Light extraction efficiency of a top-emission organic light-emitting diode with an Yb/Au double-layer cathode and an opaque Si anode

Applied Optics

Volumn 45, Issue 23, 2006, Pages 5871-5876

  Ran, G Z ^a,b   Ma, G L ^a   Xu, Y H ^a   Dai, L ^a   Qin, G G ^a,b  

^a PEKING UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR MATERIALS PHYSICS   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANODES; CATHODES; GOLD; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; SILICON; YTTERBIUM;

DISSIPATION SPECTRUM MODEL; DOUBLE-LAYER CATHODE; LIGHT EXTRACTION EFFICIENCY;

LIGHT EMITTING DIODES;

EID: 33749828293     PISSN: 1559128X     EISSN: 15394522     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/AO.45.005871     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. I. D. Parker and H. H. Kim, "Fabrication of polymer light-emitting diodes using doped silicon electrodes," Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 1774-1776 (1994).
2. X. Zhou, J. He, L. S. Liao, M. Lu, Z. H. Xiong, X. M. Ding, X. Y. Hou, F. G. Tao, C. E. Zhou, and S. T. Lee, "Enhanced hole injection in a bilayer vacuum-deposited organic light-emitting device using a p-type doped silicon anode," Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 609-611 (1999).
3. G. Gu, V. Bulović, P. E. Burrows, S. R. Forrest, and M. E. Thompson, "Transparent organic light emitting devices," Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 2606-2608 (1996).
4. P. E. Burrows, G. Gu, S. R. Forrest, E. P. Vicenzi, and T. X. Zhou, "Semitransparent cathodes for organic light emitting devices," J. Appl. Phys. 87, 3080-3085 (2000).
5. G. Parthasarathy, P. E. Burrows, V. Khalfin, V. G. Kozlov, and S. R. Forrest, "A metal-free cathode for organic semiconductor devices," Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 2138-2140 (1998).
6. G. Parthasarathy, C. Adachi, P. E. Burrows, and S. R. Forrest, "High-efficiency transparent organic light-emitting devices," Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 2128-2130 (2000).
7. H. Kim, C. M. Gilmore, J. S. Horwitz, A. Píque, H. Murata, G. P. Kushtǒ, R. Schlaf, Z. H. Kafafi, and D. B. Crisey, "Transparent conducting aluminum-doped zinc oxide thin films for organic light-emitting devices," Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 259-261 (2000).
8. D. S. Ginley and C. Bright, "Transparent conducting oxides," Mater. Res. Bull. 25, 15-18 (2000).
9. X. Jiang, F. L. Wong, M. K. Fung, and S. T. Lee, "Aluminumdoped zinc oxide films as transparent conductive electrode for organic light-emitting devices," Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1875-1877 (2003).
10. L.-S. Hung and J. Madathil, "Radiation damage and transmission enhancement in surface-emitting organic light-emitting diodes," Thin Solid Films 410, 101-106 (2002).
11. S. Han, D. Grozea, C. Huang, Z. H. Lu, R. Wood, and W. Y. Kim, "Al:SiO thin films for organic light-emitting diodes," J. Appl. Phys. 96, 709-714 (2004).
12. S. Han, X. Feng, Z. H. Lu, D. Johnson, and R. Wood, "Transparent- cathode for top-emission organic light-emitting diodes," Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2715-2717 (2003).
13. X. D. Feng, R. Khangura, and Z. H. Lu, "Metal-organic-metal cathode for high-contrast organic light-emitting diodes," Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 497-499 (2004).
14. 3 and LiF with reactive metals," J. Appl. Phys. 89, 2756-2765 (2001).
15. R. B. Pode, C. J. Lee, D. G. Moon, and J. I. Han, "Transparent conducting metal electrode for top emission organic light-emitting devices: Ca-Ag double layer," Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 4614-4616 (2004).
16. M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, 7th ed. (Cambridge U. Press, 2001), pp. 61-64.
17. H. A. Macleod, Thin-Film Optical Filters, 3rd ed. (IOP, 2001).
18. E. D. Palik, ed., Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids I, II, & III (Academic, 1998). The refractive indices at 525 nm not given directly in the present reference are deduced by linearly fitting the nearest neighbor data. The refractive index given is anisotropic for the crystalline bulk rare-earth metal materials, so their average values with respect to the crystalline axis directions are adopted in the computation.
19. V. Bulovic, V. B. Khalfin, G. Gu, P. E. Burrows, D. Z. Garbuzov, and S. R. Forrest, "Weak microcavity effects in organic light-emitting devices," Phys. Rev. B 58, 3730-3740 (1998).
20. W. L. Barnes, "Electromagnetic crystals for surface plasmon polaritons and the extraction of light from emissive devices," J. Lightwave Technol. 17, 2170-2182 (1999).
21. R. R. Chance, A. Prock, and R. Silbey, "Molecular fluorescence and energy transfer near interfaces," Adv. Chem. Phys. 37, 1-65 (1978).
22. P. T. Worthing, J. A. E. Wasey, and W. L. Barnes, "Rate and efficiency of spontaneous emission in metal-clad microcavities," J. Appl. Phys. 89, 615-625 (2001).
23. J. A. E. Wasey and W. L. Barnes, "Efficiency of spontaneous emission from planar microcavities," J. Mod. Opt. 47, 725-741 (2000).
24. Y. Rag Do, Y.-C. Kim, Y.-W. Song, and Y.-H. Lee, "Enhanced light extraction efficiency from organic light emitting diodes by insertion of a two-dimensional photonic crystal structure," J. Appl. Phys. 96, 7629-7636 (2004).
25. L. H. Smith, J. A. E. Wasey, and W. L. Barnes, "Light outcoupling efficiency of top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes," Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 2986-2988 (2004).
26. L. S. Hung, C. W. Tang, M. G. Mason, P. Raychaudhuri, and J. Madathil, "Application of an ultrathin LiF/Al bilayer in organic surface-emitting diodes," Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 544-546 (2001).
27. H. Riel, S. Karg, T. Beierlein, W. Rieß, and K. Neyts, "Tuning the emission characteristics of top-emitting organic light-emitting devices by means of a dielectric capping layer: an experimental and theoretical study," J. Appl. Phys. 94, 5290-5296 (2003).
28. S.-F. Hsu, C.-C. Lee, S.-W. Hwang, and C. H. Chen, "Highly efficient top-emitting white organic electroluminescent devices," Appl. Phys. Lett 86, 253508 (2005).
29. S. M. Sze, Physics of Semiconductor Devices (Wiley, 1981).
30. 3 and its implication to organic light-emitting devices," Chem. Phys. Lett. 376, 90-95 (2003).
31. J. X. Tang, S. W. Tong, C. S. Lee, S. T. Lee, and P. M. He, "Photoemission study of interface formation between ytterbium and tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum," Chem. Phys. Lett. 380, 63-69 (2003).
32. M. Y. Chan, S. L. Lai, M. K. Fung, S. W. Tong, C. S. Lee, and S. T. Lee, "Efficient CsF/Yb/Ag cathodes for organic light-emitting devices," Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1784-1786 (2003).
33. G. L. Ma, G. Z. Ran, A. G. Xu, Y. P. Qiao, and G. G. Qin, "Improving charge-injection balance and cathode transmittance of top-emitting organic light-emitting device withp-type silicon anode," Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 081106 (2005).