메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 19, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 557-564

The role of new therapies for severe community-acquired pneumonia

Author keywords

Antibiotics; Community acquired pneumonia; Streptococcus pneumoniae

Indexed keywords

AMINOGLYCOSIDE; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AZITHROMYCIN; AZTREONAM; BETA LACTAM; CEFEPIME; CEFOTAXIME; CEFTAZIDIME; CEFTRIAXONE; CLARITHROMYCIN; IMIPENEM; LEVOFLOXACIN; MEROPENEM; MOXIFLOXACIN; PIPERACILLIN PLUS TAZOBACTAM; SULTAMICILLIN;

EID: 33750526032     PISSN: 09517375     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e3280106b7f     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (7)

References (103)
  • 1
    • 0029649791 scopus 로고
    • Pneumonia and influenza death rates - United States, 1979-1994
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [Erratum in MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1995; 44:782]
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pneumonia and influenza death rates - United States, 1979-1994. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1995; 44:535-537. [Erratum in MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1995; 44:782].
    • (1995) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , vol.44 , pp. 535-537
  • 2
    • 0009013649 scopus 로고
    • National Center for Health Statistics CfDCaP. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service
    • National Center for Health Statistics CfDCaP. Advance report of final mortality statistics 1992. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service; 1994.
    • (1994) Advance Report of Final Mortality Statistics 1992
  • 3
    • 0034959819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention
    • Niederman MS, Mandell LA, Anzueto A, et al. Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:1730-1754.
    • (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.163 , pp. 1730-1754
    • Niederman, M.S.1    Mandell, L.A.2    Anzueto, A.3
  • 4
    • 0031776406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ERS Task Force Report. Guidelines for management of adult community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections
    • European Respiratory Society
    • European Respiratory Society. ERS Task Force Report. Guidelines for management of adult community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. Eur Respir J 1998; 11:986-991.
    • (1998) Eur Respir J , vol.11 , pp. 986-991
  • 5
    • 0031743433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of adult community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections
    • Huchon G, Woodhead M. Management of adult community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. Eur Respir Rev 1998; 8:391-426.
    • (1998) Eur Respir Rev , vol.8 , pp. 391-426
    • Huchon, G.1    Woodhead, M.2
  • 6
    • 0034456999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canadian guidelines for the initial management of community-acquired pneumonia: An evidence-based update by the Canadian Infectious Diseases Society and the Canadian Thoracic Society
    • The Canadian Community-Acquired Pneumonia Working Group
    • Mandell LA, Marrie TJ, Grossman RF, et al., The Canadian Community-Acquired Pneumonia Working Group. Canadian guidelines for the initial management of community-acquired pneumonia: an evidence-based update by the Canadian Infectious Diseases Society and the Canadian Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31:383-421.
    • (2000) Clin Infect Dis , vol.31 , pp. 383-421
    • Mandell, L.A.1    Marrie, T.J.2    Grossman, R.F.3
  • 7
    • 0345550450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update of practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults
    • Mandell LA, Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, et al. Update of practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37:1405-1433.
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.37 , pp. 1405-1433
    • Mandell, L.A.1    Bartlett, J.G.2    Dowell, S.F.3
  • 8
    • 0034458012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults
    • Infectious Diseases Society of America
    • Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, Mandell LA, et al., Infectious Diseases Society of America. Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31:347-382.
    • (2000) Clin Infect Dis , vol.31 , pp. 347-382
    • Bartlett, J.G.1    Dowell, S.F.2    Mandell, L.A.3
  • 9
    • 0034702109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of community-acquired pneumonia in the era of pneumococcal resistance: A report from the Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Therapeutic Working Group
    • Heffelfinger JD, Dowell SF, Jorgensen JH, et al. Management of community-acquired pneumonia in the era of pneumococcal resistance: a report from the Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Therapeutic Working Group. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160:1399-1408.
    • (2000) Arch Intern Med , vol.160 , pp. 1399-1408
    • Heffelfinger, J.D.1    Dowell, S.F.2    Jorgensen, J.H.3
  • 10
    • 29244469121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections
    • Woodhead M, Blasi F, Ewig S, et al. Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections. Eur Respir J 2005; 26:1138-1180. These are the most recent guidelines publish by both the European Respiratory and Microbiological societies. These guidelines use evidence-based medicine to grade their recommendations. The treatment recommendations take into consideration the emergence of resistance pathogens.
    • (2005) Eur Respir J , vol.26 , pp. 1138-1180
    • Woodhead, M.1    Blasi, F.2    Ewig, S.3
  • 11
    • 0344772950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Hospital Discharge Survey 2000: Annual summary with detailed diagnosis and procedure data
    • Kozak LJ, Hall MJ, Owings MF. National Hospital Discharge Survey 2000: annual summary with detailed diagnosis and procedure data. Vital Health Stat 13 2002; 153:1-194.
    • (2002) Vital Health Stat 13 , vol.153 , pp. 1-194
    • Kozak, L.J.1    Hall, M.J.2    Owings, M.F.3
  • 12
    • 0030814756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization: Results of a population-based active surveillance study in Ohio
    • The Community-Based Pneumonia Incidence Study Groups
    • Marston BJ, Plouffe JF, File TM Jr, et al., The Community-Based Pneumonia Incidence Study Groups. Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization: Results of a population-based active surveillance study in Ohio . Arch Intern Med 1997; 157:1709-1718.
