Cutaneous malignant lymphomas: Update 2006;Kutane maligne lymphome: Update 2006 zu ausgewählten aspekten

JDDG - Journal of the German Society of Dermatology

Volumn 4, Issue 11, 2006, Pages 914-933

  Burg, Günter ^a,e   Kempf, Werner ^a,b   Cozzio, Antonio ^a   Döbbeling, Udo ^a   Feit, Josef ^c   Golling, Philippa ^a   Michaelis, Sonja ^a   Schärer, Leo ^a   Nestle, Frank ^d   Dummer, Reinhard ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b Histologische Diagnostik   (Switzerland)

^c UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL BRNO   (Czech Republic)

^d KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Cutaneous lymphoma; Pathogenesis; Staging prognosis; Therapy; WHO EORTC classification

Indexed keywords

ALEMTUZUMAB; ANTIBODY; BEXAROTENE; CARMUSTINE; CHLORMETHINE; DENILEUKIN DIFTITOX; GAMMA INTERFERON; GLUCOCORTICOID; HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR; IMIQUIMOD; IMMUNOLOGIC FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN 12; MILTEFOSINE; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; PSORALEN; RETINOID DERIVATIVE; RITUXIMAB; TG 1042; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADENOVIRUS VECTOR; B CELL LYMPHOMA; BLOOD TESTIS BARRIER; CANCER CLASSIFICATION; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER STAGING; CELL STRUCTURE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DISEASE SEVERITY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG BINDING; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG INHIBITION; DRUG METABOLISM; EDEMA; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GENE CONTROL; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC CODE; HEMATOPOIESIS; HEREDITY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION; HYPOALBUMINEMIA; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IONIZING RADIATION; LABORATORY TEST; LEYDIG CELL; MEDICAL EXAMINATION; MEDICAL INFORMATION; MYALGIA; NATURAL KILLER CELL; ONCOGENE; PHENOTYPE; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PHOTOTHERAPY; PSEUDOLYMPHOMA; REVIEW; SKIN DISEASE; SKIN INFECTION; SKIN TUMOR; SUPPRESSOR CELL; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; T CELL LYMPHOMA; TOTAL SKIN ELECTRON THERAPY; ULTRAVIOLET A RADIATION; ULTRAVIOLET B RADIATION; VASCULAR DISEASE; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

EID: 33750575969     PISSN: 16100379     EISSN: 16100387     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2006.06069.x     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Newton R, Ferlay J, Beral V, Devesa SS. The epidemiology of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: comparison of nodal and extra-nodal sites. Int J Cancer 1997; 72(6): 923-30.
2. Alibert JLM. Tableau du pian fongoide. Description des maladies de la peau, observées à l'Hôpital Saint-Louis et exposition des meilleurs méthodes suivies pour leur traitement. Paris: Barrois L'Ainé & Fils; 1806.
3. Burg G, Kempf W, Haeffner A, Dobbeling U, Nestle FO, Boni R, Kadin, M. Dummer, R. From inflammation to neoplasia: new concepts in the pathogenesis of cutaneous lymphomas. Recent Results Cancer Res 2002; 160:271-80.
4. Naji AA, Waiz MM, Sharquie KE. Mycosis fungoides in identical twins. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 44(3): 532-3.
5. Child FJ, Russell-Jones R, Woolford AJ, Calonje E, Photiou A, Orchard G, Whittaker S J. Absence of the t(14;18) chromosomal translocation in primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144(4): 735-44.
6. Karenko L, Hyytinen E, Sarna S, Ranki A. Chromosomal abnormalities in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and in its premalignant conditions as detected by G-banding and interphase cytogenetic methods. J Invest Dermatol 1997; 108(1): 22-9.
7. Whittemore AS, Holly EA, Lee IM, Abel EA, Adams RM, Nickoloff BJ, Bley L, Peters JM, Gibney C. Mycosis fungoides in relation to environmental exposures and immune response: a case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989; 81(20): 1560-7.
