A new dissimilarity measure for finding semantic structure in category fluency data with implications for understanding memory organization in schizophrenia

Neuropsychology

Volumn 20, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 685-699

  Prescott, Tony J ^a   Newton, Lisa D ^a   Mir, Nusrat U ^a   Woodruff, Peter W R ^a   Parks, Randolph W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Category fluency; Cluster analysis; Dissimilarity measure; Multidimensional scaling; Schizophrenia; Semantic memory

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FLUENCY DISORDER; HUMAN; MENTAL PATIENT; MENTAL PERFORMANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL METHOD; SPEECH ARTICULATION; VERBAL MEMORY; WORD LIST RECALL;

ADULT; ALGORITHMS; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; COGNITION; DATA INTERPRETATION, STATISTICAL; HUMANS; MALE; MEMORY; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PSYCHOLINGUISTICS; PSYCHOMETRICS; SAMPLE SIZE; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC LANGUAGE; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY; SEMANTICS;

EID: 33750967358     PISSN: 08944105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0894-4105.20.6.685     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Aloia, M. S., Gourovitch, M. L., Weinberger, D. R., & Goldberg, T. E. (1996). An investigation of semantic space in patients with schizophrenia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 2, 267-273.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington DC: Author.
3. Andreasen, N. C. (1984a). Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Iowa City: University of Iowa.
4. Andreasen, N. C. (1984b). Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). Iowa City: University of Iowa.
5. Bokat, C. E., & Goldberg, T. E. (2003). Letter and category fluency in schizophrenic patients: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 64, 73-78.
6. Buchanan, R. W., Holstein, C., & Breier, A. (1994). The comparative efficacy and long-term effect of clozapine treatment on neuropsychological test performance. Biological Psychiatry, 36, 717-725.
7. Chan, A. S., Butters, N., Paulsen, J. S., Salmon, D. P., Swenson, M. R., & Maloney, L. T. (1993). An assessment of the semantic network in patients with Alzheimers- disease. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 5, 254-261.
8. Chan, A. S., Butters, N., Salmon, D. P., Johnson, S. A., Paulsen, J. S., & Swenson, M. R. (1995). Comparison of the semantic networks in patients with dementia and amnesia. Neuropsychology, 9, 177-186.
9. Chan, A. S., & Ho, Y. C. (2003). Things aren't as bad as they seem: A comment on Storms et al. (2003). Neuropsychology, 17, 302-305.
10. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Earlbaum.
11. Corter, J. E. (1982). Addtree/P: A Pascal program for fitting additive trees based on Sattath & Tversky's Addtree program. Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 14, 353-354.
12. Crowe, S. J., & Prescott, T. J. (2003). Continuity and change in the development of category structure: Insights from the semantic fluency task. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27, 467-479.
13. Cuesta, M. J., Peralta, V., & Zarzuela, A. (2001). Effects of olanzapine and other antipsychotics on cognitive function in chronic schizophrenia: A longitudinal study. Schizophrenia Research, 48, 17-28.
14. Elvevåg, B., & Storms, G. (2003). Scaling and clustering in the study of semantic disruptions in patients with schizophrenia: A re-evaluation. Schizophrenia Research, 63, 237-246.
15. Elvevåg, B., Weinstock, D. M., Akil, M., Kleinman, J. E., & Goldberg, T. E. (2001). A comparison of verbal fluency tasks in schizophrenic patients and normal controls. Schizophrenia Research, 51, 119-126.
16. Giovannetti, T., Goldstein, R. Z., Schullery, M., Barr, W. B., & Bilder, R. M. (2003). Category fluency in first-episode schizophrenia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9, 384-393.
17. Green, N. E., Done, D. J., Anthony, S. H., McKenna, P. J., & Ochocki, M. (2004). Can disorganisation of semantic memory account for the abnormalities of thought in schizophrenia?: A controlled experimental study. Schizophrenia Research, 70, 233-240.
18. Grube, D., & Hasselhorn, M. (1996). Children's freelisting of animal terms: Developmental changes in activating categorical knowledge. Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie, 204, 119-134.
19. Gruenewald, P. J., & Lockhead, G. R. (1980). The free recall of category examples. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 225-241.
20. Harvey, P. D., Green, M. F., McGurk, S. R., & Meltzer, H. Y. (2003). Changes in cognitive functioning with risperidone and olanzapine treatment: A large-scale, double-blind, randomized study. Psychopharmacology, 169, 404-411.
21. Harvey, P. D., Meltzer, H., Simpson, G. M., Potkin, S. G., Loebel, A., Siu, C., et al. (2004). Improvement in cognitive function following a switch to ziprasidone from conventional antipsychotics, olanzapine, or risperidone in outpatients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 66, 101-113.
