메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 586-598

Managing the aggressive and violent patient in the psychiatric emergency

Author keywords

Aggression; Antipsychotics; Benzodiazepines; Psychiatric emergency; Violence

Indexed keywords

ARIPIPRAZOLE; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CHLORPROMAZINE; CLONAZEPAM; DIAZEPAM; DROPERIDOL; FLUNITRAZEPAM; HALOPERIDOL; LORAZEPAM; MIDAZOLAM; MOOD STABILIZER; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; PROMETHAZINE; RISPERIDONE; SEDATIVE AGENT; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; THIORIDAZINE; ZIPRASIDONE; ZUCLOPENTHIXOL;

EID: 33748687771     PISSN: 02785846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.01.015     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (44)

References (96)
  • 1
    • 0037221401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proposed multidimensional structure of mania: beyond the euphoric-dysphoric dichotomy
    • Akiskal H.S., Azorin J.M., and Hantouche E.G. Proposed multidimensional structure of mania: beyond the euphoric-dysphoric dichotomy. J Affect Disord 73 (2003) 7-18
    • (2003) J Affect Disord , vol.73 , pp. 7-18
    • Akiskal, H.S.1    Azorin, J.M.2    Hantouche, E.G.3
  • 2
    • 3242691316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid tranquillisation of agitated patients in a psychiatric emergency setting. Pragmatic randomized trial of intramuscular lorazepam versus haloperidol plus promethazine
    • Alexander J., Tharyan P., Adams C., John T., Mol C., and Philip J. Rapid tranquillisation of agitated patients in a psychiatric emergency setting. Pragmatic randomized trial of intramuscular lorazepam versus haloperidol plus promethazine. Brit J Psychiatry 185 (2004) 63-69
    • (2004) Brit J Psychiatry , vol.185 , pp. 63-69
    • Alexander, J.1    Tharyan, P.2    Adams, C.3    John, T.4    Mol, C.5    Philip, J.6
  • 3
    • 28544444812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The expert consensus guideline series. Using antipsychotics agents in older patients
    • Alexopoulos G.S., Streim J., Carpenter D., and Docherty J.P. The expert consensus guideline series. Using antipsychotics agents in older patients. J Clin Psychiatry 65 Suppl2 (2004)
    • (2004) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.65 , Issue.Suppl2
    • Alexopoulos, G.S.1    Streim, J.2    Carpenter, D.3    Docherty, J.P.4
  • 4
    • 0034515814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Managing the agitated psychotic patient: a reappraisal of the evidence
    • Allen M.H. Managing the agitated psychotic patient: a reappraisal of the evidence. J Clin Psychiatry 61 Suppl. 14 (2000) S1-S20
    • (2000) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.61 , Issue.SUPPL. 14
    • Allen, M.H.1
  • 5
    • 1842539296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consensus panel for behavioral emergencies. The expert consensus guideline series. Treatment of behavioral emergencies
    • (quiz)
    • Allen M.H., Currier G.W., Hughes D.H., Reyes-Harde M., and Docherty J.P. Consensus panel for behavioral emergencies. The expert consensus guideline series. Treatment of behavioral emergencies. Postgrad Med May (Spec. No.) 1-88 (2001) 89-90 (quiz)
    • (2001) Postgrad Med May (Spec. No.) , vol.1-88 , pp. 89-90
    • Allen, M.H.1    Currier, G.W.2    Hughes, D.H.3    Reyes-Harde, M.4    Docherty, J.P.5
  • 6
    • 0036213855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder [revision]
    • American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder [revision]. Am J Psychiatry 159 Suppl. 4 (2002) Sl-S50
    • (2002) Am J Psychiatry , vol.159 , Issue.SUPPL. 4
    • American Psychiatric Association1
  • 7
    • 0012294747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of rapid initial dose escalation of up to 40 mg per day of oral olanzapine in acute agitation
    • Baker R.W., Kinon B.J., Maguire G.A., Liu H., and Hill A.L. Effectiveness of rapid initial dose escalation of up to 40 mg per day of oral olanzapine in acute agitation. J Clin Psychopharmacol 23 Suppl. 4 (2003) S342-S348
    • (2003) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.23 , Issue.SUPPL. 4
    • Baker, R.W.1    Kinon, B.J.2    Maguire, G.A.3    Liu, H.4    Hill, A.L.5
  • 8
    • 0023873890 scopus 로고
    • Significance of neuroleptics dose and plasma level in the pharmacological treatment of psychosis