8. Siegel RS, Gartenhaus RB, Kuzel TM. Human T-cell lymphotropic-I- associated leukemia/lymphoma. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2001; 2(4): 291-300.
9. Li G, Vowels BR, Benoit BM, Rook AH, Lessin SR. Failure to detect human T-lymphotropic virus type-I proviral DNA in cell lines and tissues from patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 1996; 107(3): 308-13.
10. Wood GS, Salvekar A, Schaffer J, Crooks CF, Henghold W, Fivenson DP, Kim YH, Smoller BR. Evidence against a role for human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type I (HTLV-I) in the pathogenesis of American cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 1996; 107(3): 301-7.
11. Kempf W, Kadin ME, Dvorak AM, Lord CC, Burg G, Letvin NL, Koralnik IJ. Endogenous retroviral elements, but not exogenous retroviruses, are detected in CD30-positive lymphoproliferative disorders of the skin. Carcinogenesis 2003; 24(2): 301-6.
12. Misago N, Ohshima K, Aiura S, Kikuchi M, Kohda H. Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with an angiocentric growth pattern: association with Epstein-Barr virus. Br J Dermatol 1996; 135(4): 638-43.
13. Jung DY, Kim JW, Lee SK, Lee WW. Epstein-barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative skin lesion with recurrent necrotic papulovesicles of the face. J Dermatol 1999; 26(7): 448-51.
14. Anagnostopoulos I, Hummel M, Kaudewitz P, Korbjuhn P, Leoncini L, Stein H. Low incidence of Epstein-Barr virus presence in primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoproliferations. Br J Dermatol 1996; 134(2): 276-81.
15. Hellier I, Dereure O, Segondy M, Guillot B, Baldet P, Guilhou JJ. Unlikely role of Epstein-Barr virus in the pathogenesis of primary cutaneous CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Eur J Dermatol 2001; 11(3): 203-8.
16. Shimakage M, Sasagawa T, Kawahara K, Yutsudo M, Kusuoka H, Kozuka T. Expression of Epstein-Barr virus in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma including mycosis fungoides. Int J Cancer 2001; 92(2): 226-31.
17. Nagore E, Ledesma E, Collado C, Oliver V, Perez-Perez A, Aliaga A. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus and human herpesvirus 7 and 8 genomes in primary cutaneous T- and B-cell lymphomas. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143(2): 320-3.
18. Kempf W, Kadin ME, Kutzner H, Lord CL, Burg G, Letvin NL, Koralnik, IJ. Lymphomatoid papulosis and human herpesviruses - A PCR-based evaluation for the presence of human herpesvirus 6, 7 and 8 related herpesviruses. J Cutan Pathol 2001; 28(1): 29-33.
19. Cerroni L, Zochling N, Putz B, Kerl H. Infection by Borrelia burgdorferi and cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. J Cutan Pathol 1997; 24(8): 457-61.
20. Roggero E, Zucca E, Mainetti C, Bertoni F, Valsangiacomo C, Pedrinis E, Borisch B, Piffaretti JC, Cavalli F, Isaacson, PG. Eradication of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in primary marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of the skin. Hum Pathol 2000; 31(2): 263-8.
21. Wood GS, Kamath NV, Guitart J, Heald P, Kohler S, Smoller BR, Cerroni L. Absence of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in cutaneous B-cell lymphomas from the United States. J Cutan Pathol 2001; 28(10): 502-7.
22. Abrams JT, Vonderheid EC, Kolbe S, Appelt DM, Arking EJ, Balin BJ. Sezary T-cell activating factor is a Chlamydia pneumoniae-associated protein. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1999; 6(6): 895-905.
23. Rossler MJ, Rappl G, Muche M, Hasselmann DO, Sterry W, Tilgen W, Reinhold U. No evidence of skin infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae in patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003; 9(7): 721-3.