    • (1997) Arch Intern Med , vol.157 , pp. 1709-1718
    • Marston, B.J.1    Plouffe, J.F.2    File Jr., T.M.3
  • 14
    • 0037137456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice management of community-acquired pneumonia
    • Halm EA, Teirstein AS. Clinical practice management of community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:2039-2045.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.347 , pp. 2039-2045
    • Halm, E.A.1    Teirstein, A.S.2
  • 15
    • 0028889934 scopus 로고
    • A five-year study of severe community-acquired pneumonia with emphasis on prognosis in patients admitted to an intensive care unit
    • Leroy O, Santre C, Beuscart C, et al. A five-year study of severe community-acquired pneumonia with emphasis on prognosis in patients admitted to an intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 1995; 21:24-31.
    • (1995) Intensive Care Med , vol.21 , pp. 24-31
    • Leroy, O.1    Santre, C.2    Beuscart, C.3
  • 16
    • 0028332577 scopus 로고
    • Severe community-acquired pneumonia: Etiology, epidemiology, and prognosis factors
    • French Study Group for Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the Intensive Care Unit
    • Moine P, Vercken JB, Chevret S, et al., French Study Group for Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the Intensive Care Unit. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: Etiology, epidemiology, and prognosis factors. Chest 1994; 105:1487-1495.
    • (1994) Chest , vol.105 , pp. 1487-1495
    • Moine, P.1    Vercken, J.B.2    Chevret, S.3
  • 17
    • 0026378758 scopus 로고
    • Severe community-acquired pneumonia: Epidemiology and prognostic factors
    • Torres A, Serra-Batlles J, Ferrer A, et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: Epidemiology and prognostic factors. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144:312-318.
    • (1991) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.144 , pp. 312-318
    • Torres, A.1    Serra-Batlles, J.2    Ferrer, A.3
  • 18
    • 0030031642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognosis and outcomes of patients with community-acquired pneumonia: A meta-analysis
    • [comment]
    • Fine MJ, Smith MA, Carson CA, et al. Prognosis and outcomes of patients with community-acquired pneumonia: A meta-analysis [comment]. J Am Med Assoc 1996; 275:134-141.
    • (1996) J Am Med Assoc , vol.275 , pp. 134-141
    • Fine, M.J.1    Smith, M.A.2    Carson, C.A.3
  • 19
    • 0036724321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe community-acquired pneumonia: Use of intensive care services and evaluation of American and British Thoracic Society diagnostic criteria
    • Angus DC, Marrie TJ, Obrosky DS, et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: use of intensive care services and evaluation of American and British Thoracic Society diagnostic criteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:717-723.
    • (2002) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.166 , pp. 717-723
    • Angus, D.C.1    Marrie, T.J.2    Obrosky, D.S.3
  • 20
    • 0031693610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cost of treating community-acquired pneumonia
    • Niederman MS, McCombs JS, Unger AN, et al. The cost of treating community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Ther 1998; 20:820-837.
    • (1998) Clin Ther , vol.20 , pp. 820-837
    • Niederman, M.S.1    McCombs, J.S.2    Unger, A.N.3
  • 21
    • 25144444427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia in adult patients at the dawn of the 21st century: A prospective study on the Mediterranean coast of Spain
    • Gutierrez F, Masia M, Rodriguez JC, et al. Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia in adult patients at the dawn of the 21st century: a prospective study on the Mediterranean coast of Spain. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11:788-800. This is a prospective study that reports the epidemiology, microbiology and treatment in a cohort of CAP patients evaluated in Spain.
    • (2005) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.11 , pp. 788-800
    • Gutierrez, F.1    Masia, M.2    Rodriguez, J.C.3
  • 22
    • 0037137164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Healthcare-associated bloodstream infections in adults: A reason to change the accepted definition of community-acquired infections
    • Friedman ND, Kaye KS, Stout JE, et al. Healthcare-associated bloodstream infections in adults: a reason to change the accepted definition of community-acquired infections. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137:791-797.
    • (2002) Ann Intern Med , vol.137 , pp. 791-797
    • Friedman, N.D.1    Kaye, K.S.2    Stout, J.E.3
  • 23
    • 0035879380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Etiology, reasons for hospitalization, risk classes, and outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia in patients hospitalized on the basis of conventional admission criteria
    • Roson B, Carratala J, Dorca J, et al. Etiology, reasons for hospitalization, risk classes, and outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia in patients hospitalized on the basis of conventional admission criteria. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33:158-165.
    • (2001) Clin Infect Dis , vol.33 , pp. 158-165
    • Roson, B.1    Carratala, J.2    Dorca, J.3
  • 24
    • 0035091867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical aspects and prognostic factors in elderly patients hospitalised for community-acquired pneumonia
    • Garcia-Ordonez MA, Garcia-Jimenez JM, Paez F, et al. Clinical aspects and prognostic factors in elderly patients hospitalised for community-acquired pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001; 20:14-19.
    • (2001) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.20 , pp. 14-19
    • Garcia-Ordonez, M.A.1    Garcia-Jimenez, J.M.2    Paez, F.3
  • 25
    • 0033729665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired pneumonia: Etiology, epidemiology, and outcome at a teaching hospital in Argentina
    • Luna CM, Famiglietti A, Absi R, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia: etiology, epidemiology, and outcome at a teaching hospital in Argentina. Chest 2000; 118:1344-1354.
    • (2000) Chest , vol.118 , pp. 1344-1354
    • Luna, C.M.1    Famiglietti, A.2    Absi, R.3
  • 26
    • 0034077867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Process of care performance, patient characteristics, and outcomes in elderly patients hospitalized with community-acquired or nursing home-acquired pneumonia
    • Meehan TP, Chua-Reyes JM, Tate J, et al. Process of care performance, patient characteristics, and outcomes in elderly patients hospitalized with community-acquired or nursing home-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2000; 117:1378-1385.
