Adult social behavioral effects of heavy adolescent marijuana use among African Americans

Developmental Psychology

Volumn 42, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 1168-1178

  Green, Kerry M ^a,b   Ensminger, Margaret E ^a,b  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescent marijuana use; African Americans; Employment; Family formation; High school dropout; Long term consequences; Longitudinal studies; Marriage; Social behavioral functioning

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; ARTICLE; CANNABIS ADDICTION; CANNABIS SMOKING; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FAMILY RELATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTERVIEW; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR; ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICANS; CHILD; FAMILY RELATIONS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERVIEWS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MARIJUANA ABUSE; MARIJUANA SMOKING; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; SEX FACTORS; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 33750724151     PISSN: 00121649     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.42.6.1168     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Allison, P. D. (2001). Missing data (Sage University Papers Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, 07-136). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
2. Anthony, J. C., Warner, L. A., & Kessler, R. C. (1994) Comparative epidemiology of dependence on tobacco, alcohol, controlled substances, and inhalants: Basic findings from the National Comorbidity Survey. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2, 244-268.
3. Aseltine, R. (1996). Pathways linking parental divorce with adolescent depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 37, 133-148.
4. Bachman, J. G., Wadsworth, K. N., O'Malley, P. M., Johnston, L. D., & Schulenberg, J. E. (1997). Smoking, drinking, and drug use in young adulthood: The impacts of new freedoms and new responsibilities. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
5. Beauvais, F., & Getting, E. R. (2002). Variance in the etiology of drug use among ethnic groups of adolescents. Public Health Reports, 117 (Suppl. 1), S8-S14.
6. Block, J., Block, J. H., & Keyes, S. (1988). Longitudinally foretelling drug usage in adolescence: Early childhood personality and environmental precursors. Child. Development, 59, 336-355.
7. Blume, S. B. (1986). Women and alcohol: A review. Journal of the American Medical Association, 256, 1467-1470.
8. Brady, K. T., & Randall, C. L. (1999). Gender differences in substance use disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 22(2), 241-252.
9. Bray, J. W., Zarkin, G. A., Ringwall, C., & Qi, J. (2000). The relationship between marijuana initiation and dropping out of high school. Health Economics, 9, 9-18.
10. Brier, N. (1995). Predicting antisocial behavior in youngsters displaying poor academic achievement. A review of risk factors. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 16, 271-276.
11. Brook, J. S., Adams, R. R., Balka, R. B., & Johnson, R. (2002). Early adolescent marijuana use: Risks for the transition to young adulthood. Psychological Medicine, 32, 79-91.
12. Brook, J. S., & Newcomb, M. D. (1995). Childhood aggression and unconventionally: Impact on later academic achievement, drug use, and workforce involvement. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 156, 393-410.
13. Brook, J. S., Ritcher, L., Whiteman, M., & Cohen, P. (1999). Consequences of adolescent marijuana use: Incompatibility with the assumption of adult roles. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 125, 193-207.
14. Brook, J. S., Whiteman, M., Cohen, P., & Tanaka, J. S. (1992). Childhood precursors of adolescent drug use: A longitudinal analysis. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 118, 1995-2213.
15. Brook, J. S., Whiteman, M., Finch, S. J., & Cohen, P. (1996). Young adult drug use and delinquency: Childhood antecedents and adolescent mediators. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1584-1592.
16. Dawson, D. (1991). Family structure and children's health and well-being: Data from the 1988 National Health Interview Survey on child health. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 573-584.
17. DeLeire, T., & Kalil, A. (2002). Good things come in threes: Single-parent multigenerational family structure and adolescent adjustment. Demography, 39(2), 393-413.
18. Donovan. J. E., & Jessor, R. (1985). Structure of problem behavior in adolescence and young adulthood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 705-712.
19. Ellickson, P., Bui, K., Bell, R., & McGuigan, K. A. (1998). Does early drug use increase the risk of dropping out of high school? Journal of Drug Issues, 28, 357-380.
20. Ensminger, M. E., Anthony, J. C., & McCord. J. (1997). The inner city and drug use: Initial findings from an epidemiologic study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 48, 175-184.
21. Ensminger, M. E., Brown, C. H., & Kellam, S. G. (1982). Sex differences in antecedents of substance use among adolescents. Journal of Social Issues, 38(2), 25-42.
22. Ensminger, M. E., & Juon, H. S. (1998). Transition to adulthood among high-risk youth. In R. .lessor (FA.), New perspectives on adolescent risk behavior (pp. 365-391). New York: Cambridge University Press.
23. Ensminger, M. E., Juon, H. S.. & Fothergill, K. E. (2002). Childhood and adolescent antecedents of substance use in early adulthood. Study of the Addiction to Alcohol and Other Drugs, 97, 833-844.
