simplified scheme for obtaining precipitation and vertical hydrometeor profiles from passive microwave sensors. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., in press.
    • (1996) IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., in Press
    • Olson, W.S.1    Giglio, L.2
  • 25
    • 0000387285 scopus 로고
    • Origin of the low-frequency (intraseasonal) oscillation in the tropical atmosphere
    • Lau, K.-M., and L. Peng, 1987: Origin of the low-frequency (intraseasonal) oscillation in the tropical atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 950-972.
    • (1987) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.44 , pp. 950-972
    • Lau, K.-M.1    Peng, L.2
  • 26
    • 0018704635 scopus 로고
    • The structure and evolution of convection in a tropical cloud cluster
    • Leary, C. A., and R. A. Houze Jr., 1979a: The structure and evolution of convection in a tropical cloud cluster. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 437-457.
    • (1979) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.36 , pp. 437-457
    • Leary, C.A.1    Houze Jr., R.A.2
  • 27
    • 0018721467 scopus 로고
    • Melting and evaporation of hydrometeors in precipitation from the anvil clouds of deep tropical convection
    • _, and _, 1979b: Melting and evaporation of hydrometeors in precipitation from the anvil clouds of deep tropical convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 669-679.
    • (1979) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.36 , pp. 669-679
  • 28
    • 0022131691 scopus 로고
    • An updated model for millimeter wave propagation in moist air
    • Liebe, H. J., 1985: An updated model for millimeter wave propagation in moist air. Radio Sci., 20, 1069-1089.
    • (1985) Radio Sci. , vol.20 , pp. 1069-1089
    • Liebe, H.J.1
  • 29
    • 0020968202 scopus 로고
    • Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model
    • Lin, Y.-L., R. D. Farley, and H. D. Orville, 1983: Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 1065-1092.
    • (1983) J. Climate Appl. Meteor. , vol.22 , pp. 1065-1092
    • Lin, Y.-L.1    Farley, R.D.2    Orville, H.D.3
  • 30
    • 84975888044 scopus 로고
    • Analysis methods for numerical weather prediction
    • Lorenc, A. C., 1986: Analysis methods for numerical weather prediction. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 1177-1194.
    • (1986) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.112 , pp. 1177-1194
    • Lorenc, A.C.1
  • 31
    • 0001256212 scopus 로고
    • The distribution of raindrops with size
    • Marshall, J. S., and W. M. Palmer, 1948: The distribution of raindrops with size. J. Meteor., 5, 165-166.
    • (1948) J. Meteor. , vol.5 , pp. 165-166
    • Marshall, J.S.1    Palmer, W.M.2
  • 32
    • 0026186382 scopus 로고
    • Improved range-profiling algorithm of rainfall rate from a spaceborne radar with path-integrated attenuation constraint
    • Marzoug, M., and P. Amayenc, 1991: Improved range-profiling algorithm of rainfall rate from a spaceborne radar with path-integrated attenuation constraint. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 29, 584-592.
    • (1991) IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , vol.29 , pp. 584-592
    • Marzoug, M.1    Amayenc, P.2
  • 33
    • 0017973226 scopus 로고
    • Rain-rate estimates for an attenuating radar
    • Meneghini, R., 1978: Rain-rate estimates for an attenuating radar. Radio Sci., 13, 459-470.
    • (1978) Radio Sci. , vol.13 , pp. 459-470
    • Meneghini, R.1
  • 34
    • 0025573139 scopus 로고
    • Range profiling of the rain rate by an airborne weather radar
    • _, and K. Nakamura, 1990: Range profiling of the rain rate by an airborne weather radar. Remote Sens. Environ., 31, 193-209.
    • (1990) Remote Sens. Environ. , vol.31 , pp. 193-209
    • Nakamura, K.1
  • 35
    • 0020633471 scopus 로고
    • Determination of rain rate from a space-borne radar using measurements of total attenuation
    • _, J. Eckerman, and D. Atlas, 1983: Determination of rain rate from a space-borne radar using measurements of total attenuation. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 21, 34-43.
    • (1983) IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , vol.21 , pp. 34-43
    • Eckerman, J.1    Atlas, D.2
  • 36
    • 0028750145 scopus 로고
    • Description of a radar/radiometer method and its application to airborne measurements over stratiform rain
    • Pasadena, CA, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
    • _, J. R. Wang, H. Kumagai, and T. Iguchi, 1994: Description of a radar/radiometer method and its application to airborne measurements over stratiform rain. Proc. IGARSS-'94, Pasadena, CA, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society, 1773-1775.
    • (1994) Proc. IGARSS-'94 , pp. 1773-1775
    • Wang, J.R.1    Kumagai, H.2    Iguchi, T.3
  • 37
    • 0027505189 scopus 로고
    • Foundations for physical-statistical precipitation retrieval from passive microwave satellite measurements. Part II: Emission source and generalized weighting function properties of a time dependent cloud-radiation model
    • Mugnai, A., E. A. Smith, and G. J. Tripoli, 1993: Foundations for physical-statistical precipitation retrieval from passive microwave satellite measurements. Part II: Emission source and generalized weighting function properties of a time dependent cloud-radiation model. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 17-39.