    • Baldessarini R.J., Cohen M.B., and Teicher M.H. Significance of neuroleptics dose and plasma level in the pharmacological treatment of psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45 (1988) 79-91
    • (1988) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.45 , pp. 79-91
    • Baldessarini, R.J.1    Cohen, M.B.2    Teicher, M.H.3
  • 9
    • 0030913126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychological and cognitive psychophysiological substrates of impulsive aggression
    • Barratt E.S., Stanford M.S., Kent T.A., and Felthous A. Neuropsychological and cognitive psychophysiological substrates of impulsive aggression. Biol Psychiatry 41 (1997) 1045-1061
    • (1997) Biol Psychiatry , vol.41 , pp. 1045-1061
    • Barratt, E.S.1    Stanford, M.S.2    Kent, T.A.3    Felthous, A.4
  • 10
    • 0030875136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Haloperidol, lorazepam, or both for psychotic agitation? A multicenter, prospective, double-blind, emergency department study
    • Battaglia J., Moss S., Rush J., Kang J., Mendoza R., Leedom L., et al. Haloperidol, lorazepam, or both for psychotic agitation? A multicenter, prospective, double-blind, emergency department study. Am J Emerg Med 15 4 (1997) 335-340
    • (1997) Am J Emerg Med , vol.15 , Issue.4 , pp. 335-340
    • Battaglia, J.1    Moss, S.2    Rush, J.3    Kang, J.4    Mendoza, R.5    Leedom, L.6
  • 11
    • 0027281179 scopus 로고
    • A study of intramuscolar clonazepam for psychotic agitation (letter)
    • Benazzi F., Mazzoli M., and Rossi E. A study of intramuscolar clonazepam for psychotic agitation (letter). Can J Psychiatry 38 (1993) 70-71
    • (1993) Can J Psychiatry , vol.38 , pp. 70-71
    • Benazzi, F.1    Mazzoli, M.2    Rossi, E.3
  • 12
    • 0031984501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A double-blind study of lorazepam versus the combination of haloperidol and lorazepam in managing agitation
    • Bieniek S.A., Ownby R.L., Penalver A., and Dominguez R.A. A double-blind study of lorazepam versus the combination of haloperidol and lorazepam in managing agitation. Pharmacotherapy Jan-18 l (1998) 57-62
    • (1998) Pharmacotherapy , vol.Jan-18 , Issue.l , pp. 57-62
    • Bieniek, S.A.1    Ownby, R.L.2    Penalver, A.3    Dominguez, R.A.4
  • 13
    • 15944368350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A neurocognitive model of the psychopathic individual
    • Cambridge
    • Blair R.J.R. A neurocognitive model of the psychopathic individual. Disorders of Brain and Mind vol. 2 (2003), Cambridge 400-417
    • (2003) Disorders of Brain and Mind , vol.2 , pp. 400-417
    • Blair, R.J.R.1
  • 14
    • 0025687621 scopus 로고
    • Double-blind comparison of the effects of clonazepam and lorazepam in acute mania
    • Bradwejn J., Shriqui C., Koszycki D., and Meterissian G. Double-blind comparison of the effects of clonazepam and lorazepam in acute mania. J Clin Psychopharmacology 10 (1990) 403-408
    • (1990) J Clin Psychopharmacology , vol.10 , pp. 403-408
    • Bradwejn, J.1    Shriqui, C.2    Koszycki, D.3    Meterissian, G.4
  • 15
    • 0036080814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychopharmacological treatment of aggression in schizophrenic patients
    • Brieden T., Ujeyl M., and Naber D. Psychopharmacological treatment of aggression in schizophrenic patients. Pharmachopsychiatry 35 (2003) 83-89
    • (2003) Pharmachopsychiatry , vol.35 , pp. 83-89
    • Brieden, T.1    Ujeyl, M.2    Naber, D.3
  • 16
    • 0037257919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aggression in the elderly
    • Brodaty H., and Low L.F. Aggression in the elderly. J Clin Psychiatry 64 Suppl. 4 (2003) 36-43
    • (2003) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.64 , Issue.SUPPL. 4 , pp. 36-43
    • Brodaty, H.1    Low, L.F.2
  • 18
    • 0000497786 scopus 로고
    • An inventory for assessing different kinds of hostility
    • Buss A.H., and Durkee A. An inventory for assessing different kinds of hostility. J Consult Psychol 21 (1957) 343-349
    • (1957) J Consult Psychol , vol.21 , pp. 343-349
    • Buss, A.H.1    Durkee, A.2
  • 19
    • 0032697269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Droperidol: efficacy and side effects in psychiatric emergencies
    • Chambers R.A., and Druss B.G. Droperidol: efficacy and side effects in psychiatric emergencies. J Clin Psychiatry 60 (1999) 664-667
