Adult attachment, shame, depression, and loneliness: The mediation role of basic psychological needs satisfaction

Journal of Counseling Psychology

Volumn 52, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 591-601

  Wei, Meifen ^a,b   Shaffer, Philip A ^a,b   Young, Shannon K ^a,b   Zakalik, Robyn A ^a,b  

^a IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Department of Statistics Center for Statistics and Applications in Forensic Evidence Iowa State University 2438 Osborn Dr Ames   (United States)

Author keywords

Adult attachment; Basic psychological needs satisfaction; Depression; Loneliness; Mediation

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR; COMPETENCE; DEPRESSION; DISTRESS SYNDROME; EMOTIONAL ATTACHMENT; FEMALE; HUMAN; LONELINESS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; SATISFACTION; SHAME;

EID: 27744583118     PISSN: 00220167     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-0167.52.4.591     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411-423.
2. Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10, 176-181.
3. Avery, R. R., & Ryan, R. M. (1988). Object relations and ego development: Comparison and correlates in middle childhood. Journal of Personality, 56, 547-569.
4. Baron, M. R., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
5. Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226-244.
6. Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York: Basic Books.
7. Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46-76). New York: Guilford Press.
8. Collins, N. L. (1996). Working models of attachment: Implications for explanation, emotion, and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 810-832.
9. Deci, E. L. (1975). Intrinsic motivation. New York: Plenum Press.
10. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum Press.
11. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268.
12. Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Gagné, M., Leone, D. R., Usunov, J., & Kornazheva, B. P. (2001). Need satisfaction, motivation, and well-being in the work organizations of a former Eastern bloc country: A cross-cultural study of self-determination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 930-942.
13. Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. (1993). An introduction to the bootstrap. New York: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
14. Gagné, M. (2003). The role of autonomy support and autonomy orientation in prosocial behavior engagement. Motivation & Emotion, 27, 199-223.
15. Gelso, C., & Fretz, B. R. (2001). Counseling psychology (2nd ed.). Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
16. Harder, D. W., & Zalma, A. (1990). Two promising shame and guilt scales: A construct validity comparison. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55, 729-745.
17. Hecht, D. T., & Baum, S. K. (1984). Loneliness and attachment patterns in young adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 193-197.
18. Horowitz, L. M., Rosenberg, S. E., & Bartholomew, K. (1993). Interpersonal problems, attachment styles, and outcome in brief dynamic psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 549-560.
19. Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
20. Ilardi, B. C., Leone, D., Kasser, R., & Ryan, R. M. (1993). Employee and supervisor ratings of motivation: Main effects and discrepancies associated with job satisfaction and adjustment in a factory setting. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 1789-1805.
21. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2003). LISREL 8.54. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International.
22. Kenny, D. A., Kashy, D. A., & Bolger, N. (1998). Data analysis in social psychology. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., pp. 233-265). New York: McGraw-Hill.
23. Kobak, R. R., & Sceery, A. (1988). Attachment in late adolescence: Working models, affect regulation, and representations of self and others. Child Development, 59, 135-146.
24. La Guardia, J. G., Tyan, R. M., Couchman, C. E., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Within-person variation in security of attachment: A self-determination theory perspective on attachment, need fulfillment, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 367-384.
25. Lopez, F. G. (1995). Contemporary attachment theory: An introduction with implications for counseling psychology. The Counseling Psychologist, 23, 395-416.
26. Lopez, F. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). Dynamic processes underlying adult attachment organization: Toward an attachment theoretical perspective on the healthy and effective self. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 283-301.
27. Lopez, F. G., Mauricio, A. M., Gormley, B., Simko, T., & Berger, E. (2001). Adult attachment orientations and college student distress: The mediating role of problem coping styles. Journal of Counseling & Development, 79, 459-464.
28. Lopez, F. G., Mitchell, P., & Gormley, B. (2002). Adult attachment and college student distress: Test of a mediational model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49, 460-467.
29. Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales. Sydney: Psychological Foundation of Australia.
30. MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. (2000). Mediation, confounding, and suppression: Different names for the same effect. Prevention Science, 1, 173-181.
31. MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods, 7, 83-104.
32. Mallinckrodt, B. (2000). Attachment, social competencies, social support, and interpersonal process in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 10, 239-266.
