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Secondary enamines conjugated to aromatic systems are known to display low reactivity (see Ref. [9]). Relative to nitrostyrene derivatives, inferior product yields have been reported in additions of aldehydes to β-alkyl-substituted nitroalkenes (see Refs. [11a,c-e]).
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Direct Michael additions to nitroalkenes promoted by secondary amine catalysts typically require large (e.g. tenfold) excess of aldehyde due to competing aldol pathways (see Ref. [11]).
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2-Phenylpropionaldehyde was recovered in 2.5% ee, thus indicating that a simple kinetic resolution mechanism is not operative.
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76
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33749352273
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The addition of 2-methylvaleraldehyde to trans-β-nitrostyrene catalyzed by 20 mol% 3 proceeded with less than 10% conversion.
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77
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33749362633
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The benefit of added water has been observed in other primary amine catalyzed transformations (see references [2c-j, 8a]).
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33749322973
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note
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Diastereomers are assumed to arise from competitive reaction of E and Z enamines rather than poor nitroalkene facial selectivity. Consistent with this notion, catalyst 1 promotes the reaction of nitrostyrene with isobutyraldehyde in 99% ee (see Supporting Information for details).
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d) A. Risaliti, M. Forchiassin, E. Valentin, Tetrahedron Lett. 1966, 7, 6331-6335;
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Risaliti, A.1
Forchiassin, M.2
Valentin, E.3
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92
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0000353461
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g) S. J. Blarer, W. B. Schweizer, D. Seebach, Helv. Chim. Acta 1982, 65, 1637-1654;
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(1982)
Helv. Chim. Acta
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, pp. 1637-1654
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Blarer, S.J.1
Schweizer, W.B.2
Seebach, D.3
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94
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84986346889
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i) D. Seebach, A. K. Beck, J. Golinski, J. N. Hay, T. Laube, Helv. Chim. Acta 1985, 68, 162-172;
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Seebach, D.1
Beck, A.K.2
Golinski, J.3
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95
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0000733487
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j) F. Felluga, P. Nitti, G. Pitacco, E. Valentin, Tetrahedron 1989, 45, 2099-2108;
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, vol.45
, pp. 2099-2108
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Felluga, F.1
Nitti, P.2
Pitacco, G.3
Valentin, E.4
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96
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0345696756
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k) F. Felluga, P. Nitti, G. Pitacco, E. Valentin, Tetrahedron 1989, 45, 5667-5678;
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(1989)
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, vol.45
, pp. 5667-5678
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Felluga, F.1
Nitti, P.2
Pitacco, G.3
Valentin, E.4
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97
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37049086757
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l) F. Felluga, P. Nitti, G. Pitacco, E. Valentin, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1992, 2331-2335.
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(1992)
J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1
, pp. 2331-2335
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Felluga, F.1
Nitti, P.2
Pitacco, G.3
Valentin, E.4
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98
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33749333369
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note
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See Supporting Information for experimental evidence for the formation of G.
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-
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99
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33749367622
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note
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For a discussion of dual activation within the context of asymmetric catalysis by chiral hydrogen-bond donors, see Ref. [6b].
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100
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33749318515
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note
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Yields are of isolated products after column chromatography. Diastereomeric ratios and enantiomeric excesses were determined by SFC or HPLC analysis compared with authentic racemic material. The absolute configuration of 22 was determined by X-ray crystallography, whereas those of 6-21 were inferred.
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