    • (1999) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.60 , pp. 664-667
    • Chambers, R.A.1    Druss, B.G.2
  • 20
    • 0028135118 scopus 로고
    • A double blind controlled study of intramuscular zuclopenthixol acetate and liquid oral haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenic patients with acute exacerbation
    • Chouinard G., Safadi G., and Beauclair L. A double blind controlled study of intramuscular zuclopenthixol acetate and liquid oral haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenic patients with acute exacerbation. J Clin Psychopharmacol 14 (1994) 377-384
    • (1994) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.14 , pp. 377-384
    • Chouinard, G.1    Safadi, G.2    Beauclair, L.3
  • 21
    • 3042858913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New treatments for agitation
    • Citrome L. New treatments for agitation. Psychiatr Q 75 3 (2004) 197-213
    • (2004) Psychiatr Q , vol.75 , Issue.3 , pp. 197-213
    • Citrome, L.1
  • 22
    • 0034201853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical and chemical restraint in the psychiatric emergency service
    • Currier G.W., and Allen M.H. Physical and chemical restraint in the psychiatric emergency service. Psychiatr Serv 51 (2000) 717-719
    • (2000) Psychiatr Serv , vol.51 , pp. 717-719
    • Currier, G.W.1    Allen, M.H.2
  • 23
    • 0035064770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risperidone liquid concentrate and oral lorazepam versus intramuscular haloperidol and intramuscular lorazepam for treatment of psychotic agitation
    • Currier G.W., and Simpson G.M. Risperidone liquid concentrate and oral lorazepam versus intramuscular haloperidol and intramuscular lorazepam for treatment of psychotic agitation. J Clin Psychiatry 62 (2001) 153-157
    • (2001) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.62 , pp. 153-157
    • Currier, G.W.1    Simpson, G.M.2
  • 24
    • 2342639584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute treatment of psychotic agitation: a randomized comparison of oral treatment with risperidone and lorazepam versus intramuscular treatment with haloperidol and lorazepam
    • Currier G.W., Chou J.C.-Y., Feifel D., Bossie C.A., Turkoz I., Mahmoud R.A., et al. Acute treatment of psychotic agitation: a randomized comparison of oral treatment with risperidone and lorazepam versus intramuscular treatment with haloperidol and lorazepam. J Clin Psychiatry 65 (2004) 386-394
    • (2004) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.65 , pp. 386-394
    • Currier, G.W.1    Chou, J.C.-Y.2    Feifel, D.3    Bossie, C.A.4    Turkoz, I.5    Mahmoud, R.A.6
  • 26
    • 0034725911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation-a possible prelude to violence
    • Davidson R.J., Putnam K.M., and Larson C.L. Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation-a possible prelude to violence. Science 289 (2000) 591-594
    • (2000) Science , vol.289 , pp. 591-594
    • Davidson, R.J.1    Putnam, K.M.2    Larson, C.L.3
  • 27
    • 0014762961 scopus 로고
    • Dimensions of outpatient neurotic pathology: comparison of a clinical vs. empirical assessment
    • Derogatis L.R., Covi L., Lipman R.S., and Rickels K. Dimensions of outpatient neurotic pathology: comparison of a clinical vs. empirical assessment. J Consult Clin Psychol 34 (1970) 164-171
    • (1970) J Consult Clin Psychol , vol.34 , pp. 164-171
    • Derogatis, L.R.1    Covi, L.2    Lipman, R.S.3    Rickels, K.4
  • 28
    • 0032952084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intramuscular flunitrazepam versus intramuscular haloperidol in the emergency treatment of aggressive psychotic behavior
    • Dorevitch A., Katz N., Zemishlany Z., Aizenberg D., and Weizman A. Intramuscular flunitrazepam versus intramuscular haloperidol in the emergency treatment of aggressive psychotic behavior. Am J Psychiatry 156 (1999) 142-144
    • (1999) Am J Psychiatry , vol.156 , pp. 142-144
    • Dorevitch, A.1    Katz, N.2    Zemishlany, Z.3    Aizenberg, D.4    Weizman, A.5
  • 29
    • 33748690678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Duff G, 2004. Atypical antipsychotic drugs and stroke: message from Professor Gordon Duff, Chairman, Committee on Safety of Medicines (CEM/CM0/2004/1) www.mca.gov.uk/ourwork/monitorsafequalmed/safetymessages/antipsystroke_9 304.htm (accessed 15 Nov 2004).