    • (2000) Chest , vol.117 , pp. 1378-1385
    • Meehan, T.P.1    Chua-Reyes, J.M.2    Tate, J.3
  • 27
    • 0035059902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study of community acquired pneumonia aetiology (SCAPA) in adults admitted to hospital: Implications for management guidelines
    • Lim WS, Macfarlane JT, Boswell TC, et al. Study of community acquired pneumonia aetiology (SCAPA) in adults admitted to hospital: implications for management guidelines. Thorax 2001; 56:296-301.
    • (2001) Thorax , vol.56 , pp. 296-301
    • Lim, W.S.1    Macfarlane, J.T.2    Boswell, T.C.3
  • 28
    • 30344451643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and outcomes of healthcare-associated pneumonia: Results from a large US database of culture-positive pneumonia
    • Kollef MH, Shorr A, Tabak YP, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of healthcare-associated pneumonia: results from a large US database of culture-positive pneumonia. Chest 2005; 128:3854-3862. This is a report of healthcare-associated pneumonia and proved extensive epidemiological and outcome data. Many of these patients are severely ill and required ICU care. The study includes patients from nursing home and long-term facilities.
    • (2005) Chest , vol.128 , pp. 3854-3862
    • Kollef, M.H.1    Shorr, A.2    Tabak, Y.P.3
  • 29
    • 0035702764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognostic factors in severe community-acquired pneumonia in patients without co-morbid illness
    • Feldman C, Viljoen E, Morar R, et al. Prognostic factors in severe community-acquired pneumonia in patients without co-morbid illness. Respirology 2001; 6:323-330.
    • (2001) Respirology , vol.6 , pp. 323-330
    • Feldman, C.1    Viljoen, E.2    Morar, R.3
  • 30
    • 0034450744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly
    • Marrie TJ. Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31:1066-1078.
    • (2000) Clin Infect Dis , vol.31 , pp. 1066-1078
    • Marrie, T.J.1
  • 31
    • 28844472594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in hospitalizations for pneumonia among persons aged 65 years or older in the United States, 1988-2002
    • [See comment]
    • Fry AM, Shay DK, Holman RC, et al. Trends in hospitalizations for pneumonia among persons aged 65 years or older in the United States, 1988-2002. J Am Med Assoc 2005; 294:2712-2719. [See comment].
    • (2005) J Am Med Assoc , vol.294 , pp. 2712-2719
    • Fry, A.M.1    Shay, D.K.2    Holman, R.C.3
  • 32
    • 27144465986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognosis factors and outcome of community-acquired pneumonia needing mechanical ventilation
    • International Mechanical Ventilation Study G
    • Tejerina E, Frutos-Vivar F, Restrepo MI, et al., International Mechanical Ventilation Study G. Prognosis factors and outcome of community-acquired pneumonia needing mechanical ventilation. J Crit Care 2005; 20:230-238. This is a report of a large cohort of CAP patients requiring mechanical ventilation. The study describes the epidemiology, mode of mechanical ventilation, complications and outcome of CAP patients requiring mechanical ventilation.
    • (2005) J Crit Care , vol.20 , pp. 230-238
    • Tejerina, E.1    Frutos-Vivar, F.2    Restrepo, M.I.3
  • 33
    • 0037442671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with death among adults <55 years of age hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia
    • Marrie TJ, Carriere KC, Jin Y, Johnson DH. Factors associated with death among adults <55 years of age hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36:413-421.
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.36 , pp. 413-421
    • Marrie, T.J.1    Carriere, K.C.2    Jin, Y.3    Johnson, D.H.4
  • 34
    • 0033994215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of prognosis in patients with community-acquired pneumonia who require mechanical ventilation
    • Pascual FE, Matthay MA, Bacchetti P, Wachter RM. Assessment of prognosis in patients with community-acquired pneumonia who require mechanical ventilation. Chest 2000; 117:503-512.
    • (2000) Chest , vol.117 , pp. 503-512
    • Pascual, F.E.1    Matthay, M.A.2    Bacchetti, P.3    Wachter, R.M.4
  • 35
    • 17744398725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical application of a prognostic model for severe community-acquired pneumonia
    • Mehta R, Groth M. Clinical application of a prognostic model for severe community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2001; 119:312-313.
    • (2001) Chest , vol.119 , pp. 312-313
    • Mehta, R.1    Groth, M.2
  • 36
    • 0031472414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quality of care, process, and outcomes in elderly patients with pneumonia
    • Meehan TP, Fine MJ, Krumholz HM, et al. Quality of care, process, and outcomes in elderly patients with pneumonia. J Am Med Assoc 1997; 278:2080-2084.
    • (1997) J Am Med Assoc , vol.278 , pp. 2080-2084
    • Meehan, T.P.1    Fine, M.J.2    Krumholz, H.M.3
  • 37
    • 0037071257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causes of death for patients with community-acquired pneumonia: Results from the Pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research Team cohort study
    • Mortensen EM, Coley CM, Singer DE, et al. Causes of death for patients with community-acquired pneumonia: results from the Pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research Team cohort study. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162:1059-1064.
    • (2002) Arch Intern Med , vol.162 , pp. 1059-1064
    • Mortensen, E.M.1    Coley, C.M.2    Singer, D.E.3
  • 38
    • 0034117849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implementation of admission decision support for community-acquired pneumonia
    • Dean NC, Suchyta MR, Bateman KA, et al. Implementation of admission decision support for community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2000; 117:1368-1377.
    • (2000) Chest , vol.117 , pp. 1368-1377
    • Dean, N.C.1    Suchyta, M.R.2    Bateman, K.A.3
  • 39
    • 0031012761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:243-250.