24. Ensminger, M. E., Lamkin, R. P., & Jacobson, N. (1996). School leaving: A longitudinal perspective including neighborhood effects. Child Development, 67, 2400-2416.
25. Ensminger, M. E., & Slusarcick, A. L. (1992). Paths to high school graduation or dropout: A longitudinal study of a first-grade cohort. Sociology of Education, 65, 95-113.
26. Erikson, E. II. (1959). Identity and the life cycle: Selected papers. Psychological Issues, 1, 1-171.
27. Erikson. E. H. (1963). Childhood and society (Rev. ed.). New York: Norton.
28. Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (1997). Early onset cannabis use and psychosocial adjustment in young adults. Addiction, 92, 279-296.
29. Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Beautrais, A. L., (2003). Cannabis and educational achievement. Addiction, 98, 1681-1692.
30. Fleming, J. P., Kellam, S. G.. & Brown, C. H. (1982). Early predicators of age of first use of alcohol, marijuana, and cigarettes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 9, 285-303.
31. Foster, E. M. (2003). Is more treatment better than less? An application of propensity score analysis. Medical Care, 41(10), 1183-1192.
32. Gove, W. R. (1973). Sex, marital status, and mortality. American Journal of Sociology, 79, 45-67.
33. Green, K. M. (2004). The effects of adolescent drug use on adult role functioning: A longitudinal study examining gender differences. Dissertation Abstracts International, 65-04B. (UMI No. 3130685)
34. Halikas, J. A., Weller, R. A., Morse, C. L., & Huffman, R. G. (1983). Regular marijuana use and its effect on psychosocial variables: A longitudinal study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 24, 229-235.
35. Hall, W., & Solowij, N. (1998). Adverse effects of cannabis. The Lancet, 352, 1611-1616.
36. Havighurst, R. (1952). Developmental tasks and education (2nd ed.). New York: Longmans Green.
37. Hill, K. G., White, H. R., Chung, I., Hawkins, J. D., & Catalano, R. F. (2000). Early adult outcomes of adolescent binge drinking: Person and variables-centered analyses of binge drinking trajectories. Alcohol Clinical and Experimental Research, 24(6), 892-901.
38. Ho, D., Imai, K., King, G., & Stuart, E. A. (2005a). Matching as nonparametric preprocessing for parametric causal inference. Retrieved November 9, 2005, from http://www.gking.harvard.edu/files/matchp.pdf
39. Ho, D., Imai, K., King, G., & Stuart, E. A. (2005b). MatchIt: Nonparametric preprocessing for parametric causal inference [Computer software]. Retrieved from http://www.gking.harvard.edu/matchit
40. Horowitz, A. V., & White, H. R. (1991). Becoming married, depression, and alcohol problems among young adults. Journal, of Health and Social Behavior, 32, 221-237.
41. House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umberson, D. (1988, 29 July). Social relationships and health. Science, 241, 540-545.
42. Huber, P. J. (1967). The behavior of maximum likelihood estimates under nonstandard conditions. Proceedings of the Fifth Berkeley Symposium, on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, 1, 221-233.
43. Jessor, R., & Jessor, S. (1977). Problem behavior and psychosocial development: A longitudinal study of youth. New York: Academic Press.
44. Jessor, R., & Jessor, S. (1978). Theory testing in longitudinal research on marijuana use. In D. B. Kandel (Ed.), Longitudinal research on drug use: Empirical findings and methodological issues (pp. 41-71). Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publication Services, Wiley.
45. Johnson, R. J., & Kaplan, H. B. (1990). Stability of psychological symptoms: Drug use consequences and intervening process. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 31, 277-291.
46. Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2005, December 19). Teen drug use down but progress halts among youngest teens. Retrieved January 26, 2006, from http://www. monitoringthefuture.org
47. Kandel, D. B., Davies, M., Karus, D., & Yamaguchi, K. (1986). The consequences in young adulthood of adolescent drug involvement. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 746-754.
48. Kandel, D. B., & Yamaguchi, K. (1987). Job mobility and drug use: An event history analysis. American Journal of Sociology, 92(4), 836-878.
49. Kellam, S. G., Branch, J. D., Agrawal, K. C., & Ensminger, M. E. (1975). Mental health and going to school. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
50. Kellam, S. G., Brown, C. H., Rubin, B. R., & Ensminger, M. E. (1983). Paths leading to teenage psychiatric symptoms and substance use: Developmental epidemiological studies in Woodlawn. In S. B. Guze, F. J. Earls, & J. E. Barrett (Eds.), Childhood psychopathology and development (pp. 17-51). New York: Raven Press.
51. Kellam, S. G., Ensminger, M. E., & Simon, M. B. (1980). Mental health in first grade and teenage drug, alcohol, and cigarette use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 5, 273-304.