  • 31
    • 33748709143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expert Consensus Guidelines Series: Treatment of Schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 60 Suppl 11 (1999) Sl-S80
    • (1999) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.60 , Issue.SUPPL. 11
  • 32
    • 84921537708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zuclopenthixol acetate in the treatment of acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses (Cochrane Review)
    • [Oxford]
    • Fenton M., Cuotinho E.S.F., and Campbell C. Zuclopenthixol acetate in the treatment of acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Libr Issue 1 (2002) [Oxford]
    • (2002) Cochrane Libr , Issue.Issue 1
    • Fenton, M.1    Cuotinho, E.S.F.2    Campbell, C.3
  • 33
    • 0035114540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward an understanding of violence: neurobehavioral aspects of unwarranted physical aggression: Aspen Neurobehavioral Conference Consensus Statement
    • Filley C.M., Price B.H., Nell V., Antoinette T., Morgan A.S., Bresnahan J.F., et al. Toward an understanding of violence: neurobehavioral aspects of unwarranted physical aggression: Aspen Neurobehavioral Conference Consensus Statement. Neuropsychiatr Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 14 (2001) 1-14
    • (2001) Neuropsychiatr Neuropsychol Behav Neurol , vol.14 , pp. 1-14
    • Filley, C.M.1    Price, B.H.2    Nell, V.3    Antoinette, T.4    Morgan, A.S.5    Bresnahan, J.F.6
  • 34
    • 0027973227 scopus 로고
    • Restraint and seclusion: a review of literature
    • Fisher W.A. Restraint and seclusion: a review of literature. Am J Psychiatry 151 (1994) 1584-1591
    • (1994) Am J Psychiatry , vol.151 , pp. 1584-1591
    • Fisher, W.A.1
  • 35
    • 0030740581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of lorazepam and haloperidol for rapid tranquilization in a psychiatric emergency room setting
    • Foster S., Kessel J., Berman M.E., and Simpson G.M. Efficacy of lorazepam and haloperidol for rapid tranquilization in a psychiatric emergency room setting. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 12 (1997) 175-179
    • (1997) Int Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.12 , pp. 175-179
    • Foster, S.1    Kessel, J.2    Berman, M.E.3    Simpson, G.M.4
  • 36
    • 0024306205 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of combinations of intramuscular antipsychotics and sedative-hypnotics for control of psychotic agitation
    • Garza-Trevino E.S., Hollister L.E., Overall J.E., and Alexander W.F. Efficacy of combinations of intramuscular antipsychotics and sedative-hypnotics for control of psychotic agitation. Am J Psychiatry 146 (1989) 1598-1601
    • (1989) Am J Psychiatry , vol.146 , pp. 1598-1601
    • Garza-Trevino, E.S.1    Hollister, L.E.2    Overall, J.E.3    Alexander, W.F.4
  • 37
    • 0018843529 scopus 로고
    • Psychiatric emergencies: an overview
    • Gerson S., and Bassuk E. Psychiatric emergencies: an overview. Am J Psychiatry 137 (1980) 1-11
    • (1980) Am J Psychiatry , vol.137 , pp. 1-11
    • Gerson, S.1    Bassuk, E.2
  • 38
    • 20044375721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atypical antipsychotics drugs and risk of ischaemic stroke: population besed retrospective cohort study
    • Gill S.S., Rochon P.A., Herrmann N., Lee P.E., Sykora K., Gunraj N., et al. Atypical antipsychotics drugs and risk of ischaemic stroke: population besed retrospective cohort study. BMJ 330 (2005) 445-450
    • (2005) BMJ , vol.330 , pp. 445-450
    • Gill, S.S.1    Rochon, P.A.2    Herrmann, N.3    Lee, P.E.4    Sykora, K.5    Gunraj, N.6
  • 39
    • 33748708337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • * (risperidone) and cerbrovascular adverse events in placebo-controlled dementia trials-Janssen-Ortho. www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hnfb-dgpsa/tpd-dpt/risperdall_e.html (accessed 15 Nov 2004).