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.336 , pp. 243-250
    • Fine, M.J.1    Auble, T.E.2    Yealy, D.M.3
  • 40
    • 0033974755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A controlled trial of a critical pathway for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia
    • CAPITAL Study Investigators Community-Acquired Pneumonia Intervention Trial Assessing Levofloxacin
    • Marrie TJ, Lau CY, Wheeler SL, et al., CAPITAL Study Investigators Community-Acquired Pneumonia Intervention Trial Assessing Levofloxacin. A controlled trial of a critical pathway for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia . J Am Med Assoc 2000; 283:749-755.
    • (2000) J Am Med Assoc , vol.283 , pp. 749-755
    • Marrie, T.J.1    Lau, C.Y.2    Wheeler, S.L.3
  • 41
    • 0034483737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severity assessment in community-acquired pneumonia
    • Ewig S, Schafer H, Torres A. Severity assessment in community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2000; 16:1193-1201.
    • (2000) Eur Respir J , vol.16 , pp. 1193-1201
    • Ewig, S.1    Schafer, H.2    Torres, A.3
  • 42
    • 0031794530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe community-acquired pneumonia: Assessment of severity criteria
    • Ewig S, Ruiz M, Mensa J, et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: Assessment of severity criteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158:1102-1108.
    • (1998) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.158 , pp. 1102-1108
    • Ewig, S.1    Ruiz, M.2    Mensa, J.3
  • 43
    • 0027907352 scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults admitted to hospital
    • The British Thoracic Society
    • The British Thoracic Society. Guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults admitted to hospital. Br J Hosp Med 1993; 49:346-50.
    • (1993) Br J Hosp Med , vol.49 , pp. 346-350
  • 44
    • 0034013695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severity prediction rules in community acquired pneumonia: A validation study
    • Lim WS, Lewis S, Macfarlane JT. Severity prediction rules in community acquired pneumonia: a validation study. Thorax 2000; 55:219-223.
    • (2000) Thorax , vol.55 , pp. 219-223
    • Lim, W.S.1    Lewis, S.2    Macfarlane, J.T.3
  • 45
    • 0036261048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in childhood
    • British Thoracic Society
    • British Thoracic Society. Guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in childhood. Thorax 2002; 57 (Suppl 1):i1-24.
    • (2002) Thorax , vol.57 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
  • 46
    • 0038554228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: An international derivation and validation study
    • Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax 2003; 58:377-382.
    • (2003) Thorax , vol.58 , pp. 377-382
    • Lim, W.S.1    Van Der Eerden, M.M.2    Laing, R.3
  • 47
    • 0037458239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing strategies in the initial management of patients with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Metlay JP, Fine MJ. Testing strategies in the initial management of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138:109-118.
    • (2003) Ann Intern Med , vol.138 , pp. 109-118
    • Metlay, J.P.1    Fine, M.J.2
  • 48
    • 16244385921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective comparison of three validated prediction rules for prognosis in community-acquired pneumonia
    • Aujesky D, Auble TE, Yealy DM, et al. Prospective comparison of three validated prediction rules for prognosis in community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med 2005; 118:384-392. This is a recent prospective evaluation of validated predictor rules in order to identify which patients can be safely treated as outpatients or require hospitalization.
    • (2005) Am J Med , vol.118 , pp. 384-392
    • Aujesky, D.1    Auble, T.E.2    Yealy, D.M.3
  • 49
    • 30744456545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of a predictive rule for the management of community-acquired pneumonia
    • Capelastegui A, Espana PP, Quintana JM, et al. Validation of a predictive rule for the management of community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2006; 27:151-157. This is a report of a large prospective cohort of CAP patients. The investigators validate the predictive rules for management.
    • (2006) Eur Respir J , vol.27 , pp. 151-157
    • Capelastegui, A.1    Espana, P.P.2    Quintana, J.M.3
  • 50
    • 2442422353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of predictive rules and indices of severity for community acquired pneumonia
    • Ewig S, de Roux A, Bauer T, et al. Validation of predictive rules and indices of severity for community acquired pneumonia. Thorax 2004; 59:421-427.
    • (2004) Thorax , vol.59 , pp. 421-427
    • Ewig, S.1    De Roux, A.2    Bauer, T.3
  • 51
    • 0037384268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prediction rule to identify allocation of inpatient care in community-acquired pneumonia
    • Espana PP, Capelastegui A, Quintana JM, et al. A prediction rule to identify allocation of inpatient care in community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2003; 21:695-701.
    • (2003) Eur Respir J , vol.21 , pp. 695-701
    • Espana, P.P.1    Capelastegui, A.2    Quintana, J.M.3
  • 52
    • 0038498504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hospitalization for community-acquired pneumonia: The pneumonia severity index vs clinical judgment
    • Arnold FW, Ramirez JA, McDonald LC, Xia EL. Hospitalization for community-acquired pneumonia: the pneumonia severity index vs clinical judgment. Chest 2003; 124:121-124.
    • (2003) Chest , vol.124 , pp. 121-124
    • Arnold, F.W.1    Ramirez, J.A.2    McDonald, L.C.3    Xia, E.L.4
  • 53
    • 0032824516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative validation of prognostic rules for community-acquired pneumonia in an elderly population
    • Ewig S, Kleinfeld T, Bauer T, et al. Comparative validation of prognostic rules for community-acquired pneumonia in an elderly population. Eur Respir J 1999; 14:370-375.
    • (1999) Eur Respir J , vol.14 , pp. 370-375
    • Ewig, S.1    Kleinfeld, T.2    Bauer, T.3
  • 54
    • 0026072765 scopus 로고
    • Predicting death in patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia
    • [comment]
    • Farr BM, Sloman AJ, Fisch MJ. Predicting death in patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia [comment]. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115:428-436.