24. Reinhold U, Herpertz M, Kukel S, Oltermann I, Uerlich M, Kreysel HW. Induction of nuclear contour irregularity during T-cell activation via the T-cell receptor/CD3 complex and CD2 antigens in the presence of phorbol esters. Blood 1994; 83(3): 703-6.
25. Mosmann TR, Sad S. The expanding universe of T-cell subsets - TH1, TH2 and more. Immunology Today 1996; 17(3): 138-146.
26. Dummer R, Heald P, Nestle F, Ludwig E, Lane E, Hemmi S, Burg, G Sézary Syndrome T-Cell Clones Display T-Helper 2 Cytokines and Express the Accessory Factor-1 (Interferon-g Receptor b-Chain). Blood 1996; 88:1383-1389.
27. Asadullah K, Döcke W-D, Haeussler A, Sterry W, Volk H-D. Progression of Mycosis fungoides is associated with increasing cutaneous expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10) mRNA. J Invest Dermatol 1996; 107:833-837.
28. Dalloul A, Laroche L, Bagot M, Mossalayi MD, Fourcade C, Thacker DJ, Hogge DE, Merle-Beral H, Debre P, Schmitt C.Interleukin-7 is a growth factor for Sezary lymphoma cells. J Clin Invest 1992; 90(3): 1054-60.
29. Blauvelt A, Asada H, Klaus-Kovtun V, Altman DJ, Lucey DR, Katz SI. Interleukin-15 mRNA is expressed by human keratinocytes Langerhans cells, and blood-derived dendritic cells and is downregulated by ultraviolet B radiation. J Invest Dermatol 1996; 106(5): 1047-52.
30. Dobbeling U, Dummer R, Laine E, Potoczna N, Qin JZ, Burg G. Interleukin-15 is an autocrine/paracrine viability factor for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells. Blood 1998; 92(1): 252-8.
31. Tensen CP, Vermeer MH, van der Stoop PM, van Beek P, Scheper RJ, Boorsma DM, Willemze R. Epidermal interferon-gamma inducible protein-10 (IP-10) and monokine induced by gamma-interferon (Mig) but not IL-8 mRNA expression is associated with epidermotropism in cutaneous T cell lymphomas. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 111(2): 222-6.
32. Kleinhans M, Tun-Kyi A, Gilliet M, Kadin ME, Dummer R, Burg G, Nestle FO. Functional expression of the eotaxin receptor CCR3 in CD30+ cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Blood 2003; 101(4): 1487-93.
33. Fearon ER, Vogelstein B. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 1990; 61(5): 759-67.
34. Burg G, Dummer R, Haeffner A, Kempf W, Kadin M. From inflammation to neoplasia: mycosis fungoides evolves from reactive inflammatory conditions (lymphoid infiltrates) transforming into neoplastic plaques and tumors. Arch Dermatol 2001; 137(7): 949-52.
35. Qin JZ, Dummer R, Burg G, Dobbeling U. Constitutive and interleukin-7/interleukin-15 stimulated DNA binding of Myc, Jun, and novel Myc-like proteins in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells. Blood 1999; 93(1): 260 7.
36. Qin JZ, Zhang CL, Kamarashev J, Dummer R, Burg G, Dobbeling U. Interleukin-7 and interleukin-15 regulate the expression of the bcl-2 and c-myb genes in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells. Blood 2001; 98(9): 2778-83.
37. Qin JZ, Kamarashev J, Zhang CL, Dummer R, Burg G, Dobbeling U. Constitutive and interleukin-7- and interleukin-15-stimulated DNA binding of STAT and novel factors in cutaneous T cell lymphoma cells. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117(3): 583-9.
38. Nickoloff BJ, Nestle FO, Zheng XG, Turka LA. T lymphocytes in skin lesions of psoriasis and mycosis fungoides express B7-1: a ligand for CD28. Blood 1994; 83(9): 2580-6.
39. Berger CL, Hanlon D, Kanada D, Dhodapkar M, Lombillo V, Wang N, Christensen I, Howe G, Crouch J, El-Fishawy P, Edelson R. The growth of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is stimulated by immature dendritic cells. Blood 2002; 99(8): 2929-39.