  • 40
    • 33748703211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health Care Financing Administration. 2000.Hospital conditions of participation for Patients Rights: Interpretative Guidelines (available at http://www.hcfa.gov/quality/4bl.htm).
  • 41
    • 0031469958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding the connection between mental illness and violence
    • Hiday V. Understanding the connection between mental illness and violence. Int J Law Psychiatry 20 (1997) 399-417
    • (1997) Int J Law Psychiatry , vol.20 , pp. 399-417
    • Hiday, V.1
  • 42
    • 12444329714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral risperidone with lorazepam versus oral zuclopenthixol with lorazepam in the treatment of acute psychosis in emergency psychiatry: a prospective, comparative, open-label study
    • Hovens J.E., Dries P.J., Melman C.T., Wapenaar R.J., and Loonen A.J. Oral risperidone with lorazepam versus oral zuclopenthixol with lorazepam in the treatment of acute psychosis in emergency psychiatry: a prospective, comparative, open-label study. J Psychopharmacol 19 1 (2005) 51-57
    • (2005) J Psychopharmacol , vol.19 , Issue.1 , pp. 51-57
    • Hovens, J.E.1    Dries, P.J.2    Melman, C.T.3    Wapenaar, R.J.4    Loonen, A.J.5
  • 43
    • 0037254946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treating aggression in the psychiatric emergency service
    • Hughes D.H., and Kleespies P.M. Treating aggression in the psychiatric emergency service. J Clin Psychiatry 64 Suppl 4 (2003) S1-S15
    • (2003) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.64 , Issue.SUPPL. 4
    • Hughes, D.H.1    Kleespies, P.M.2
  • 44
    • 0041423449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological management of aggression and violence
    • Humble F., and Berk M. Pharmacological management of aggression and violence. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin 18 (2003) 423-436
    • (2003) Hum Psychopharmacol Clin , vol.18 , pp. 423-436
    • Humble, F.1    Berk, M.2
  • 45
    • 33748712145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joint Commission on Healthcare Accreditation. 2002. Hospital accreditation standards. Oakbrook Terrace, IL: Joint Commission Resource; 2002 (available at http://www.jcaho.org).
  • 46
    • 0035127910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficacy of a rapid-acting intramuscular formulation of olanzapine for positive symptoms
    • Jones B., Taylor C.C., and Meehan K. The efficacy of a rapid-acting intramuscular formulation of olanzapine for positive symptoms. J Clin Psychiatry 62 Suppl 2 (2001) S22-S24
    • (2001) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.62 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Jones, B.1    Taylor, C.C.2    Meehan, K.3
  • 47
    • 17344389726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Expert Consensus Guideline Series. Optimizing pharmacologic treatment of psychotic disorders
    • Kane J.M., Leucht S., Carpenter D., and Docherty J.P. The Expert Consensus Guideline Series. Optimizing pharmacologic treatment of psychotic disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 64 Suppl. 12 (2003)
    • (2003) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.64 , Issue.SUPPL. 12
    • Kane, J.M.1    Leucht, S.2    Carpenter, D.3    Docherty, J.P.4
  • 48
    • 18744412165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for onset of antipsychotic effects within the first 24 hours of treatment
    • Kapur S., Arenovich T., Agid O., Zipursky R., Lindborg S., and Jones B. Evidence for onset of antipsychotic effects within the first 24 hours of treatment. Am J Psychiatry 162 5 (2005) 939-946
    • (2005) Am J Psychiatry , vol.162 , Issue.5 , pp. 939-946
    • Kapur, S.1    Arenovich, T.2    Agid, O.3    Zipursky, R.4    Lindborg, S.5    Jones, B.6
  • 49
    • 0023606101 scopus 로고
    • The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia
    • Kay S.R., Opler L.A., and Fiszbein A. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 13 (1987) 261-276
    • (1987) Schizophr Bull , vol.13 , pp. 261-276
    • Kay, S.R.1    Opler, L.A.2    Fiszbein, A.3
  • 50
    • 0023764194 scopus 로고
    • Profiles of Aggression among Psychiatric Patients