    • (1991) Ann Intern Med , vol.115 , pp. 428-436
    • Farr, B.M.1    Sloman, A.J.2    Fisch, M.J.3
  • 55
    • 0025754375 scopus 로고
    • Community acquired pneumonia: Aetiology and prognostic index evaluation
    • Karalus NC, Cursons RT, Leng RA, et al. Community acquired pneumonia: aetiology and prognostic index evaluation. Thorax 1991; 46:413-418.
    • (1991) Thorax , vol.46 , pp. 413-418
    • Karalus, N.C.1    Cursons, R.T.2    Leng, R.A.3
  • 56
    • 10244265940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community acquired pneumonia: Aetiology and usefulness of severity criteria on admission
    • Neill AM, Martin IR, Weir R, et al. Community acquired pneumonia: aetiology and usefulness of severity criteria on admission. Thorax 1996; 51:1010-1016.
    • (1996) Thorax , vol.51 , pp. 1010-1016
    • Neill, A.M.1    Martin, I.R.2    Weir, R.3
  • 57
    • 0027359801 scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the initial management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: Diagnosis, assessment of severity, and initial antimicrobial therapy
    • American Thoracic Society Medical Section of the American Lung Association
    • Niederman MS, Bass JB Jr, Campbell GD, et al., American Thoracic Society Medical Section of the American Lung Association. Guidelines for the initial management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: diagnosis, assessment of severity, and initial antimicrobial therapy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148:1418-1426.
    • (1993) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.148 , pp. 1418-1426
    • Niederman, M.S.1    Bass Jr., J.B.2    Campbell, G.D.3
  • 58
    • 10644262191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of the 2001 American Thoracic Society criteria for severe community-acquired pneumonia
    • Riley PD, Aronsky D, Dean NC. Validation of the 2001 American Thoracic Society criteria for severe community-acquired pneumonia. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:2398-2402.
    • (2004) Crit Care Med , vol.32 , pp. 2398-2402
    • Riley, P.D.1    Aronsky, D.2    Dean, N.C.3
  • 59
    • 0034521718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: Validation of severity criteria
    • The Grupo Andaluz para el Estudio de las Enfermedades Infecciosas
    • Cordero E, Pachon J, Rivero A, et al., The Grupo Andaluz para el Estudio de las Enfermedades Infecciosas. Community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: validation of severity criteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162:2063-2068.
    • (2000) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.162 , pp. 2063-2068
    • Cordero, E.1    Pachon, J.2    Rivero, A.3
  • 60
    • 0034851745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arterial blood gas and pulse oximetry in initial management of patients with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Levin KP, Hanusa BH, Rotondi A, et al. Arterial blood gas and pulse oximetry in initial management of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. J Gen Intern Med 2001; 16:590-598.
    • (2001) J Gen Intern Med , vol.16 , pp. 590-598
    • Levin, K.P.1    Hanusa, B.H.2    Rotondi, A.3
  • 61
    • 0037248951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbiological testing and outcome of patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia
    • Rello J, Bodi M, Mariscal D, et al. Microbiological testing and outcome of patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2003; 123:174-180.
    • (2003) Chest , vol.123 , pp. 174-180
    • Rello, J.1    Bodi, M.2    Mariscal, D.3
  • 62
    • 23844548733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic and prognostic values of admission procalcitonin levels in community-acquired pneumonia in an intensive care unit
    • Boussekey N, Leroy O, Georges H, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic values of admission procalcitonin levels in community-acquired pneumonia in an intensive care unit. Infection 2005; 33:257-263. Several investigators have identified procalcitonin as a potential marker for severity in CAP patients. This study is a prospective validation in a cohort of patients requiring ICU care.
    • (2005) Infection , vol.33 , pp. 257-263
    • Boussekey, N.1    Leroy, O.2    Georges, H.3
  • 63
    • 21744443413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic value of C reactive protein in infections of the lower respiratory tract: Systematic review
    • van der Meer V, Neven AK, van den Broek PJ, Assendelft WJ. Diagnostic value of C reactive protein in infections of the lower respiratory tract: systematic review. Br Med J 2005; 331:26. C-reactive protein is another serum marker shown to be elevated in patients with infection and/or inflammatory process. This is a systematic review of the diagnostic value of C-reactive protein in patients with lower respiratory tract infections.
    • (2005) Br Med J , vol.331 , pp. 26
    • Van Der Meer, V.1    Neven, A.K.2    Van Den Broek, P.J.3    Assendelft, W.J.4
  • 64
    • 1642286527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timing of antibiotic administration and outcomes for Medicare patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Houck PM, Bratzler DW, Nsa W, et al. Timing of antibiotic administration and outcomes for Medicare patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164:637-644.
    • (2004) Arch Intern Med , vol.164 , pp. 637-644
    • Houck, P.M.1    Bratzler, D.W.2    Nsa, W.3
  • 65
    • 15744377189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality in monotherapy versus combination therapy in severe community-acquired pneumonia: A systematic review
    • [abstract]
    • Restrepo MI, Mortensen EM, Anzueto A, Pugh JA. Mortality in monotherapy versus combination therapy in severe community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review [abstract]. Chest 2003; 124 (4S):190S.
    • (2003) Chest , vol.124 , Issue.4 S
    • Restrepo, M.I.1    Mortensen, E.M.2    Anzueto, A.3    Pugh, J.A.4
  • 66
    • 9044221374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple pathogens in adult patients admitted with community-acquired pneumonia: A one-year prospective study of 346 consecutive patients
    • Lieberman D, Schlaeffer F, Boldur I, et al. Multiple pathogens in adult patients admitted with community-acquired pneumonia: a one-year prospective study of 346 consecutive patients. Thorax 1996; 51:179-184.
