Why small, centrist third parties motivate policy divergence by major parties

American Political Science Review

Volumn 100, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 403-417

  Adams, James ^a   Merrill III, Samuel ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b WILKES UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c University of California Davis ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33750217483     PISSN: 00030554     EISSN: 15375943     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0003055406062265     Document Type: Review

References (32)

1. Adams, James, Michael Clark, Lawrence Ezrow, and Garrett Glasgow. 2004. "Understanding Change and Stability in Party Ideologies: Do Parties Respond to Public Opinion or to Past Election Results?" British Journal of Political Science 34 (October): 589-610.
2. Adams, James, Samuel Merrill, III, and Bernard Grofman. 2005. A Unified Theory of Party Competition: A Cross-National Analysis Integrating Spatial and Behavioral Factors Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
3. Baron, David. 1994. "Electoral Competition with Informed and Uninformed Voters." American Political Science Review 88 (March): 33-47.
4. Brams, Steven, and Samuel Merrill, III. 1983. "Equilibrium Strategies for Final-Offer Arbitration: There is No Median Convergence." Management Science 29 (August): 927-41.
5. Brams, Steven, and Samuel Merrill, III. 1991. "Final-Offer Arbitration with a Bonus." European Journal of Political Economy 7 (April): 79-92.
6. Budge, Ian. 1994. "A New Theory of Party Competition: Uncertainty, Ideology, and Party Equilibria Viewed Temporally and Comparatively." British Journal of Political Science 24 (July): 443-67.
7. Budge, Ian, Hans-Dieter Klingemann, Andrea Volkens, Eric Tannenbaum, and Judith Bara (eds.). 2001. Mapping Policy Preferences: Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments 1945-1998. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
8. Burden, Barry. 2004. "Candidate Positioning in U.S. Congressional Elections." British Journal of Political Science 34 (April): 211-27.
9. Calvert, Randall. 1985. "Robustness of the Multidimensional Voting Model: Candidates, Motivations, Uncertainty, and Convergence." American Journal of Political Science 29 (February): 69-95.
10. Cook, Chris. 1998. A Short History of the Liberal Party, 1900-1996. fifth edition. London: Macmillan.
11. Cox, Gary. 1984. "An Expected-Utility Model of Electoral Competition." Quality and Quantity 18 (August): 337-49.
12. Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.
13. Eaton, B. Curtis, and Richard G. Lipsey. 1975. "The Principle of Minimum Differentiation Reconsidered: Some New Developments in the Theory of Spatial Competition." Review of Economic Studies 42 (January): 27-49.
14. Erikson, Robert, Michael MacKuen, and James Stimson. 2002. The Macro Polity. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
15. Fowler, James, and Oleg Smirnov. n.d. Mandates, Parties, and Voters: How Elections Shape the Future. Book manuscript.
16. Gerber, Elizabeth, and John Jackson. 1993. "Endogenous Preferences and the Study of Institutions." American Political Science Review 87 (September): 639-56.
17. Groseclose, Timothy. 2001. "A Model of Candidate Location when One Candidate Has a Valence Advantage. American Journal of Political Science 45 (October): 862-86.
18. Hinich, Melvin, and Michael Munger. 1997. Analytical Politics. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
19. Huber, John, and Ronald Inglehart. 1995. "Expert Interpretations of Party Space and Party Locations in 42 Societies." Party Politics 1 (January): 73-111.
20. Kim, Hee-min, and Richard C. Fording. 2001. "Extending the Party Estimates to Governments and Electors." In Mapping Policy Preferences: Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments 1945-1998. Ian Budge, Hans-Dieter Klingemann, Andrea Volkens, Eric Tannenbaum, and Judith Bara, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
21. Lin, Tse-min James Enelow, and Han Dorussen. 1999. "Equilibrium in Multiparty Probabilistic Spatial Voting." Public Choice 98 (July): 59-82.
22. McDonald, Michael, and Ian Budge. 2006. Elections, Parties, and Democracy: Conferring the Median Mandate. Oxford University Press.
23. Meguid, Bonnie. 2005. "Competition Between Unequals: The Role of Mainstream Party Strategy in Niche Party Success." American Political Science Review 99 (August): 347-59.
24. Merrill, Samuel, III, and James Adams. 2002. "Centrifugal Incentives in Multicandidate Elections." Journal of Theoretical Politics 14 (July): 273-300.
25. Nagel, Jack. 2001. "Center-Party Strength and Major-Party Polarization in Britain." Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, CA, August 30-September 2.
26. Powell, G. Bingham. 2000. Elections as Instruments of Democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
27. Roemer, John. 2001. Political Competition: Theory and Applications. Harvard University Press.
28. Schofield, Norman, and Itai Sened. 2005. "Multiparty Competition in Israel, 1988-1996." British Journal of Political Science 35 (October): 635-63.
29. Wittman, Donald. 1973. "Parties as Utility Maximizers." American Political Science Review 67 (June): 490-98.
30. Wittman, Donald. 1977. "Candidates with Policy Preferences: A Dynamic Model." Journal of Economic Theory 14 (February): 180-89.
31. Wittman, Donald. 1983. "Candidate Motivation: A Synthesis of Alternatives." American Political Science Review 77 (March): 142-57.
32. Wittman, Donald. 1990. "Spatial Strategies When Candidates have Policy Preferences." In Advances in the Spatial Theory of Voting. ed. James Enelow and Melvin Hinich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.