The role of emotional dysregulation in perfectionism and psychological distress

Journal of Counseling Psychology

Volumn 53, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 498-510

  Aldea, Mirela A ^a,b   Rice, Kenneth G ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Emotional regulation; Perfectionism; Psychological distress

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ADULT; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; COUNSELING; DISTRESS SYNDROME; EMOTIONAL DISORDER; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MODEL; PERFECTIONISM; PSYCHOMETRY; RATING SCALE; RELIABILITY; SCORING SYSTEM; STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING; UNIVERSITY STUDENT;

EID: 33750217103     PISSN: 00220167     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-0167.53.4.498     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411-423.
2. Ashby, J. S., & Rice, K. G. (2002). Perfectionism, dysfunctional attitudes, and self-esteem: A structural equations analysis. Journal of Counseling and Development, 80, 197-203.
3. Ashby, J. S., Rice, K. G., & Martin, J. (2006). Perfectionism, shame, and depression. Journal of Counseling and Development, 84, 148-157.
4. Bagozzi, R. P., & Phillips, L. W. (1982). Representing and testing organizational theories: A holistic construal. Administrative Science Quarterly, 27, 459-489.
5. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
6. Bentler, P. M., & Yuan, K. H. (2000). On adding a mean structure to a covariance structure model. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60, 326-339.
7. Blankstein, K. R., & Dunkley, D. M. (2002). Evaluative concerns, selfcritical, and personal standards perfectionism: A structural equation modeling strategy. In G. L. Flett & P. L. Hewitt (Eds.), Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 285-315). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
8. Blankstein, K. R., & Paduada, M. (2001). Multidimensional perfectionism and defense styles: Relations with negative affectivity and positive affectivity. Manuscript submitted for publication.
9. Blatt, S. J. (1995). The destructiveness of perfectionism: Implications for the treatment of depression. American Psychologist, 50, 1003-1020.
10. Boulet, J., & Boss, M. W. (1991). Reliability and validity of the Brief Symptom Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 3, 433-437.
11. Brown, E. J., Heimberg, R. G., Frost, R. O., Makris, G. S., Juster, H. R., & Leung, A. W. (1999). Relationship of perfectionism to affect, expectations, attributions, and performance in the classroom. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 18, 98-120.
12. Brown, G. P., & Beck, A. T. (2002). Dysfunctional attitudes, perfectionism, and models of vulnerability to depression. In G. L. Flett & P. L. Hewitt (Eds.), Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 231-251). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
13. Calkins, S. D. (2004). Early attachment processes and the development of emotional self-regulation. In R. F. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation: Research, Theory, and Applications (pp. 324-339). New York: Guilford.
14. Cassidy, J. (2000). Adult romantic attachments: A development perspective on individual differences. Review of General Psychology, 4, 111-131.
15. Cochran, C. D., & Hale, W. D. (1985). College student norms on the Brief Symptom Inventory. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 777-779.
16. Cole, D. A., & Maxwell, S. E. (2003). Testing mediational models with longitudinal data: Questions and tips in the use of structural equation modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 558-577.
17. Cole, P. M. Michel, K. M., & Teti, L. O. (1994). The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: A clinical perspective. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59, 73-100.
18. Denham, S. A. (1998). Emotional development in young children. New York: Guilford.
19. Derogatis, L. R. (1993). Brief Symptom Inventory: Administration, scoring, and procedures manual. Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems.
20. Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276-302.
21. Dunkley, D. M., Blankstein, K. R., Halsall, J., Williams, M., & Winkworth, G. (2000). The relation between perfectionism and distress: Hassles, coping, and perceived social support as mediators and moderators. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 437-453.
22. Dunkley, D. M., Zuroff, D. C., & Blankstein, K. R. (2003). Self-critical perfectionism and daily affect: Dispositional and situational influences on stress and coping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 234-252.
23. Enns, M. W., Cox, B. J., & Clara, I. (2002). Adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism: Developmental origins and association with depression proneness. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 921-935.
24. Fassinger, R. E. (1987). Use of structural equation modeling in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 425-436.
25. Flett, G. L., Blankstein, K. R., Hewitt, P. L., & Koledin, S. (1992). Components of perfectionism and procrastination in college students. Social Behavior and Personality, 20, 85-94.
26. Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (Eds.). (2002). Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
27. Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Blanstein, K. R., & Koledin, S. (1991). Dimensions of perfectionism and irrational thinking. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 9, 185-201.
28. Folkman, S. (1984). Personal control and stress and coping processes: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 839-852.
29. Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. (1980). An analysis of coping in a middle aged community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21, 219-239.
30. Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barron, K. E. (2004). Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 115-134.
31. Frost, R. O., Heimberg, R. G., Holt, C. S., Mattia, J. I., & Neubauer, A. L. (1993). A comparison of two measures of perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 119-126.
32. Frost, R. O., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1991). The development of perfectionism: A study of daughters and their parents. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 15, 469-489.
33. Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 449-468.
34. Fuendeling, J. M. (1998). Affect regulation as a stylistic process within adult attachment. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15, 291-322.
35. Gould, J. R., Prentice, N. M., & Ainslie, R. C. (1996). The Splitting Index: Construction of a scale measuring the defense mechanism of splitting. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66, 414-430.
36. Graham, J. M., Guthrie, A. C., & Thompson, B. (2003). Consequences of not interpreting structure coefficients in published CFA research: A reminder. Structural Equation Modeling, 10, 142-153.
37. Greenberg, L. S. (2004). Emotion-focused therapy. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 11, 3-16.
38. Greenberg, L. S., & Safran, J. D. (1989). Emotion in psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 44, 19-29.
39. Grzegorek, J. L., Slaney, R. B., Franze, S., & Rice, K. R. (2004). Selfcriticism, dependency, self-esteem, and grade-point average satisfaction among clusters of perfectionists and nonperfectionists. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 192-200.
40. Harter, S. (1998). The development of self-representations. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 553-617). New York: Wiley.
41. Hayes, J. A. (1997). What does the brief symptom inventory measure in college and university counseling center clients? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44, 360-367.
42. Hayes, J. A., & Mahalik, J. R. (2000). Gender role conflict and psychological distress in male counseling center clients. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 1, 116-125.
43. Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1991). Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 456-470.
44. Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., Turnbull-Donovan, W., & Mikail, S. F. (1991). The Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale: Reliability, validity, and psychometric properties in psychiatric samples. Psychological Assessment, 3, 464-468.
45. Holmbeck, G. N. (1997). Toward terminological, conceptual, and statistical clarity in the study of mediators and moderators: Examples from the child-clinical and pediatric psychology literatures. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 65, 599-610.
46. Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
47. Kernberg, O. (1976). Object relations theory and clinical psychoanalysis. New York: Aronson.
48. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer-Verlag.
49. Lopez, F. G. (2001). Adult attachment orientations, self-other boundary regulation, and splitting tendencies in a college sample. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 440-446.
50. MacCallum, R. C., & Austin, J. T. (2000). Applications of structural equation modeling in psychological research. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 201-226.
51. MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1, 130-149.
52. MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M. (2000). Equivalence of the mediation, confounding, and suppression effect. Prevention Science, 1, 173-181.
53. MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods, 7, 83-104.
54. Magar, C., & Hunziker, J. (1993). Tolstay and the riddle of developmental transformation: A lifespan analysis of the role of emotions in personality development. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 247-259). New York: Guilford.
55. McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M. R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. Psychological Methods, 7, 64-82.
56. Mobley, M., Slaney, R. S., & Rice, K. G. (2005). Construct validity and psychological and academic correlates of perfectionism among African-American college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 629-639.
57. Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2004). Thinking makes it so: A social cognitive neuroscience approach to emotion regulation. In R. F. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications (pp. 229-255). New York: Guilford.
58. Parker, W. D. (1997). An empirical typology of perfectionism in academically talented children. American Educational Research Journal, 34, 545-562.