    • (1996) Thorax , vol.51 , pp. 179-184
    • Lieberman, D.1    Schlaeffer, F.2    Boldur, I.3
  • 67
    • 0032789314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: Impact of age, comorbidity, and severity
    • Ruiz M, Ewig S, Marcos MA, et al. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: impact of age, comorbidity, and severity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160:397-405.
    • (1999) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.160 , pp. 397-405
    • Ruiz, M.1    Ewig, S.2    Marcos, M.A.3
  • 69
    • 0034048716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial pneumonia in hospitalized patients with HIV infection: The Pulmonary Complications, ICU Support, and Prognostic Factors of Hospitalized Patients with HIV (PIP) Study
    • Afessa B, Green B. Bacterial pneumonia in hospitalized patients with HIV infection: the Pulmonary Complications, ICU Support, and Prognostic Factors of Hospitalized Patients with HIV (PIP) Study. Chest 2000; 117:1017-1022.
    • (2000) Chest , vol.117 , pp. 1017-1022
    • Afessa, B.1    Green, B.2
  • 70
    • 25444486112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empirical atypical coverage for inpatients with community-acquired pneumonia: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials
    • Shefet D, Robenshtok E, Paul M, Leibovici L. Empirical atypical coverage for inpatients with community-acquired pneumonia: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165:1992-2000. This is a report of a systematic review of clinical studies that included empirical atypical coverage in their treatment. This review confirms that patients who receive atypical coverage in their therapy have a better outcome.
    • (2005) Arch Intern Med , vol.165 , pp. 1992-2000
    • Shefet, D.1    Robenshtok, E.2    Paul, M.3    Leibovici, L.4
  • 71
    • 0037048257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired pneumonia due to gram-negative bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Incidence, risk, and prognosis
    • Arancibia F, Bauer TT, Ewig S, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia due to gram-negative bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: incidence, risk, and prognosis. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162:1849-1858.
    • (2002) Arch Intern Med , vol.162 , pp. 1849-1858
    • Arancibia, F.1    Bauer, T.T.2    Ewig, S.3
  • 72
    • 0034571920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pseudomonas aeruginosa community-acquired pneumonia in previously healthy adults: Case report and review of the literature
    • Hatchette TF, Gupta R, Marrie TJ. Pseudomonas aeruginosa community-acquired pneumonia in previously healthy adults: case report and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31:1349-1356.
    • (2000) Clin Infect Dis , vol.31 , pp. 1349-1356
    • Hatchette, T.F.1    Gupta, R.2    Marrie, T.J.3
  • 73
    • 1642457388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multicenter, open label, randomized study to compare the safety and efficacy of levofloxacin versus ceftriaxone sodium and erythromycin followed by clarithromycin and amoxicillin-clavulanate in the treatment of serious community-acquired pneumonia in adults
    • Fogarty C, Siami G, Kholer R, et al. Multicenter, open label, randomized study to compare the safety and efficacy of levofloxacin versus ceftriaxone sodium and erythromycin followed by clarithromycin and amoxicillin-clavulanate in the treatment of serious community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38 (S1):S16-S23.
    • (2004) Clin Infect Dis , vol.38 , Issue.S1
    • Fogarty, C.1    Siami, G.2    Kholer, R.3
  • 74
    • 22244459177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of levofloxacin and cefotaxime combined with ofloxacin for ICU patients with community-acquired pneumonia who do not require vasopressors
    • Leroy O, Saux P, Bedos JP, Caulin E. Comparison of levofloxacin and cefotaxime combined with ofloxacin for ICU patients with community-acquired pneumonia who do not require vasopressors. Chest 2005; 128:172-183. This is a prospective study that compared monotherapy with combination therapy in critically ill patients. There were no differences in patients' outcomes. It is important to point out that very few patients required mechanical ventilation and or vasopressors.
    • (2005) Chest , vol.128 , pp. 172-183
    • Leroy, O.1    Saux, P.2    Bedos, J.P.3    Caulin, E.4
  • 75
    • 28744442236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic prescription for community-acquired pneumonia in the intensive care unit: Impact of adherence to Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines on Survival
    • Community-Acquired Pneumonia Intensive Care Units Study I
    • Bodi M, Rodriguez A, Sole-Violan J, et al., Community-Acquired Pneumonia Intensive Care Units Study I. Antibiotic prescription for community-acquired pneumonia in the intensive care unit: impact of adherence to Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines on Survival. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41:1709-1716. This study evaluated the compliance with the guidelines treatment recommendation with outcomes in patients with severe CAP.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.41 , pp. 1709-1716
    • Bodi, M.1    Rodriguez, A.2    Sole-Violan, J.3
  • 76
    • 0035870683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased mortality after implementation of a treatment guideline for community-acquired pneumonia
    • Dean NC, Silver MP, Bateman KA, et al. Decreased mortality after implementation of a treatment guideline for community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med 2001; 110:451-457.
    • (2001) Am J Med , vol.110 , pp. 451-457
    • Dean, N.C.1    Silver, M.P.2    Bateman, K.A.3
  • 77
    • 17744376776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lower mortality among patients with community-acquired pneumonia treated with a macrolide plus a beta-lactam agent versus a beta-lactam agent alone
    • Garcia Vazquez E, Mensa J, Martinez JA, et al. Lower mortality among patients with community-acquired pneumonia treated with a macrolide plus a beta-lactam agent versus a beta-lactam agent alone. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 24:190-195. This is a report of a prospective cohort of CAP patients and confirms that combination of a beta-lactam and a macrolide results in better outcome.