33. Mallinckrodt, B., & Wei, M. (2005). Attachment, social competencies, social support, and psychological distress. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 358-367.
34. Mikulincer, M., Hirschberger, G., Nachmias, O., & Gillath, O. (2001). The affective component of the secure base schema: Affective priming with representations of proximity maintenance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 305-321.
35. Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2001). Attachment theory and intergroup bias: Evidence that priming the secure base schema attenuates negative reactions to out-groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 97-105.
36. Passik, S. D., Kirsh, K. L., Donaghy, K. B., Theobald, D. E., Lundberg, J. C., Holtsclaw, E., et al. (2001). An attempt to employ the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale as a "lab test" to trigger follow-up in an ambulatory oncology clinic. Journal of Pain & Symptom Management, 21, 273-281.
37. Pietromonaco, P. R., & Feldman Barrett, L. (2000). The internal working models concept: What do we really know about the self in relation to others? Review of General Psychology, 4, 155-175.
38. Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.
39. Reis, H. T., Sheldon, K. M., Gable, S. L., Roscoe, J., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). Daily well-being: The role of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 419-435.
40. Roberts, J. E., Gotlib, I. H., & Kassel, J. D. (1996). Adult attachment security and symptoms of depression: The mediating roles of dysfunctional attitudes and low self-esteem. Personality Processes and Individual Differences, 70, 310-320.
41. Russell, D. W. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66, 20-40.
42. Russell, D. W., Kahn, J. H., Spoth, R., & Altmaier, E. M. (1998). Analyzing data from experimental studies: A latent variable structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 18-29.
43. Ryan, R. M. (1993). Agency and organization: Intrinsic motivation, autonomy and the self in psychological development. In J. Jacobs (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Developmental perspectives on motivation (Vol. 40, pp. 1-56). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
44. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). The darker and brighter sides of human existence: Basic psychological needs as a unifying concept. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 319-338.
45. Ryan, R. M., & Lynch, J. (1989). Emotional autonomy versus detachment: Revisiting the vicissitudes of adolescence and young adulthood. Child Development, 60, 340-356.
46. Santor, D., Zuroff, D., Ramsay, J., Cervantes, P., & Palacios, J. (1995). Examining scale discriminability in the BDI and CES-D as a function of depression severity. Psychological Assessment, 7, 131-139.
47. Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (1988). Scaling corrections for chi-square statistics in covariance structure analysis. In American Statistical Association 1988 proceedings of the business and economic section (pp. 308-313). Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association.
48. Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2001). A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66, 507-514.
49. Shaver, P. R., & Hazan, C. (1989). Being lonely, falling in love: Perspectives from attachment theory. In M. Hojat & R. Crandall (Eds.), Loneliness: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 105-124). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
50. Sheldon, K. M., Elliot, A. J., Kimm, Y., & Kasser, T. (2001). What is satisfying about satisfying events? Testing 10 candidate psychological needs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 325-339.
51. Sheldon, K. M., Ryan, R., & Reis, H. T. (1996). What makes for a good day? Competence and autonomy in the day and in the person. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 1270-1279.
52. Shrout, P. E, & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7, 422-445.
53. Simpson, J. A. (1990). The influence of attachment styles on romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 971-980.
54. Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models. In S. Leinhart (Ed.), Sociological methodology (pp. 290-312). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
55. Sroufe, L. A., & Waters, E. (1977). Attachment as an organizational construct. Child Development, 48, 1184-1199.
56. Wagner, P. E., & Tangney, J. P. (1991). Affective style, aspects of the self, and psychological symptoms. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, George Mason University.
57. Wei, M., Heppner, P. P., & Mallinckrodt, B. (2003). Perceived coping as a mediator between attachment and psychological distress: A structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 438-447.
58. Wei, M., Mallinckrodt, B., Russell, D. W., & Abraham, W. T. (2004). Perfectionism as a mediator and moderator between adult attachment and psychological distress. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 201-212.
59. Wei, M., Vogel, D. L., Ku, T.-Y., & Zakalik, R. (2005). Adult attachment, affect regulation, negative mood, and interpersonal problems: The mediating roles of emotional reactivity and emotional cutoff. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 14-24.
60. Wheeler, G. (1996). Self and shame: A new paradigm for psychotherapy. In R. G. Lee & G. Wheeler (Eds.), The voice of shame: Silence and connection in psychotherapy (p. 48). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
61. White, R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. Psychological Review, 66, 297-333.
62. Zung, W. W. (1965). A self-rating depression scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 12, 63-70.