40. Armerding D, Kupper TS. Functional cutaneous lymphocyte antigen can be induced in essentially all peripheral blood T lymphocytes. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1999; 119(3): 212-22.
41. Ferenczi K, Fuhlbrigge RC, Pinkus J, Pinkus GS, Kupper TS. Increased CCR4 expression in cutaneous T cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119(6): 1405-10.
42. Bunn PJ, Lamberg SI. Report of the Committee on Staging and Classification of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas. Cancer Treat Rep 1979; 63(4): 725-8.
43. Schmid MH, Bird P, Dummer R, Kempf W, Burg G. Tumor burden index as a prognostic tool for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a new concept. Arch Dermatol 1999; 135(10): 1204-8.
44. Burg G, Kempf W, M K. Growth patterns of lympjo- and myeloproliferative infiltrates of the skin. In: Burg G KW, editor. Cutaneous Lymphomas; 2005.
45. Wood GS, Tung RM, Haeffner AC, Crooks CF, Liao S, Orozco R, Veelken H, Kadin ME, Koh H, Heald P. Detection of clonal T-cell receptor gamma gene rearrangements in early mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome by polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR/DGGE). J Invest Dermatol 1994; 103(1): 34-41.
46. Kempf W, A C, Kazakov DV, G B. Cytogenetic studies in cutaneous lymphomas. In: Burg G, W K, editors. Cutaneous Lymphomas. Boca Radon, London, New York, Singapore: Marcel Dekker, Francis &Taylor; 2005. p. 69-72.
47. Storz MN, van de Rijn M, Kim YH, Mraz-Gernhard S, Hoppe RT, Kohler S. Gene expression profiles of cutaneous B cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 120(5): 865-70.
48. Vonderheid EC, Bernengo MG, Burg G, Duvic M, Heald P, Laroche L, Olsen E, Pittelkow M, Russell-Jones R, Takigawa M, Willemze R. Update on erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: report of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46(1): 95-106.
49. Weinstock MA, Gardstein B. Twenty-year trends in the reported incidence of mycosis fungoides and associated mortality. Am J Public Health 1999; 89(8): 1240-4.
50. Burg G, ES Jaffe, W Kempf, E Berti, L Cerroni, Chimenti S, Diaz-Perez JL, Duncan L, Harris NL, Kerl H, Knobler R, Kurrer M, Meijer C, Pimpinelli N, Ralfkiaer E, Sander C, Santucci M, Sterry W, Swerdlow S, Wechsler J, Whittaker S, Willemze R. WHO/EORTC Classification of Cutaneous Lymphomas. In: LeBoit P, Burg G, Weedon D, Sarasin A, editors. WHO Books: Tumors of the Skin. Lyon: WHO IARC; 2006. p. 166-168.
51. Burg G, Kempf W, Cozzio A, Feit J, Willemze R, Jaffe ES ,Dummer R, Berti E, Cerroni L, Chimenti S, Diaz-Perez JL, Grange F, Harris NL, Kazakov DV, Kerl H, Kurrer M, Knobler R, Meijer CJ, Pimpinelli N, Ralfkiaer E, Russell-Jones R, Sander C, Santucci M, Sterry W, Swerdlow SH, Vermeer MH, Wechsler J, Whittaker S. WHO/EORTC classification of cutaneous lymphomas 2005: histological and molecular aspects. J Cutan Pathol 2005; 32(10): 647-74.
52. Willemze R, Jaffe ES, Burg G, Cerroni L, Berti E, Swerdlow SH, Ralfkiaer E, Chimenti S, Diaz-Perez JL, Duncan LM, Grange F, Harris NL, Kempf W, Kerl H, Kurrer M, Knobler R, Pimpinelli N, Sander C, Santucci M, Sterry W, Vermeer MH, Wechsler J, Whittaker S, Meijer C. J. WHO-EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas. Blood 2005; 105(10): 3768-85.