59. Pedhazur, E. J. (1982). Multiple regression in behavioral research: Explanation and prediction. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
60. Rice, K. G., Ashby, J. S., & Slaney, R. B. (1998). Self-esteem as a mediator between perfectionism and depression: A structural equations analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 304-314.
61. Rice, K. G., & Dellwo, J. P. (2002). Perfectionism and self-development: Implications for college adjustment. Journal of Counseling and Development, 80, 188-196.
62. Rice, K. G., & Lapsley, D. K. (2001). Perfectionism, coping, and emotional adjustment. Journal of College Student Development, 42, 157-168.
63. Rice, K. G., Lopez, F. G., & Vergara, D. (2005). Parental/social influences on perfectionism and adult attachment orientations. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24, 580-605.
64. Rice, K. G., & Mirzadeh, S. A. (2000). Perfectionism, attachment, and adjustment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 238-250.
65. Rice, K. G., & Slaney, R. B. (2002). Clusters of perfectionists: Two studies of emotional adjustment and academic achievement. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 35, 35-48.
66. Ruipérez, M. Á., Ibánez, M. I., Lorente, E., Moro, M., & Ortet, G. (2001). Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the BSI: Contributions to the relationship between personality and psychopathology. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 17, 241-250.
67. Saarni, C., Mumme, D. L., & Campos, J. J. (1998). Emotional development: Action, communication, and understanding. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 237-309). New York: Wiley.
68. Sandler, I. N., & Barrera, M. (1984). Toward a multimethod approach to assessing the effects of social support. American Journal of Community Psychology, 12, 37-52.
69. Shafran, R., & Mansel, W. (2001). Perfectionism and psychopathology: A review of research and treatment, Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 879-906.
70. Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2002). Attachment-related psychodynamics. Attachment and Human Development, 4, 133-161.
71. Shea, A. J., Slaney, R. S., & Rice, K. G. (2006). Perfectionism in intimate relationships: The Dyadic Almost Perfect Scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 39, 107-125.
72. Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and non-experimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7, 422-445.
73. Skowron, E. A., & Friedlader, M. L. (1998). The Differentiation of Self Inventory: Development and initial validation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 235-246.
74. Slaney, R. B., Ashby, J. S., & Trippi, J. (1995). Perfectionism: Its measurement and career relevance. Journal of Career Assessment, 3, 279-297.
75. Slaney, R. B., Mobley, M., Trippi, J., Ashby, J., & Johnson, D. G. (1996). The Almost Perfect Scale - Revised. Unpublished manuscript, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park.
76. Slaney, R. B., Rice, K. G., Mobley, M., Trippi, J., & Ashby, J. S. (2001). The revised Almost Perfect Scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 34, 130-145.
77. Tangney, J. P. (2002). Self-conscious emotions: The self as a moral guide. In A. Tesser & D. A. Stapel (Eds.), Self and motivation: Emerging psychological perspectives (pp. 97-117). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
78. Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
79. Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59, 25-52.
80. Tuason, M. T., & Friedlander, M. L. (2000). Do parents' differentiation levels predict those of their adult children? And other tests of Bowen theory in a Philippine sample. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 27-35.
81. Wei, M., Heppner, P. P., Russell, D. W., & Young, S. K. (2006). Maladaptive perfectionism and ineffective coping as mediators between attachment and future depression: A prospective analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 67-79.
82. Wei, M., Mallinckrodt, B., Russell, D. W., & Abraham, T. W. (2004). Maladaptive perfectionism as a mediator and moderator between adult attachment and depressive mood. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 210-212.
83. Wei, M., Russell, D. W., & Zakalik, R. A. (2005). Adult attachment, social self-efficacy, self-disclosure, loneliness, and subsequent depression for freshman college students: A longitudinal study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 602-614.
84. Wei, M., Shaffer, P. A., Young, S. K. & Zakalik, R. A. (2005). Adult attachment, shame, depression, and loneliness: The mediation role of basic psychological needs satisfaction. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 591-601.
85. Wei, M., Vogel, D. L., Ku, T. Y., & Zakalik, R. A. (2005). Adult attachment, affect regulation, negative mood, and interpersonal problems: The mediating roles of emotional reactivity and emotional cutoff. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 14-24.
86. Wilkinson, L., & American Psychological Association Task Force on Statistical Inference. (1999). Statistical methods in psychology journals: Guidelines and explanations. American Psychologist, 54, 594-604.