52. Krohn, M. D., Lizotte, A. J., & Perez, C. M. (1997). The interrelationship between substance use and precocious transitions to adult statuses. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 38, 87-103.
53. Lex, B. W. (1991). Gender differences and substance abuse. Advances in Substance Abuse, 4, 225-296.
54. Liao, T. F. (1994). Interpreting probability models: Iogit, probit, and other generalized linear models. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
55. Loeber, R. (1988). Natural histories of conduct problems, delinquency, and associated substance use. In B. B. Lahey & A. F. Kazdin (Eds.), Advances in clinical child psychology (Vol. 11, pp. 73-124). New York: Plenum Press.
56. Lynskey, M., & Hall, W. (2000). The effects of adolescent cannabis use on educational attainment: A review. Addiction, 95, 1621-1630.
57. Marmot, M., & Theorell, T. (1988). Social class and cardiovascular disease: The contribution of work. International Journal of Health Services, IX, 659-674.
58. Masse, L. C., & Tremblay, R. E. (1997). Behavior of boys in kindergarten and the onset of substance use during adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 62-68.
59. Mechanic, D., & Hansell, S. (1987). Adolescent competence, psychological well-being, and self-assessed physical health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 28(4), 364-374.
60. Mensch, B. S., & Kandel, D. B. (1988). Dropping out of high school and drug involvement. Sociology of Education, 61, 95-113.
61. Mensch, B. S., & Kandel, D. B. (1992). Drug use as a risk factor for premarital teen pregnancy and abortion in a national sample of young White women. Demography, 29(3). 409-429.
62. Merline, A. C., O'Malley, P. M., Schulenberg, J. E., Bachman, J. G., & Johnson, L. D. (2004). Substance use among adults 35 years of age: Prevalence, adulthood predictors, and impact of adolescent substanceuse. American Journal of Public Health, 94(1), 96-102.
63. Milich, R., Lynam, D., Zimmerman, R., Logan, T., Mattin, C., Leukefield, C.. et al. (2000). Differences in young adult psychopathology among drug abstainers, experimenters, and frequent users. Journal of Substance Abuse, 11, 69-88.
64. Neugarten, B. L. (1968). The awareness of middle age. In B. L. Neugarten (Ed.), Middle age and aging: A reader in social psychology (pp. 93-98). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
65. Newcomb, M. D. (1997). Psychosocial predictors and consequences of drug use: A developmental perspective within a prospective study. Journal of Addictive Disease, 61(1), 51-89.
66. Newcomb, M. D., & Bentler, P. M. (1985). The impact of high school substance use on choice of young adult living environment and career direction. Journal of Drug Education, 15, 253-261.
67. Newcomb, M. D., & Bentler, P. M. (1988). Consequences of adolescent drug use: Impact on the lives of young adults. Newbury Park. CA: Sage.
68. R Development Core Team. (2005). R: A language and environment for statistical computing (ISBN 3-900051-07-0). Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. (Available at http:// www.R-project.org)
69. Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41-55.
70. Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1984). Reducing bias in observational studies using subclassification on the propensity score. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 79, 516-524.
71. Schafer. J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002). Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7, 147-177.
72. Solowij, N. (1998). Cannabis and cognitive functioning. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
73. Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., & Bentler, P. (1987). An 8-year study of multiple influences on drag use and drug use consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 1094-1105.
74. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2005). Results from the 2004 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National findings (Office of Applied Studies, NSDUH Series H-28. DHHS Publication No. SMA 05-4062). Rockville, MD: Author.
75. Tan, Z. (in press). A distributional approach for causal inference using propensity scores. Journal of the American Statistical Association.
76. Van Etten, M. L., & Anthony, J. C. (1999). Comparative epidemiology of initial drug opportunities and transitions to first use: Marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogens, and heroin. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 54, 117-125.
77. Venables, W. N., & Ripley, B. D. (2002). Modern applied statistics with S (4th ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag.
78. Wallace, J. M.. Jr. (1999). The social ecology of addiction: Race, risk, and resilience. Pediatrics, 103, 1122-1127.
79. White. H. R., Bates, M. E., & Labouvie, E. (1998). Adult outcomes of adolescent drug use: A comparison of process-oriented and incremental analyses. In R. Jessor (Ed.), New perspectives on adolescent risk behavior (pp. 150-181). New York: Cambridge University Press.
80. Williams, D. R. (1990). Socioeconomic differentials in health: A review and redirection. Social Psychology Quarterly, 53, 81-99.
81. Yamada, T., Kendix, M., & Yamada, T. (1996). The impact of alcohol consumption and marijuana use on high school graduation. Health Economics, 5(1), 77-92.
82. Yamaguchi, K., & Kandel, D. B. (1985). Dynamic relationship between premarital cohabitation and illicit drug use: An event history analysis of role selection and role socialization. American Sociological Review, 50, 530-554.