53. Jaffe E, NL Harris, H Stein, JW Vardiman, editors. World Health Organization Classification of Tumors. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. Lyon: IARC Press; 2001.
54. Burg G, Michaelis S, Golling P, W K. Prognostic categorization of lymphoproliferative disorders of the skin: a new and clinically oriented approach. In: Burg G KW, editor. Cutaneous Lymphomas. Boca Radon, London, New York, Singapore: Marcel Dekker, Francis &Taylor; 2005. p. 95-100.
55. Burg G, Kempf W, M HS. Prognostic parameters in cutaneous lymphomas. In: Burg G, Kempf W, editors. Cutaneous Lymphomas. Boca Raton, London, New York, Singapore: Taylor & Francis; 2005. p. 529-542.
56. Cerroni L, Rieger E, Hodl S, Kerl H. Clinicopathologic and immunologic features associated with transformation of mycosis fungoides to large-cell lymphoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1992; 16(6): 543-52.
57. Romero LS, Goltz RW, Nagi C, Shin SS, Ho AD. Subcutaneous T-cell lymphoma with associated hemophagocytic syndrome and terminal leukemic transformation. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996.
58. Kaudewitz P, Burg G, Stein H. Ki-1 (CD30) positive cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphomas. Curr Probl Dermatol 1990; 19(150): 150-6.
59. Paulli M, Berti E, Rosso R, Boveri E, Kindl S, Klersy C, Lazzarino M, Borroni G, Menestrina F, Santucci M. CD30/Ki-1-positive lymphoproliferative disorders of the skin-clinicopathologic correlation and statistical analysis of 86 cases: a multicentric study from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Cutaneous Lymphoma Project Group. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13(6): 1343-54.
60. Bekkenk MW, Geelen FA, van Voorst Vader PC, Heule F, Geerts ML, van Vloten WA, Meijer CJ, Willemze R. Primary and secondary cutaneous CD30(+) lymphoproliferative disorders: a report from the Dutch Cutaneous Lymphoma Group on the long-term follow-up data of 219 patients and guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. Blood 2000; 95(12): 3653-61.
61. Nevala H, Karenko L, Vakeva L, Ranki A. Proapoptotic and antiapoptotic markers in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma skin infiltrates and lymphomatoid papulosis. Br J Dermatol 2001; 145(6): 928-37.
62. Dommann SN, Ziegler T, Dommann SC, Meyer J, Panizzon R, Burg G. CD44v6 is a marker for systemic spread in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. A comparative study between nodal and cutaneous lymphomas. J Cutan Pathol 1995; 22(5): 407-12.
63. Orteu CH, Li W, Allen MH, Smith NP, Barker JN, Whittaker SJ. CD44 variant expression in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Cutan Pathol 1997; 24(6): 342-9.
64. Lu D, Duvic M, Medeiros LJ, Luthra R, Dorfman DM, Jones D. The T-cell chemokine receptor CXCR3 is expressed highly in low-grade mycosis fungoides. Am J Clin Pathol 2001; 115(3): 413-21.
65. Yoon TY, Yang TH, Hahn YS, Huh JR, Soo Y. Epstein-Barr virus-associated recurrent necrotic papulovesicles with repeated bacterial infections ending in sepsis and death: consideration of the relationship between Epstein-Barr virus infection and immune defect. J Dermatol 2001; 28(8): 442-7.
66. Iwatsuki K, Xu Z, Ohtsuka M, Kaneko F. Cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection: a clinical overview. J Dermatol Sci 2000; 22(3): 181-95.
67. Hassel JC, Meier R, Joller-Jemelka H, Burg G, Dummer R. Serological immunomarkers in cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Dermatology 2004; 209(4): 296-300.
68. Grange F, Hedelin G, Joly P, Beylot-Barry M, D'Incan M, Delaunay M, Vaillant L, Avril MF, Bosq J, Wechsler J, Dalac S, Grosieux C, Franck N, Esteve E, Michel C, Bodemer C, Vergier B, Laroche L, Bagot M. Prognostic factors in primary cutaneous lymphomas other than mycosis fungoides and the Sezary syndrome. The French Study Group on Cutaneous Lymphomas. Blood 1999; 93(11): 3637-42.