    • (1993) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.32 , pp. 17-39
    • Mugnai, A.1    Smith, E.A.2    Tripoli, G.J.3
  • 38
    • 0018728906 scopus 로고
    • On the formation of organized convection in the eastern Atlantic
    • Ogura, Y., Y.-L. Chen, J. Russell, and S.-T. Soong, 1979: On the formation of organized convection in the eastern Atlantic. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107,426-441.
    • (1979) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.107 , pp. 426-441
    • Ogura, Y.1    Chen, Y.-L.2    Russell, J.3    Soong, S.-T.4
  • 39
    • 0024525407 scopus 로고
    • Physical retrieval of rainfall rates over the ocean by multispectral microwave radiometry: Application to tropical cyclones
    • Olson, W. S., 1989: Physical retrieval of rainfall rates over the ocean by multispectral microwave radiometry: Application to tropical cyclones. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 2267-2280.
    • (1989) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.94 , pp. 2267-2280
    • Olson, W.S.1
  • 40
    • 0004341157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulated retrieval of precipitation profiles from TRMM Microwave Imager and Precipitation Radar data
    • Atlanta, GA
    • _, and C. D. Kummerow, 1996: Simulated retrieval of precipitation profiles from TRMM Microwave Imager and Precipitation Radar data. Proc. Eighth Conf. on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography, Atlanta, GA, 248-251.
    • (1996) Proc. Eighth Conf. on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography , pp. 248-251
    • Kummerow, C.D.1
  • 42
    • 0021505988 scopus 로고
    • The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude clouds. Part XII: A diagnostic modeling study of precipitation development in narrow cold frontal rainbands
    • Rutledge, S. A., and P. V. Hobbs, 1984: The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude clouds. Part XII: A diagnostic modeling study of precipitation development in narrow cold frontal rainbands. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 2949-2972.
    • (1984) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.41 , pp. 2949-2972
    • Rutledge, S.A.1    Hobbs, P.V.2
  • 44
    • 0000050289 scopus 로고
    • A proposed Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite
    • Simpson, J., R. F. Adler, and G. R. North, 1988: A proposed Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 69, 278-295.
    • (1988) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.69 , pp. 278-295
    • Simpson, J.1    Adler, R.F.2    North, G.R.3
  • 45
    • 21844510004 scopus 로고
    • Design of an inversion-based precipitation profile retrieval algorithm using an explicit cloud model for initial guess microphysics. Meteor
    • Smith, E. A., X. Xiang, A. Mugnai, and G. J. Tripoli, 1994a: Design of an inversion-based precipitation profile retrieval algorithm using an explicit cloud model for initial guess microphysics. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 54, 53-78.
    • (1994) Atmos. Phys. , vol.54 , pp. 53-78
    • Smith, E.A.1    Xiang, X.2    Mugnai, A.3    Tripoli, G.J.4
  • 46
    • 0028573151 scopus 로고
    • Behavior of an inversion-based precipitation retrieval algorithm with high-resolution AMPR measurements including a low-frequency 10.7-GHz channel
    • _, _, _, R. E. Hood, and R. W. Spencer, 1994b: Behavior of an inversion-based precipitation retrieval algorithm with high-resolution AMPR measurements including a low-frequency 10.7-GHz channel. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 858-873.
    • (1994) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.11 , pp. 858-873
    • Hood, R.E.1    Spencer, R.W.2
  • 47
    • 0020918558 scopus 로고
    • A simple positive definite advection scheme with small implicit diffusion
    • Smolarkiewicz, P. K., 1983: A simple positive definite advection scheme with small implicit diffusion. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 479-486.
    • (1983) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.111 , pp. 479-486
    • Smolarkiewicz, P.K.1
  • 48
    • 0001097416 scopus 로고
    • A fully multidimensional positive definite advection transport algorithm with small implicit diffusion
    • _, 1984: A fully multidimensional positive definite advection transport algorithm with small implicit diffusion. J. Comput. Phys., 54, 325-362.
    • (1984) J. Comput. Phys. , vol.54 , pp. 325-362
  • 49
    • 0000037511 scopus 로고
    • The multidimensional positive definite transport algorithm: Nonoscillatory option
    • _, and W. W. Grabowski, 1990: The multidimensional positive definite transport algorithm: Nonoscillatory option. J. Comput. Phys., 86, 355-375.
    • (1990) J. Comput. Phys. , vol.86 , pp. 355-375
    • Grabowski, W.W.1
  • 51
    • 0022470211 scopus 로고
    • A radar study of convective cells in mesoscale systems in GATE. Part II: Life cycles of convective cells
    • Szoke, E. J., and E. J. Zipser, 1986: A radar study of convective cells in mesoscale systems in GATE. Part II: Life cycles of convective cells. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 199-218.