    • Kay S.R., Wolkenfeld F., and Murrill L.M. Profiles of Aggression among Psychiatric Patients. J Nerv Ment Dis 176 (1988) 539-546
    • (1988) J Nerv Ment Dis , vol.176 , pp. 539-546
    • Kay, S.R.1    Wolkenfeld, F.2    Murrill, L.M.3
  • 51
    • 0042161744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Violence and serotonin: influence of impulse control, affect regulation, and social functioning
    • Krakowski M. Violence and serotonin: influence of impulse control, affect regulation, and social functioning. J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci 15 3 (2003) 294-305
    • (2003) J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci , vol.15 , Issue.3 , pp. 294-305
    • Krakowski, M.1
  • 52
    • 4043100585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia: the role of atypical antipsychotics
    • Lawlor B.A. Behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia: the role of atypical antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry 65 Suppl. 1 (2004) 5-10
    • (2004) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.65 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 5-10
    • Lawlor, B.A.1
  • 54
    • 4344587424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral risperidone plus oral lorazepam versus standard care with intramuscular conventional neuroleptics in the initial phase of treating individuals with acute psychosis
    • Lejeune J., Larmo I., Chrzanowski W., Witte R., Karavatos A., Schreiner A., et al. Oral risperidone plus oral lorazepam versus standard care with intramuscular conventional neuroleptics in the initial phase of treating individuals with acute psychosis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 19 5 (2004) 259-269
    • (2004) Int Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.19 , Issue.5 , pp. 259-269
    • Lejeune, J.1    Larmo, I.2    Chrzanowski, W.3    Witte, R.4    Karavatos, A.5    Schreiner, A.6
  • 55
    • 0026607832 scopus 로고
    • Adjunctive treatment of manic agitation with lorazepam versus haloperidol: a double-blind study
    • Lenox R.H., Newhouse P.A., Creelman W.L., and Whitacker T.M. Adjunctive treatment of manic agitation with lorazepam versus haloperidol: a double-blind study. J Clin Psychiatry 53 (1992) 47-52
    • (1992) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.53 , pp. 47-52
    • Lenox, R.H.1    Newhouse, P.A.2    Creelman, W.L.3    Whitacker, T.M.4
  • 56
    • 0034536949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impulsivity, aggression, and serotonin: a molecular psychobiological perspective
    • Lesch K.P., and Merschdorf U. Impulsivity, aggression, and serotonin: a molecular psychobiological perspective. Behav Sci Law 18 (2000) 581-604
    • (2000) Behav Sci Law , vol.18 , pp. 581-604
    • Lesch, K.P.1    Merschdorf, U.2
  • 57
    • 0035121817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intramuscular ziprasidone, 2 mg versus 10 mg, in the short-term management of agitated psychotic patients
    • Lesem M.D., Zajecka J.M., Swift R.H., Reeves K.R., and Harrigan E.P. Intramuscular ziprasidone, 2 mg versus 10 mg, in the short-term management of agitated psychotic patients. J Clin Psychiatry 62 (2001) 12-18
    • (2001) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.62 , pp. 12-18
    • Lesem, M.D.1    Zajecka, J.M.2    Swift, R.H.3    Reeves, K.R.4    Harrigan, E.P.5
  • 59
    • 0344321157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergency Treatment of Agitation and Aggression
    • Allen M.H. (Ed), American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC
    • Lindenmayer J.P., Crowner M., and Cosgrove V. Emergency Treatment of Agitation and Aggression. In: Allen M.H. (Ed). Emergency Psychiatry (2002), American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 115-149
    • (2002) Emergency Psychiatry , pp. 115-149
    • Lindenmayer, J.P.1    Crowner, M.2    Cosgrove, V.3
  • 60
    • 0015560329 scopus 로고
    • Rapid tranquilization of acutely psychotic patients with intramuscular haloperidol and chlorpromazine
    • Man P.L., and Chen C.H. Rapid tranquilization of acutely psychotic patients with intramuscular haloperidol and chlorpromazine. Psychosomatics 4 (1973) 59-63
    • (1973) Psychosomatics , vol.4 , pp. 59-63
    • Man, P.L.1    Chen, C.H.2
  • 61
