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Volumn 45, Issue 38, 2006, Pages 6366-6370

A chiral primary amine thiourea catalyst for the highly enantioselective direct conjugate addition of α,α-disubstituted aldehydes to nitroalkenes

Author keywords

Amines; Asymmetric catalysis; Conjugate addition; Organocatalysis

Indexed keywords

ASYMMETRIC CATALYSIS; CONJUGATE ADDITION; NUCLEOPHILES; ORGANOCATALYSIS;

EID: 33749340635     PISSN: 14337851     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602221     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (375)

References (100)
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    • For reviews concerning asymmetric catalysis by chiral thioureas (including tertiary amine thiourea derivatives), see: a) S. J. Connon, Chem. Eur. J. 2006, 12, 5418-5427;
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    • note
    • Although thorough mechanistic investigations have as yet not been reported, tertiary amine thiourea catalysts are generally proposed to function by cooperative general acid/general base mechanisms reminiscent of more complex enzymatic systems, wherein reactivity and selectivity are imparted through binding, activation, and proper positioning of distinct substrates. For a discussion of the aforementioned concepts in enzyme catalysis, see: a) T. C. Bruice in Enzymes, Vol. 2, 3rd ed. (Ed.: P. D. Boyer), Academic Press, New York, 1970, pp. 217-279; b) R. A. Copeland, Enzymes: A Practical Introduction to Structure, Mechanism, and Data Analysis, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, 2000, pp. 146-187.
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    • For alternative asymmetric catalytic approaches to the preparation of compounds with contiguous quaternary and tertiary stereogenic centers, see: a) Y. Hamashima, D. Hota, M. Sodeoka, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 11 240-11 241;
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    • note
    • Secondary enamines conjugated to aromatic systems are known to display low reactivity (see Ref. [9]). Relative to nitrostyrene derivatives, inferior product yields have been reported in additions of aldehydes to β-alkyl-substituted nitroalkenes (see Refs. [11a,c-e]).
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    • Direct Michael additions to nitroalkenes promoted by secondary amine catalysts typically require large (e.g. tenfold) excess of aldehyde due to competing aldol pathways (see Ref. [11]).
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    • note
    • 2-Phenylpropionaldehyde was recovered in 2.5% ee, thus indicating that a simple kinetic resolution mechanism is not operative.
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    • note
    • The addition of 2-methylvaleraldehyde to trans-β-nitrostyrene catalyzed by 20 mol% 3 proceeded with less than 10% conversion.
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    • note
    • The benefit of added water has been observed in other primary amine catalyzed transformations (see references [2c-j, 8a]).
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    • The addition of amines to nitroalkenes has been extensively studied with very few stable adducts isolated. Anilines and electron-deficient nitroalkenes lead to relatively stable adducts. For representative studies, see: a) D. E. Worrall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1927, 49, 1598-1605;
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    • note
    • Diastereomers are assumed to arise from competitive reaction of E and Z enamines rather than poor nitroalkene facial selectivity. Consistent with this notion, catalyst 1 promotes the reaction of nitrostyrene with isobutyraldehyde in 99% ee (see Supporting Information for details).
  • 98
    • 33749333369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Supporting Information for experimental evidence for the formation of G.
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    • note
    • For a discussion of dual activation within the context of asymmetric catalysis by chiral hydrogen-bond donors, see Ref. [6b].
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    • note
    • Yields are of isolated products after column chromatography. Diastereomeric ratios and enantiomeric excesses were determined by SFC or HPLC analysis compared with authentic racemic material. The absolute configuration of 22 was determined by X-ray crystallography, whereas those of 6-21 were inferred.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.