22. Henley, N. M. (1969). A psychological study of the semantics of animal terms. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 8, 176-184.
23. Kruskal, J. B. (1964). Multidimensional scaling by optimizing goodness of fit to a nonmetric hypothesis. Psychometrika, 29, 1-27.
24. Kruskal, J. B., & Wish, M. (1978). Multidimensional scaling. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
25. Lee, M. A., Thompson, P. A., & Meltzer, H. Y. (1994). Effects of clozapine on cognitive function in schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55(Suppl B), 82-87.
26. McGurk, S. R., Lee, M. A., Jayathilake, K., & Meltzer, H. Y. (2004). Cognitive effects of olanzapine treatment in schizophrenia. Medscape General Medicine, 6, 27.
27. Medin, D. L. (1989). Concepts and conceptual structure. American Psychologist, 44, 1469-1481.
28. Meltzer, H. Y., & McGurk, S. R. (1999). The effects of clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine on cognitive function in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25, 233-255.
29. Moelter, S. T., Hill, S. K., Ragland, J. D., Lunardelli, A., Gur, R. C., Gur, R. E., et al. (2001). Controlled and automatic processing during animal word list generation in schizophrenia. Neuropsychology, 15, 502-509.
30. Neely, J. H. (Ed.). (1991). Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: A selective review of current findings and theories. In D. Besner & G. W. Humphreys (Eds.) Basic processes in reading: Visual word recognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
31. Nelson, H. E. (1982). National Adult Reading Test (NART): Test manual. Windsor, England: Nelson.
32. Paulsen, J. S., Romero, R., Chan, A., Davis, A. V., Heaton, R. K., & Jeste, D. V. (1996). Impairment of the semantic network in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 63, 109-121.
33. Paulus, M. P., & Braff, D. L. (2003). Chaos and schizophrenia: Does the method fit the madness? Biological Psychiatry, 53, 3-11.
34. Purdon, S. E., Jones, B. D., Stip, E., Labelle, A., Addington, D., David, S. R., et al. (2000). Neuropsychological change in early phase schizophrenia during 12 months of treatment with olanzapine, risperidone, or haloperidol.Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 249-258.
35. Rossell, S. L., Rabe-Hesketh, S. S., Shapleske, J. S., & David, A. S. (1999). Is semantic fluency differentially impaired in schizophrenic patients with delusions? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 21, 629-642.
36. Sattath, S., & Tversky, A. (1977). Additive similarity trees. Psychometrika, 42, 319-345.
37. Stip, E., Remington, G. J., Dursun, S. M., Reiss, J. P., Rotstein, E., MacEwan, G. W., et al. (2003). A Canadian multicenter trial assessing memory and executive functions in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders treated with olanzapine. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 23, 400-404.
38. Storm, C. (1980). The semantic structure of animal terms: A developmental study. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 3, 381-407.
39. Storms, G., Dirikx, T., Saerens, J., Verstraeten, S., & De Deyn, P. P. (2003). On the use of scaling and clustering in the study of semantic deficits. Neuropsychology, 17, 289-301.
40. Sumiyoshi, C., Matsui, M., Sumiyoshi, T., Yamashita, I., Sumiyoshi, S., & Kurachi, M. (2001). Semantic structure in schizophrenia as assessed by the category fluency test: Effect of verbal intelligence and age of onset. Psychiatry Research, 105(3), 187-199.
41. Sumiyoshi, C., Sumiyoshi, T., Nohara, S., Yamashita, I., Matsui, M., Kurachi, M., et al. (2005). Disorganization of semantic memory underlies alogia in schizophrenia: An analysis of verbal fluency performance in Japanese subjects. Schizophrenia Research, 74, 91-100.
42. Sumiyoshi, C., Sumiyoshi, T., Roy, A., Jayathilake, K., & Meltzer, H. Y. (in press). Atypical antipsychotic drugs and organization of long-term semantic memory: Multidimensional scaling and cluster analyses of category fluency performance in schizophrenia [Electronic version]. International Journal Neuropsychopharmacology. Retrieved April 27, 2006, from http://journals. cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=358244
43. Takane, Y., Young, F. W., & de Leeuw, J. (1977). Nonmetric individual differences multidimensional scaling: An alternating least squares method with optimal scaling features. Psychometrika, 42, 7-67.
44. Vinogradov, S., Kirkland, J., Poole, J. H., Drexler, M., Ober, B. A., & Shenaut, G. K. (2003). Both processing speed and semantic memory organization predict verbal fluency in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 59, 269-275.
45. Wechsler, D. (1981). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Revised. New York: Psychological Corporation.
46. Wixted, J. T., & Rohrer, D. (1994). Analyzing the dynamics of free-recall: An integrative review of the empirical literature. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1, 89-106.