    • (2005) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.24 , pp. 190-195
    • Garcia Vazquez, E.1    Mensa, J.2    Martinez, J.A.3
  • 78
    • 8344262268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of guideline-concordant antimicrobial therapy on mortality among patients with community-acquired pneumonia
    • [see comment]
    • Mortensen EM, Restrepo M, Anzueto A, Pugh J. Effects of guideline-concordant antimicrobial therapy on mortality among patients with community-acquired pneumonia [see comment]. Am J Med 2004; 117:726-731.
    • (2004) Am J Med , vol.117 , pp. 726-731
    • Mortensen, E.M.1    Restrepo, M.2    Anzueto, A.3    Pugh, J.4
  • 79
    • 17944367298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical outcomes of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in the era of antibiotic resistance
    • Moroney JF, Fiore AE, Harrison LH, et al. Clinical outcomes of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in the era of antibiotic resistance. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33:797-805.
    • (2001) Clin Infect Dis , vol.33 , pp. 797-805
    • Moroney, J.F.1    Fiore, A.E.2    Harrison, L.H.3
  • 80
    • 0033827944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective study of prognostic factors in community-acquired bacteremic pneumococcal disease in 5 countries
    • Kalin M, Ortqvist A, Almela M, et al. Prospective study of prognostic factors in community-acquired bacteremic pneumococcal disease in 5 countries. J Infect Dis 2000; 182:840-847.
    • (2000) J Infect Dis , vol.182 , pp. 840-847
    • Kalin, M.1    Ortqvist, A.2    Almela, M.3
  • 81
    • 0034085165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of penicillin susceptibility on medical outcomes for adult patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia
    • Metlay JP, Hofmann J, Cetron MS, et al. Impact of penicillin susceptibility on medical outcomes for adult patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30:520-528.
    • (2000) Clin Infect Dis , vol.30 , pp. 520-528
    • Metlay, J.P.1    Hofmann, J.2    Cetron, M.S.3
  • 82
    • 0034890569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monotherapy may be suboptimal for severe bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia
    • Waterer GW, Somes GW, Wunderink RG. Monotherapy may be suboptimal for severe bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161:1837-1842.
    • (2001) Arch Intern Med , vol.161 , pp. 1837-1842
    • Waterer, G.W.1    Somes, G.W.2    Wunderink, R.G.3
  • 83
    • 4544244010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination antibiotic therapy lowers mortality among severely ill patients with pneumococcal bacteremia
    • International Pneumococcal Study G
    • Baddour LM, Yu VL, Klugman KP, et al., International Pneumococcal Study G. Combination antibiotic therapy lowers mortality among severely ill patients with pneumococcal bacteremia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170:440-444.
    • (2004) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.170 , pp. 440-444
    • Baddour, L.M.1    Yu, V.L.2    Klugman, K.P.3
  • 84
    • 1542719625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective observational study of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia: Effect of discordant therapy on mortality
    • [see comment]
    • Lujan M, Gallego M, Fontanals D, et al. Prospective observational study of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia: Effect of discordant therapy on mortality [see comment]. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:625-631.
    • (2004) Crit Care Med , vol.32 , pp. 625-631
    • Lujan, M.1    Gallego, M.2    Fontanals, D.3
  • 85
    • 0037442372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Addition of a macrolide to a beta-lactam-based empirical antibiotic regimen is associated with lower in-hospital mortality for patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia
    • Martinez JA, Horcajada JP, Almela M, et al. Addition of a macrolide to a beta-lactam-based empirical antibiotic regimen is associated with lower in-hospital mortality for patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36:389-395.
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.36 , pp. 389-395
    • Martinez, J.A.1    Horcajada, J.P.2    Almela, M.3
  • 86
    • 0033606799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in one American city: A 20-year longitudinal study, 1978-1997
    • Mufson MA, Stanek RJ. Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in one American city: a 20-year longitudinal study, 1978-1997. Am J Med 1999; 107 (1A):34S-43S.
    • (1999) Am J Med , vol.107 , Issue.1 A
    • Mufson, M.A.1    Stanek, R.J.2
  • 87
    • 24944476483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluoroquinolones vs macrolides in the treatment of Legionnaires disease
    • Legionnaires Disease Therapy G
    • Sabria M, Pedro-Botet ML, Gomez J, et al., Legionnaires Disease Therapy G. Fluoroquinolones vs macrolides in the treatment of Legionnaires disease. Chest 2005; 128:1401-1405. This report confirms that patients with Legionnaires disease can be treated with respiratory fluoroquinolones.
    • (2005) Chest , vol.128 , pp. 1401-1405
    • Sabria, M.1    Pedro-Botet, M.L.2    Gomez, J.3
  • 88
    • 0034934856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-effectiveness of gatifloxacin vs ceftriaxone with a macrolide for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia
    • Dresser LD, Niederman MS, Paladino JA. Cost-effectiveness of gatifloxacin vs ceftriaxone with a macrolide for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2001; 119:1439-1448.
    • (2001) Chest , vol.119 , pp. 1439-1448
    • Dresser, L.D.1    Niederman, M.S.2    Paladino, J.A.3
  • 89
    • 0034669708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Approaches to drug therapy, formulary, and pathway management in a large community hospital
    • Halley HJ. Approaches to drug therapy, formulary, and pathway management in a large community hospital. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2000; 57 (Suppl 3): S17-S21.
    • (2000) Am J Health Syst Pharm , vol.57 , Issue.SUPPL. 3
    • Halley, H.J.1
  • 90
    • 0033896151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An appraisal of treatment guidelines for antepartum community-acquired pneumonia
    • Yost NP, Bloom SL, Richey SD, et al. An appraisal of treatment guidelines for antepartum community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 183:131-135.
