Beyond α-tocopherol: The role of the other tocopherols and tocotrienols

Phytochemicals in Nutrition and Health

Volumn , Issue , 2002, Pages 61-78

  Papas, Andreas M ^a  

^a EASTMAN CHEMICAL COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33750607386     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (56)

1. Acuff, R. V., Thedford S. S., Hidiroglou N. N., Papas, A. M., and Odom, T. A., Jr., Relative bioavailability of RRR-and all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate in humans: studies using deuterated compounds, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 1994;60:397–402.
2. Bieri, J. G. and Evarts R. P., Tocopherols and fatty acids in American diets, J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 1973;62:147–151.
3. Black, T. M., Wang, P., Maeda, N., and Coleman, R.A., Palm tocotrienols protect ApoE +/-mice from diet-induced atheroma formation, J. Nutr., 2000;130:2420–6.
4. Burton, G. W., Joyce, A., and Ingold, K. U., First proof that vitamin E is major lipid-soluble, chain-breaking antioxidant in human blood plasma, Lancet, 1982;8292 ii:327.
5. Burton, G. W., Traber, M. G., Acuff, R. V., Walters, D. N., Kayden, H., Hughes, L., and Ingold, K. U., Human plasma and tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations in response to supplementation with deuterated natural and synthetic vitamin E, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 1998;67:669–84.
6. Christen, S., Woodall, A. A., Shigenaga, M. K., Southwell-Keely, P. T., Duncan, M. W., and Ames, B. N., Gamma-tocopherol traps mutagenic electrophiles such as NO(X) and complements alpha-tocopherol: physiological implications, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1997;94:3217–22.
7. Clement, M. and Bourre, J. M., Graded dietary levels of RRR-gamma-tocopherol induce a marked increase in the concentrations of alpha-and gamma-tocopherol in nervous tissues, heart, liver and muscle of vitamin E-deficient rats, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1997;1334:173–181.
8. Cooney, R. V., Franke, A. A., Harwood, P. J., Hatch-Pigott, V., Custer, L. J., and Mordan, L. J., Gamma-tocopherol detoxification of nitrogen dioxide: superiority to alpha-tocopherol, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1993;90:1771–1775.
9. de Nigris, F., Franconi, F., Maida, I., Palumbo, G., Anania, V., and Napoli, C., Modulation by alpha-and gamma-tocopherol and oxidized low-density lipoprotein of apoptotic signaling in human coronary smooth muscle cells, Biochem. Pharmacol., 2000;59:1477–1487.
10. Devaraj, S. and Jialal, I., Alpha-tocopherol supplementation decreases serum C-reactive protein and monocyte interleukin-6 levels in normal volunteers and type 2 diabetic patients, Free Rad. Biol. Med., 2000;29:790–792.
11. Dowd, P. and Zheng Z. B., On the mechanism of the anticlotting action of vitamin E quinone, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1995;92:8171–8175.
12. Dutton, P. J., Hughes, L. A., Foster, D. O., Burton, G. W., and Ingold, K.U., Simon metabolites of alpha-tocopherol are not formed via a rate-controlling scission of the 3′C-H bond, Free Rad. Biol. Med., 1990;9:435–439.
13. Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences, Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids, National Academy Press, 2000.
14. GISSI Group. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial, Lancet, 1999;354:447–455.
15. Handelman, G. J., Epstein, W. L., Peerson, J., Spiegelman, D., and Machlin, L. J., Human adipose α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol kinetics during and after 1 year of α-tocopherol supplementation, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 1994;59:1025–1032.
16. Hattori, A., Fukushima, T., Yoshimura, H., Abe, K., and Ima, K., Production of LLU-alpha following an oral administration of gamma-tocotrienol or gamma-tocopherol to rats, Biol. Pharm. Bull., 2000;23:1395–1397.
17. Hayes, K. C., Pronczuk, A., and Liang, J. S., Differences in the plasma transport and tissue concentrations of tocopherols and tocotrienols: observations in humans and hamsters, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 1993;202:353–359.
