Signal and noise transfer properties of photoelectric interactions in diagnostic x-ray imaging detectors

Medical Physics

Volumn 33, Issue 10, 2006, Pages 3601-3620

  Hajdok, G ^a,b,c   Yao, J ^a   Battista, J J ^b,c   Cunningham, I A ^a,c,d  

^a ROBARTS RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^b LONDON REGIONAL CANCER PROGRAM   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^d LONDON HEALTH SCIENCES CENTRE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Amorphous selenium; Auger electrons; Cascaded models; Characteristic x rays; Detective quantum efficiency; Lead; Modulation transfer function; Monte Carlo; Noise power spectrum; Photoelectric interaction; X ray detectors

Indexed keywords

AUGERS; BIOMEDICAL SIGNAL PROCESSING; COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY; ELECTRON TRANSPORT PROPERTIES; LEAD; MAMMOGRAPHY; MODULATION; MONTE CARLO METHODS; OPTICAL TRANSFER FUNCTION; PHOTOELECTRICITY; PHOTONS; POWER SPECTRUM; QUANTUM EFFICIENCY; TRANSFER FUNCTIONS;

AMORPHOUS SELENIUM; AUGER ELECTRON; CASCADED MODELS; CHARACTERISTIC X RAYS; DETECTIVE QUANTUM EFFICIENCY; NOISE POWER SPECTRUM; PHOTOELECTRIC INTERACTION;

X RAY DETECTORS;

LEAD; SELENIUM;

ARTICLE; AUGER ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; ELECTRON; ELECTRON TRANSPORT; ENERGY ABSORPTION; FLUORESCENCE; MAMMOGRAPHY; MONTE CARLO METHOD; NOISE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; THEORETICAL MODEL; X RAY;