    • (1986) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.43 , pp. 199-218
    • Szoke, E.J.1    Zipser, E.J.2
  • 52
    • 0022440861 scopus 로고
    • A radar study of convective cells in mesoscale systems in GATE. Part I: Vertical profile statistics and comparison with hurricanes
    • _, _, and D. P. Jorgensen, 1986: A radar study of convective cells in mesoscale systems in GATE. Part I: Vertical profile statistics and comparison with hurricanes. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 182-197.
    • (1986) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.43 , pp. 182-197
    • Jorgensen, D.P.1
  • 53
    • 0001463487 scopus 로고
    • A study of the response of deep tropical clouds to mesoscale processes: Three-dimensional numerical experiments
    • Tao, W.-K., and S.-T. Soong, 1986: A study of the response of deep tropical clouds to mesoscale processes: Three-dimensional numerical experiments. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 2653-2676.
    • (1986) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.43 , pp. 2653-2676
    • Tao, W.-K.1    Soong, S.-T.2
  • 54
    • 0024799803 scopus 로고
    • Modeling study of a tropical squall-type convective line
    • _, and J. Simpson, 1989: Modeling study of a tropical squall-type convective line. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 177-202.
    • (1989) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.46 , pp. 177-202
    • Simpson, J.1
  • 55
    • 0002992680 scopus 로고
    • Goddard Cumulus Ensemble model. Part I: Model description
    • _, and _, 1993: Goddard Cumulus Ensemble model. Part I: Model description. Terr. Atmos. Oceanic Sci., 4, 35-72.
    • (1993) Terr. Atmos. Oceanic Sci. , vol.4 , pp. 35-72
  • 56
    • 33747898789 scopus 로고
    • Retrieval algorithms for estimating the vertical profiles of latent heat release: Their applications for TRMM
    • _, S. Lang, J. Simpson, and R. Adler, 1993: Retrieval algorithms for estimating the vertical profiles of latent heat release: Their applications for TRMM. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 71, 685-700.
    • (1993) J. Meteor. Soc. Japan , vol.71 , pp. 685-700
    • Lang, S.1    Simpson, J.2    Adler, R.3
  • 57
    • 0024247918 scopus 로고
    • Origins of the 1988 North American drought
    • Trenberth, K. E., G. W. Branstator, and P. A. Arkin, 1988: Origins of the 1988 North American drought. Science, 242, 1640-1645.
    • (1988) Science , vol.242 , pp. 1640-1645
    • Trenberth, K.E.1    Branstator, G.W.2    Arkin, P.A.3
  • 58
    • 5244356996 scopus 로고
    • A three-dimensional numerical simulation of a tropical squall line observed during TOGA-COARE
    • Portland, OR, Amer. Meteor. Soc.
    • Trier, S. B., D. B. Parsons, and M. A. LeMone, 1994: A three-dimensional numerical simulation of a tropical squall line observed during TOGA-COARE. Proc. Sixth Conf. on Mesoscale Processes, Portland, OR, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 45-48.
    • (1994) Proc. Sixth Conf. on Mesoscale Processes , pp. 45-48
    • Trier, S.B.1    Parsons, D.B.2    Lemone, M.A.3
  • 59
    • 21844495493 scopus 로고
    • Active and passive microwave remote sensing of precipitating storms during CaPE. Part I: Advanced microwave precipitation radiometer and polarimet-ric radar measurements and models
    • Turk, J., J. Vivekanandan, F. S. Marzano, R. E. Hood, R. W. Spencer, and F. J. LaFontaine, 1994: Active and passive microwave remote sensing of precipitating storms during CaPE. Part I: Advanced microwave precipitation radiometer and polarimet-ric radar measurements and models. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 54, 3-27.
    • (1994) Meteor. Atmos. Phys. , vol.54 , pp. 3-27
    • Turk, J.1    Vivekanandan, J.2    Marzano, F.S.3    Hood, R.E.4    Spencer, R.W.5    Lafontaine, F.J.6
  • 60
    • 0001655311 scopus 로고
    • Thermal microwave radiances from horizontally finite clouds of hydrometeors
    • Weinman, J. A., and R. Davies, 1978: Thermal microwave radiances from horizontally finite clouds of hydrometeors. J. Geophys. Res., 83, 3099-3107.
    • (1978) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.83 , pp. 3099-3107
    • Weinman, J.A.1    Davies, R.2
  • 61
    • 0025641942 scopus 로고
    • Retrieval of precipitation profiles from airborne radar and passive radiometer measurements: Comparison with dual-frequency radar measurements
    • _, R. Meneghini, and K. Nakamura, 1990: Retrieval of precipitation profiles from airborne radar and passive radiometer measurements: Comparison with dual-frequency radar measurements. J. Appl. Meteor., 29, 981-993.
    • (1990) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.29 , pp. 981-993
    • Meneghini, R.1    Nakamura, K.2
  • 62
    • 0018530955 scopus 로고
    • A model for the microwave emissivity of the ocean's surface as a function of wind speed
    • Wilheit, T. T., 1979: A model for the microwave emissivity of the ocean's surface as a function of wind speed. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Electron., GE-17, 244-249.
    • (1979) IEEE Trans. Geosci. Electron. , vol.GE-17 , pp. 244-249
    • Wilheit, T.T.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.