18. Heinonen, O. P., Albanes, D., and Virtamo, J., Prostate cancer and supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene: incidence and mortality in a controlled trial, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 1998;90:440–446.
19. Helzlsouer, K. J., Huang, H.-Y., Alberg, A. J., Hoffman, S., Burke, A., Norkus E. P., Morris, J. S., and Comstock, G. W., Association between alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, selenium, and subsequent prostate cancer, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 2000:92; 2018–2023.
20. Ignarro, L. J., Byrns, R. E., Buga, G. M., Wood, K. S., and Chaudhuri, G., Endothelium–derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1987;84:9265–9269.
21. Ikeda, I., Imasato, Y., Sasaki, E., and Sugano, M., Lymphatic transport of alpha-, gamma-, and delta-tocotrienols and alpha-tocopherol in rats, Int. J. Vit. Nutr. Res., 1996;66:217–221.
22. Jiang, Q., Elson-Schwab, I., Courtemanche, C., and Ames, B. N., gamma-Tocopherol and its major metabolite, in contrast to alpha-tocopherol, inhibit cyclooxygenase activity in macrophages and epithelial cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2000;97:11494–11499.
23. Kayden, H. J. and Traber M. G., Absorption, lipoprotein transport and regulation of plasma concentrations of vitamin E in humans, J. Lipid Res., 1993;34:343–358.
24. Kontush, A., Spranger, T., Reich, A., Baum, K., and Beisiegel, U., Lipophilic antioxidants in blood plasma as markers of atherosclerosis: the role of alpha-carotene and gamma-tocopherol, Atherosclerosis, 1999;144:117–122.
25. Kristenson, M., Zieden, B., Kucinskiene, Z., Elinder, LS., Bergdahl, B., Elwing, B., Abaravicius, A., Razinkoviene, L., Calkauskas, H., and Olsson, A.G., Antioxidant state and mortality from coronary heart disease in Lithuanian and Swedish men: concomitant cross sectional study of men aged 50, BMJ, 1997;314:629–633
26. Li, D., Saldeen, T., Mehta, J. L., Gamma-tocopherol decreases ox-LDL-mediated activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and apoptosis in human coronary artery endothelial cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1999;259:157–161.
27. Li, D., Saldeen, T., Romeo, F., and Mehta, J. L., Relative effects of alpha-and gamma-tocopherol on low-density lipoprotein oxidation and superoxide dismutase and nitric oxide synthase activity and protein expression in rats, J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther., 1999:219–226.
28. Mensink, R. P., van Houwelingen, A. C., Kromhout, D., and Hornstra, G., A vitamin E concentrate rich in tocotrienols had no effect on serum lipids, lipoproteins, or platelet function in men with mildly elevated serum lipid concentrations, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 1999;69:213–219.
29. Mo, H. and Elson, C. E., Apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in human and murine tumor cells are initiated by isoprenoids, J. Nutr., 1999;129:804–813.
30. Moyad, M. A., Brumfield, S. K., and Pienta, K. J., Vitamin E, alpha-and gamma-tocopherol, and prostate cancer, Semin. Urol. Oncol., 1999;17:85–90.
31. Murad, F., Nitric oxide signaling: would you believe that a simple free radical could be a second messenger, autacoid, paracrine substance, neurotransmitter, and hormone? Recent Prog. Horm. Res., 1998;53:43–59.
32. Murphy, S. P., Subar, A. F., and Block, G., Vitamin E intakes and sources in the United States, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 1990;52:361–367.
33. NRC. Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10 ed., Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1989.
34. Nesaretnam, K., Stephen, R., Dils, R., and Darbre, P., Tocotrienols inhibit the growth of human breast cancer cells irrespective of estrogen receptor status, Lipids, 1998;33:461–469.
35. O’Byrne, D., Grundy, S., Packer, L., Devaraj, S., Baldenius, K., Hoppe, P. P., Kraemer, K., Jialal, I., and Traber M. G., Studies of LDL oxidation following alpha-, gamma-, or delta-tocotrienyl acetate supplementation of hypercholesterolemic humans, Free Rad. Biol. Med., 2000;29:834–845.
36. Õzer, N. K. and Azzi, A., Beyond antioxidant function: other biochemical effects of antioxidants, in Antioxidant Status, Diet, Nutrition and Health, Papas, A.M. (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1998;449–460.