69. Fernandez-Vazquez A, Rodriguez-Peralto JL, Martinez MA, Platon EM, Algara P, Camacho FI, Lopez-Rios F, Zarco C, Sanchez-Yus E, Fresno MF, Barthe L, Aliaga A, Fraga M, Forteza J, Oliva H, Piris MA. Primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphoma: the relation between morphology, clinical presentation, immunohistochemical markers, and survival. Am J Surg Pathol 2001; 25(3): 307-15.
70. Pimpinelli N, Santucci M, Bosi A, Moretti S, Vallecchi C, Messori A, Giannotti, B. Primary cutaneous follicular centre-cell lymphoma - a lymphoproliferative disease with favourable prognosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1989; 14(1): 12-9.
71. Grange F, Bekkenk MW, Wechsler J, Meijer CJ, Cerroni L, Bernengo M, Bosq J, Hedelin G, Fink Puches R, van Vloten WA, Joly P, Bagot M, Willemze R. Prognostic factors in primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphomas: a European multicenter study. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19(16): 3602-10.
72. Berti E, Alessi E, Caputo R. Reticulohistiocytoma of the dorsum (Crosti's disease) and other B-cell lymphomas. Semin Diagn Pathol 1991; 8(2): 82-90.
73. Kurtin PJ, DiCaudo DJ, Habermann TM, Chen MG, Su WP. Primary cutaneous large cell lymphomas. Morphologic, immunophenotypic, and clinical features of 20 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1994; 18(12): 1183-91.
74. Paulli M, Viglio A, Vivenza D, Capello D, Rossi D, Riboni R, Lucioni M, Incardona P, Boveri E, Bellosta M, Orlandi E, Borroni G, Lazzarino M, Berti E, Alessi E, Magrini U, Gaidano G. Primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphoma of the leg: histogenetic analysis of a controversial clinicopathologic entity. Hum Pathol 2002; 33(9): 937-43.
75. Wechsler J, Bagot M. Primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphomas. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2000; 19(2): 130-2.
76. Perniciaro C, Winkelmann RK, Daoud MS, Su WP. Malignant angioendotheliomatosis is an angiotropic intravascular lymphoma. Immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and molecular genetics studies. Am J Dermatopathol 1995; 17(3): 242-8.
77. Chui CT, Hoppe RT, Kohler S, Kim YH. Epidermotropic cutaneous B-cell lymphoma mimicking mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 41(2 Pt 1): 271-4.
78. Cerroni L, El-Shabrawi-Caelen L, Fink-Puches R, LeBoit PE, Kerl H. Cutaneous spindle-cell B-cell lymphoma: a morphologic variant of cutaneous large B-cell lymphoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2000; 22(4): 299-304.
79. Kamarashev J, Schaerer L, Burg G, Schmid MH, Muller B, Kempf W. Tumor-infiltrating T cells in primary cutaneous B-cell lympho-proliferative disorders. J Cutan Pathol 2001; 28(9): 448-52.
80. Beljaards RC, Van Beek P, Willemze R. Relation between expression of adhesion molecules and clinical behavior in cutaneous follicle center cell lymphomas. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37(1): 34-40.
81. Kaye FJ, Bunn PJ, Steinberg SM, Stocker JL, Ihde DC, Fischmann AB, Glatstein, EJ, Schechter GP, Phelps RM, Foss F M, Parlette HL, Anderson MJ, Sausville EA. A randomized trial comparing combination electron-beam radiation and chemotherapy with topical therapy in the initial treatment of mycosis fungoides. N Engl J Med 1989; 321(26): 1784-90.