    • (2000) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.183 , pp. 131-135
    • Yost, N.P.1    Bloom, S.L.2    Richey, S.D.3
  • 91
    • 0034063122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economic assessment of the community-acquired pneumonia intervention trial employing levofloxacin
    • Palmer CS, Zhan C, Elixhauser A, et al. Economic assessment of the community-acquired pneumonia intervention trial employing levofloxacin. Clin Ther 2000; 22:250-264.
    • (2000) Clin Ther , vol.22 , pp. 250-264
    • Palmer, C.S.1    Zhan, C.2    Elixhauser, A.3
  • 92
    • 0035049777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of levofloxacin for adult community-acquired pneumonia caused by macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: Integrated results from four open-label, multicenter, phase III clinical trials
    • Fogarty CM, Greenberg RN, Dunbar L, et al. Effectiveness of levofloxacin for adult community-acquired pneumonia caused by macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: integrated results from four open-label, multicenter, phase III clinical trials. Clin Ther 2001; 23:425-439.
    • (2001) Clin Ther , vol.23 , pp. 425-439
    • Fogarty, C.M.1    Greenberg, R.N.2    Dunbar, L.3
  • 93
    • 0034669510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experiences at a large teaching hospital with levo-floxacin for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia
    • Clark LC, Davis CW. Experiences at a large teaching hospital with levo-floxacin for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2000; 57 (Suppl 3):S10-S13.
    • (2000) Am J Health Syst Pharm , vol.57 , Issue.SUPPL. 3
    • Clark, L.C.1    Davis, C.W.2
  • 94
    • 0037780625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of nonresolving and progressive pneumonia
    • Menendez R, Perpina M, Torres A. Evaluation of nonresolving and progressive pneumonia. Semin Respir Infect 2003; 18:103-111.
    • (2003) Semin Respir Infect , vol.18 , pp. 103-111
    • Menendez, R.1    Perpina, M.2    Torres, A.3
  • 95
    • 0033925423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial treatment failures in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: Causes and prognostic implications
    • Arancibia F, Ewig S, Martinez JA, et al. Antimicrobial treatment failures in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: causes and prognostic implications. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162:154-160.
    • (2000) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.162 , pp. 154-160
    • Arancibia, F.1    Ewig, S.2    Martinez, J.A.3
  • 96
    • 0035848337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early switch and early discharge strategies in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: A meta-analysis
    • Rhew DC, Tu GS, Ofman J, et al. Early switch and early discharge strategies in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161:722-727.
    • (2001) Arch Intern Med , vol.161 , pp. 722-727
    • Rhew, D.C.1    Tu, G.S.2    Ofman, J.3
  • 97
    • 0035953115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early switch from intravenous to oral antibiotics in hospitalized patients with bacteremic community-acquired Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia
    • Ramirez JA, Bordon J. Early switch from intravenous to oral antibiotics in hospitalized patients with bacteremic community-acquired Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161:848-850.
    • (2001) Arch Intern Med , vol.161 , pp. 848-850
    • Ramirez, J.A.1    Bordon, J.2
  • 98
    • 0035825319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early discharge of infected patients through appropriate antibiotic use
    • Eron LJ, Passos S. Early discharge of infected patients through appropriate antibiotic use. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161:61-65.
    • (2001) Arch Intern Med , vol.161 , pp. 61-65
    • Eron, L.J.1    Passos, S.2
  • 99
    • 7244219794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination coverage among persons aged > or =65 years and persons aged 18-64 years with diabetes or asthma - United States, 2003
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [Erratum in MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004; 54:935]
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination coverage among persons aged > or =65 years and persons aged 18-64 years with diabetes or asthma - United States, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004; 53:1007-1012. [Erratum in MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004; 54:935].
    • (2004) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , vol.53 , pp. 1007-1012
  • 100
    • 26944500247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influenza vaccination levels among persons aged > or =65 years and among persons aged 18-64 years with high-risk conditions - United States, 2003
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Influenza vaccination levels among persons aged > or =65 years and among persons aged 18-64 years with high-risk conditions - United States, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2005; 54:1045-1049. Most recent recommendations related to influenza vaccination.
    • (2005) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , vol.54 , pp. 1045-1049
  • 101
    • 85058201506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost benefit of influenza vaccination in healthy, working adults: An economic analysis based on the results of a clinical trial of trivalent live attenuated influenza virus vaccine
    • Nichol KL, Mallon KP, Mendelman PM. Cost benefit of influenza vaccination in healthy, working adults: an economic analysis based on the results of a clinical trial of trivalent live attenuated influenza virus vaccine. Vaccine 2003; 21:2207-2217.
    • (2003) Vaccine , vol.21 , pp. 2207-2217
    • Nichol, K.L.1    Mallon, K.P.2    Mendelman, P.M.3
  • 102
    • 0027375327 scopus 로고
    • Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine efficacy: An evaluation of current recommendations
    • Butler JC, Breiman RF, Campbell JF, et al. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine efficacy: An evaluation of current recommendations. J Am Med Assoc 1993; 270:1826-1831.
    • (1993) J Am Med Assoc , vol.270 , pp. 1826-1831
    • Butler, J.C.1    Breiman, R.F.2    Campbell, J.F.3
  • 103
    • 1442332951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Updated recommendations on the use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: Suspension of recommendation for third and fourth dose
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated recommendations on the use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: suspension of recommendation for third and fourth dose. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004; 53:177-178.
    • (2004) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , vol.53 , pp. 177-178


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.