37. Papas, A. M., The Vitamin E Factor, HarperCollins, New York, 1999.
38. Papas, A. M. (ed.), Antioxidant Status, Diet, Nutrition and Health, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1998.
39. Parker, R. A., Pearce, B. C., Clark, R. W., Gordon, D. A., and Wright, J. J., Tocotrienols regulate cholesterol production in mammalian cells by post-transcriptional suppression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, J. Biol. Chem., 1993; 268:11230–11238.
40. Qureshi, A. A., Pearce, B. C., Nor, R. M., Gapor, A., Peterson D. M., and Elson, C. E., Dietary alpha-tocopherol attenuates the impact of gamma-tocotrienol on hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in chickens, J. Nutr., 1996;126:389–394.
41. Rimm, E.B., Stampher, M. J., Ascherio, A., Giovannuci, E., Colditz, M. B., and Willet, W. C., Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in men, N. Engl. J. Med., 1993: 1450–1456.
42. Saldeen, T., Li, D., and Mehta, J. L., Differential effects of alpha-and gamma-tocopherol on low-density lipoprotein oxidation, superoxide activity, platelet aggregation and arterial thrombogenesis, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 1999:1208–1215.
43. Schultz, M., Leist, M., Petrzika, M., Gassmann, B., Brigelius-Flohé, R., A novel urinary metabolite of α-tocopherol, 2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2(2′carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxy chroman (α-CEHC) as an indicator of an adequate vitamin E supply? Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 1995;62 (suppl):1527S–1534S.
44. Stampfer, M. J., Hennekens, C. H., Manson, J. E., Colditz, G. A., Rosner, B., and Willett, W. C., Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women, N. Engl. J. Med., 1993: 1444–1449.
45. Stone, W. L. and Papas, A. M., Tocopherols and the etiology of colon cancer, J. Natl. Cancer. Inst., 1997;89:1006–1014.
46. Stone, W. L., Papas, A. M., LeClair, I. O., Min, Q., and Ponder, T., The influence of dietary iron and tocopherols on oxidative stress in the colon, Cancer Detection and Prevention, 1998, 22: S110.
47. Strijbos, P. J., Nitric oxide in cerebral ischemic neurodegeneration and excitotoxicity, Crit. Rev. Neurobiol., 1998;12:223–243.
48. Theriault, A., Wang, Q., Gapor, A., and Adeli, K., Effects of gamma-tocotrienol on ApoB synthesis, degradation, and secretion in HepG2 cells, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 1999;19:704–712.
49. Tomeo, A. C., Geller, M., Watkins, T. R., Gapor, A., and Bierenbaum, M. L., Antioxidant effects of tocotrienols in patients with hyperlipidemia and carotid stenosis, Lipids 1995;30:1179–1183
50. Traber, M. G., Kayden, H. J., Preferential incorporation of alpha-tocopherol vs. gamma-tocopherol in human lipoproteins, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 1989;49:517–526.
51. Watkins, T. R., Bierenbaum, M. L., and Giampaolo, A., Tocotrienols: Biological and Health Effects, in Antioxidant Status, Diet, Nutrition and Health, Papas, A. M. (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1998;479–496.
52. Watkins, T. R., Geller, M., Kooyenga, D. K., and Bierenbaum, M., Hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant effects of rice bran oil nonsaponifiables in hypercholesterolemic subjects, J. Environ. Nutr. Interactions, 1999;3:115–122.
53. Wechter, W. J., Kantoci,. D., Murray, E. D., Jr., D’Amico, D. C., Jung, M. E., and Wang, W. H., A new endogenous natriuretic factor: LLU-alpha, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1996;93:6002–6007.
54. Wink, D. A., Vodovotz, Y., Laval, J., Laval, F., Dewhirst, M. W., and Mitchell, J. B., The multifaceted roles of nitric oxide in cancer, Carcinogenesis, 1998;19:711–721.
55. Yu, W., Simmons-Menchaca, M., Gapor, A., Sanders, B. G., and Kline, K., Induction of apoptosis in human breast cancer cells by tocopherols and tocotrienols, Nutr. Cancer, 1999;33:26-32.
56. Yusuf, S., Dagenais, G., Pogue, J., Bosch, J., and Sleight, P., Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients, The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators, N. Engl. J. Med., 2000;342:154–160.