82. Burg G, Kempf W, Dummer R, Cozzio A, Michaelis S, FO N. Therapy of cutaneous lymphomas. In: G B, W K, editors. Cutaneous Lymphomas. Boca Radon, London, New York, Singapore: Marcel Dekker, Francis&Taylor; 2005. p. 475-528.
83. Dummer R, Kempf W, Hess Schmid M, Haffner A, Burg G. Therapy of cutaneous lymphoma - current practice and future developments. Onkologie 2003; 26(4): 366-72.
84. Urosevic M, Dummer R, Conrad C, Beyeler M, Laine E, Burg G, Gilliet, M. Disease-independent skin recruitment and activation of plasmacytoid predendritic cells following imiquimod treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97(15): 1143-53.
85. Deeths MJ, Chapman JT, Dellavalle RP, Zeng C, Aeling JL. Treatment of patch and plaque stage mycosis fungoides with imiquimod 5 % cream. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 52(2): 275-80.
86. Shan D, Ledbetter JA, Press OW. Apoptosis of malignant human B cells by ligation of CD20 with monoclonal antibodies. Blood 1998; 91(5): 1644-52.
87. Heinzerling ML, Urbanek M, Funk JO, Peker S, Bleck O, Neuber K, Burg G, vondenDriesch P, Dummer R. Reduction of tumor burden and stablization of disease by systemic therapy with anti-CD20 antibody (rituximab) in patients with primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas. Cancer 2000; 89:1835-44.
88. Kennedy GA, Seymour JF, Wolf M, Januszewicz H, Davison J, McCormack C, Ryan G, Prince HM. Treatment of patients with advanced mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome with alemtuzumab. Eur J Haematol 2003; 71(4): 250-6.
89. Hagberg H, Pettersson M, Bjerner T, Enblad G. Treatment of a patient with a nodal peripheral T-cell lymphoma (angioimmunoblastic T-Cell lymphoma) with a human monoclonal antibody against the CD4 antigen (Hu-Max-CD4). Med Oncol 2005; 22(2): 191-4.
90. Foss FM. Interleukin-2 fusion toxin: targeted therapy for cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 941:166-76.
91. Duvic M, Cather J, Maize J, Frankel AE. DAB389IL2 diphtheria fusion toxin produces clinical responses in tumor stage cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Am J Hematol 1998; 58(1): 87-90.
92. Saleh MN, LeMaistre CF, Kuzel TM, Foss F, Platanias LC, Schwartz G, Ratain M, Rook A, Freytes CO, Craig F, Reuben J, Sams MW, Nichols JC. Antitumor activity of DAB389IL-2 fusion toxin in mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 39(1): 63 73.
93. Salard D, Kuzel TM, Samuelson E, Rosen S, Bakouche O. Interleukin-1 alpha increases the preferential cytotoxicity of an interleukin-2-diphtheria toxin fusion protein against neoplastic lymphocytes from patients with the Sezary syndrome compared to normal lymphocytes. J Clin Immunol 1998; 18(3): 223-34.
94. Dummer R, Dobbeling U, Geertsen R, Willers J, Burg G, Pavlovic J. Interferon resistance of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma-derived clonal T-helper 2 cells allows selective viral replication. Blood 2001; 97(2): 523-7.
95. Rook AH, Kubin M, Cassin M, Vonderheid EC, Vowels BR, Wolfe JT, Wolf S F, Singh A, Trinchieri G, Lessin SR. IL-12 reverses cytokine and immune abnormalities in Sezary syndrome. J Immunol 1995; 154(3): 1491-8.
96. Rook AH, Kuzel TM, Olsen EA. Cytokine therapy of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: interferons, interleukin-12, and interleukin-2. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2003; 17(6): 1435-48, ix.
97. Dummer R, Hassel JC, Fellenberg F, Eichmuller S, Maier T, Slos P, Acres B, Bleuzen P, Bataille V, Squiban P, Burg G, Urosevic M. Adenovirus-mediated intralesional interferon-gamma gene transfer induces tumor regressions in cutaneous lymphomas. Blood 2004; 104(6): 1631-8.