EID: 33749396880     PISSN: 00942405     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1118/1.2336507     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. E. J. Hall, Radiobiology for the Radiologist, 4th ed. (J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, PA, 1994).
2. R. Shaw, "The equivalent quantum efficiency of the photographic process," J. Photogr. Sci. 11, 199-204 (1963).
3. J. C. Dainty and R. Shaw, Image Science (Academic, New York, 1974).
4. I. A. Cunningham and R. Shaw, "Signal-to-noise optimization of medical imaging systems," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 16, 621-632 (1999).
5. R. N. Bracewell, The Fourier Transform and Its Applications (McGraw-Hill, New York, 2000).
6. N. A. Gardner and L. E. Franks, "Characteristics of cyclostationary random signal processes," IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory IT-21, 4-14 (1975).
7. A. Papoulis and S. U. Pillai, Probability, Random Variables and Stochastic Processes, 4th ed. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 2002).
8. I. A. Cunningham, "Applied linear-systems theory," in Handbook of Medical Imaging, Vol. 1. Physics and Psychophysics, edited by J. Beutel, H. L. Kundel, and R. L. Van Metter (SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 2000), pp. 79-159.
9. H. H. Barrett and K. Myers, Image Science: Mathematical and Statistical Foundations (Wiley, New York, 2003).
10. A. Sawant, L. E. Antonuk, Y. El-Mohri, Q. Zhao, Y. Li, Z. Su, Y. Wang, J. Yamamoto, H. Du, I. A. Cunningham, M. Klugerman, and K. Shah, "Segmented crystalline scintillators: An initial investigation of high quantum efficiency detectors for megavoltage x-ray imaging," Med. Phys. 32, 3067-3083 (2005).
11. A. Karellas, S. Vedantham, and S. Suryanarayanan, "Digital mammography image acquisition technology," in Advances in Breast Imaging: Physics, Technology, and Clinical Applications, edited by A. Karellas and M. L. Giger (Radiological Society of North America, Oak Brook, IL, 2004), pp. 87-100.
12. M. J. Yaffe, "Digital mammography," in Handbook of Medical Imaging, Vol. 1. Physics and Psychophysics, edited by J. Beutel, H. L. Kundel, and R. L. Van Metter (SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 2000), pp. 329-372.
13. E. D. Pisano, C. Gatsonis, E. Hendrick, M. Yaffe, J. K. Baum, S. Acharyya, E. F. Conant, L. L. Fajardo, L. Bassett, C. D'Orsi, R. Jong, and M. Rebner, "Diagnostic performance of digital versus film mammography for breast-cancer screening," N. Engl. J. Med. 353, 1773-1783 (2005).
14. A. L. Goertzen, V. Nagarkar, R. A. Street, M. J. Paulus, J. M. Boone, and S. R. Cherry, "A comparison of x-ray detectors for mouse CT imaging," Phys. Med. Biol. 49, 5251-65 (2004).
15. D. W. Holdsworth and M. M. Thornton, "Micro-CT in small animal and specimen imaging," Trends Biotechnol. 20, S34-S39 (2002).
16. N. L. Ford, M. M. Thornton, and D. W. Holdsworth, "Fundamental image quality limits for microcomputed tomography in small animals," Med. Phys. 30, 2869-2877 (2003).
17. R. K. Swank, "Absorption and noise in x-ray phosphors," J. Appl. Phys. 44, 4199-4203 (1973).
18. R. K. Swank, "Measurement of absorption and noise in an x-ray image intensifier," J. Appl. Phys. 45, 3673-3678 (1974).
19. M. Drangova and J. A. Rowlands, "Optical factors affecting the detective quantum efficiency of radiographic screens," Med. Phys. 13, 150-157 (1986).
20. C. E. Metz and C. J. Vyborny, "Wiener spectral effects of spatial correlation between sites of characteristic x-ray emission and reabsorption in radiographic screen-film systems," Phys. Med. Biol. 28, 547-564 (1983).
21. H. P. Chan and K. Doi, "Energy and angular dependence of x-ray absorption and its effect on radiographic response in screen-film systems," Phys. Med. Biol. 28, 565-579 (1983).
22. H. P. Chan and K. Doi, "Studies of x-ray energy absorption and quantum noise properties of x-ray screens by use of Monte Carlo simulation," Med. Phys. 11, 37-46 (1984).
23. J. M. Boone, J. A. Siebert, J. M. Sabol, and M. Tecotzky, "A Monte Carlo study of x-ray fluorescence in x-ray detectors," Med. Phys. 26, 905-916 (1999).
24. W. Zhao, W. G. Ji, and J. A. Rowlands, "Effects of characteristic x rays on the noise power spectra and detective quantum efficiency of photoconductive x-ray detectors," Med. Phys. 28, 2039-2049 (2001).
25. M. Rabbani, R. Shaw, and R. Van Metter, "Detective quantum efficiency of imaging systems with amplifying and scattering mechanisms," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 4, 1156-1164 (1987).
26. I. A. Cunningham, "Linear-systems modeling of parallel cascaded stochastic processes: The NPS of radiographic screens with reabsorption of characteristic x radiation," Proc. SPIE 3336, 220-230 (1998).
27. J. Yao and I. A. Cunningham, "Parallel cascades: New ways to describe noise transfer in medical imaging systems," Med. Phys. 28, 2020-2038 (2001).
28. W. Zhao and J. A. Rowlands, "Digital radiology using active matrix read-out of amorphous selenium: Theoretical analysis of detective quantum efficiency," Med. Phys. 24, 1819-1833 (1997).
29. W. Zhao, W. G. Ji, A. Debrie, and J. A. Rowlands, "Imaging performance of amorphous selenium based flat-panel detectors for digital mammography: Characterization of a small area prototype detector," Med. Phys. 30, 254-263 (2003).
30. J. H. Siewerdsen, L. E. Antonuk, Y. El-Mohri, J. Yorkston, W. Huang, M. Boudry, and I. A. Cunningham, "Empirical and theoretical investigation of the noise performance of indirect detection, active matrix flat-panel imagers (AMFPIs) for diagnostic radiology," Med. Phys. 24, 71-89 (1997).
31. W. Zhao, G. Ristic, and J. A. Rowlands, "X-ray imaging performance of structured cesium iodide scintillators," Med. Phys. 31, 2594-2605 (2004).
32. R. A. Street, J. T. Rahn, S. E. Ready, K. S. Shah, P. R. Bennett, Y. N. Dmitriyev, P. Mei, J. Lu, R. B. Apte, J. Ho, K. Van Schuylenbergh, F. Lemmi, J. B. Boyce, and P. Nylen, "X-ray imaging using lead iodide as a semiconductor detector," Proc. SPIE 3659, 36-47 (1999).
33. R. A. Street, S. E. Ready, J. T. Rahn, M. Mulato, K. S. Shah, P. R. Bennett, P. Mei, J. Lu, R. B. Apte, J. Ho, K. Van Schuylenbergh, F. Lemmi, J. B. Boyce, P. Nylen, M. M. Scheiber, and H. Hermon, "High resolution, direct detection x-ray imagers," Proc. SPIE 3977, 418-428 (2000).
34. 2 as direct detector materials for high resolution x-ray image sensors, "Proc. SPIE 4320, 1-12 (2001).
35. 2 for direct detection active matrix x-ray image sensors," J. Appl. Phys. 91, 3345-3355 (2002).
36. M. Sattarivand and I. A. Cunningham, "Computational engine for development of complex cascaded models of signal and noise in x-ray imaging systems," IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 24, 211-222 (2005).
37. H. E. Johns and J. R. Cunningham, The Physics of Radiology, 4th ed. (Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1983).
38. F. H. Attix, Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry (Wiley, New York, 1986).
39. D. L. Snyder and M. I. Miller, Random Point Processes in Time and Space (Springer, New York, 1991).
40. H. H. Barrett, R. F. Wagner, and K. J. Myers, "Correlated point processes in radiological imaging," Proc. SPIE 3032, 110-124 (1997).
41. S. T. Perkins, D. E. Cullen, M. H. Chen, J. H. Hubbell, J. A. Rathkopt, and J. H. Scofield, "Tables and graphs of atomic subshell and relaxation data derived from the LLNL evaluated atomic data library (EADL) for Z=1-100," Technical Report UCRL-50400 (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 1991).
42. W. Que and J. A. Rowlands, "X-ray imaging using amorphous selenium: Inherent spatial resolution," Med. Phys. 22, 365-374 (1995).
43. I. Kawrakow and D. W. O. Rogers, "The EGSnrc code system: Monte Carlo simulation of electron and photon transport," Technical Report PIRS-701 (National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, 2000).
44. I. Kawrakow, "Accurate condensed history Monte Carlo simulation of electron transport. I: EGSnrc, the new EGS4 version," Med. Phys. 27, 485-498 (2000).
45. B. R. B. Walters and D. W. O. Rogers, "DOSXYZnrc users manual," Technical Report PIRS-794 (National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, 2002).
46. J. H. Siewerdsen, I. A. Cunningham, and D. A. Jaffray, "A framework for noise-power spectrum analysis of multidimensional images," Med. Phys. 29, 2655-2671 (2002).
47. M. Rabbani and R. Van Metter, "Analysis of signal and noise propagation for several imaging mechanisms," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 6, 1156-1164 (1989).
48. M. Lachaine and B. G. Fallone, "Cascade analysis for medical imaging detectors with stages involving both amplification and dislocation processes," Med. Phys. 28, 501-507 (2001).