    • 0036267172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid tranquillisation: time for a reappraisal of options for parenteral therapy
    • McAllister-Williams R.H., and Ferrier I.N. Rapid tranquillisation: time for a reappraisal of options for parenteral therapy. Brit J Psychiatry 179 (2001) 485-489
    • (2001) Brit J Psychiatry , vol.179 , pp. 485-489
    • McAllister-Williams, R.H.1    Ferrier, I.N.2
  • 62
    • 0034924403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A double-blind, randomized comparison of the efficacy and safety of intramuscular injections of olanzapine, lorazepam, or placebo in treating acutely agitated patients diagnosed with bipolar mania
    • Meehan K., Zhang F., David S., Tohen M., Janikac P., Small J., et al. A double-blind, randomized comparison of the efficacy and safety of intramuscular injections of olanzapine, lorazepam, or placebo in treating acutely agitated patients diagnosed with bipolar mania. J Clin Psychopharmacol 21 (2001) 389-397
    • (2001) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.21 , pp. 389-397
    • Meehan, K.1    Zhang, F.2    David, S.3    Tohen, M.4    Janikac, P.5    Small, J.6
  • 63
    • 0036195522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of rapidly acting intramuscular olanzapine, lorazepam, and placebo: a double-blind, randomized study in acutely agitated patients with dementia
    • Meehan KM., Wang H., David S.R., Nisivoccia J.R., Jones B., Beasley Jr. C.M., et al. Comparison of rapidly acting intramuscular olanzapine, lorazepam, and placebo: a double-blind, randomized study in acutely agitated patients with dementia. Neuropsychopharmacology 26 (2002) 494-504
    • (2002) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.26 , pp. 494-504
    • Meehan, KM.1    Wang, H.2    David, S.R.3    Nisivoccia, J.R.4    Jones, B.5    Beasley Jr., C.M.6
  • 64
    • 4644245162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The utility of intramuscular ziprasidone in the management of acute psychotic agitation
    • Mendelowitz A.J. The utility of intramuscular ziprasidone in the management of acute psychotic agitation. Ann Clin Psychiatry 16 3 (2004) 145-154
    • (2004) Ann Clin Psychiatry , vol.16 , Issue.3 , pp. 145-154
    • Mendelowitz, A.J.1
  • 67
    • 0036896943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mental disorder and violence: personality dimensions and clinical features
    • Nestor P.G. Mental disorder and violence: personality dimensions and clinical features. Am J Psychiatry 159 (2002) 1973-1978
    • (2002) Am J Psychiatry , vol.159 , pp. 1973-1978
    • Nestor, P.G.1
  • 68
    • 3042613369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective, double-blind, randomized trial of midazolam versus haloperidol versus lorazepam in the chemical restraint of violent and severely agitated patients
    • Nobay F., Simon B.C., Levitt M.A., Dresden D.O., and Dresden G.M. A prospective, double-blind, randomized trial of midazolam versus haloperidol versus lorazepam in the chemical restraint of violent and severely agitated patients. Acad Emerg Med 11 (2004) 744-749
    • (2004) Acad Emerg Med , vol.11 , pp. 744-749
    • Nobay, F.1    Simon, B.C.2    Levitt, M.A.3    Dresden, D.O.4    Dresden, G.M.5
  • 69
    • 33748702398 scopus 로고
    • Violence
    • Hillard J.R. (Ed), American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC
    • Parks J. Violence. In: Hillard J.R. (Ed). Manual of Clinical Emergency Psychiatry (1990), American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 147-160
    • (1990) Manual of Clinical Emergency Psychiatry , pp. 147-160
    • Parks, J.1
  • 71
    • 0026734868 scopus 로고
    • Rapid tranquillisation. A survey of emergency prescribing in a general psychiatric hospital
    • Pilowsky L.S., Ring H., Shine P.J., Battersby M., and Lader M. Rapid tranquillisation. A survey of emergency prescribing in a general psychiatric hospital. Brit J Psychiatry 160 (1992) 831-835
    • (1992) Brit J Psychiatry , vol.160 , pp. 831-835
    • Pilowsky, L.S.1    Ring, H.2    Shine, P.J.3    Battersby, M.4    Lader, M.5
  • 72
    • 0038488945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aripiprazole, an antipsychotic with a novel mechanism of action, and risperidone vs. placebo in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder
    • Potkin S.G., Saha A.R., Kujawa M.J., Carson W.H., Ali M., Stock E., et al. Aripiprazole, an antipsychotic with a novel mechanism of action, and risperidone vs. placebo in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60 7 (2003) 681-690
    • (2003) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.60 , Issue.7 , pp. 681-690
    • Potkin, S.G.1    Saha, A.R.2    Kujawa, M.J.3    Carson, W.H.4    Ali, M.5    Stock, E.6
  • 73
    • 0033964920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced prefrontal gray matter volume and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder
    • Raine A., Lencz T., Bihrle S., LaCasse L., and Colletti P. Reduced prefrontal gray matter volume and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57 (2000) 119-127
    • (2000) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.57 , pp. 119-127
    • Raine, A.1    Lencz, T.2    Bihrle, S.3    LaCasse, L.4    Colletti, P.5
  • 75
    • 0032127626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical restraint for the agitated patient in the emergency department: lorazepam versus droperidol
    • Richards J.R., Derlet R.W., and Duncan D.R. Chemical restraint for the agitated patient in the emergency department: lorazepam versus droperidol. J Emerg Med 16 (1998) 567-573
    • (1998) J Emerg Med , vol.16 , pp. 567-573
    • Richards, J.R.1    Derlet, R.W.2    Duncan, D.R.3
  • 76
    • 14544303667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychosocial Interventions in the Psychiatric Emergency Service
    • Allen M.H. (Ed), American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC
    • Rosenberg R.C., and Sulkowicz K.J. Psychosocial Interventions in the Psychiatric Emergency Service. In: Allen M.H. (Ed). Emergency Psychiatry (2002), American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 151-183
    • (2002) Emergency Psychiatry , pp. 151-183
    • Rosenberg, R.C.1    Sulkowicz, K.J.2
  • 77
    • 0025727406 scopus 로고
    • Parenteral lorazepam versus parenteral haloperidol for the control of psychotic disruptive behavior
    • Salzman C., Solomon D., Miyawaki E., Glassman R., Rood L., Flowers E., et al. Parenteral lorazepam versus parenteral haloperidol for the control of psychotic disruptive behavior. J Clin Psychiatry 52 (1991) 177-180
    • (1991) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.52 , pp. 177-180
    • Salzman, C.1    Solomon, D.2    Miyawaki, E.3    Glassman, R.4    Rood, L.5    Flowers, E.6
  • 78
    • 0025287332 scopus 로고
    • A metaanalysis of controlled trials of neuroleptic treatment in dementia
    • Schneider L.S., Pollock V.E., and Lyness S.A. A metaanalysis of controlled trials of neuroleptic treatment in dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 38 (1990) 553-563
    • (1990) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.38 , pp. 553-563
    • Schneider, L.S.1    Pollock, V.E.2    Lyness, S.A.3
  • 79
    • 0038813551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of the safety and efficacy of droperidol for the rapid sedation of severely agitated and violent patients
    • Shale J.H., Shale C.M., and Mastin W.D. A review of the safety and efficacy of droperidol for the rapid sedation of severely agitated and violent patients. J Clin Psychiatry 64 (2003) 500-505
    • (2003) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.64 , pp. 500-505
    • Shale, J.H.1    Shale, C.M.2    Mastin, W.D.3
  • 80
    • 0030064005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid tranquillisation: a questionnaire survey of practice
    • Simpson D., and Anderson I. Rapid tranquillisation: a questionnaire survey of practice. Psychiatr Bull 20 (1996) 149-152
    • (1996) Psychiatr Bull , vol.20 , pp. 149-152
    • Simpson, D.1    Anderson, I.2
  • 81
    • 0031809072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Violence by people discharged from acute psychiatric inpatient facilities and by others in the same neighborhoods
    • Steadman H.J., Mulvey E.P., Monahan J., Robbins P.C., Appelbaum P.S., Grisso T., et al. Violence by people discharged from acute psychiatric inpatient facilities and by others in the same neighborhoods. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55 (1998) 393-401
    • (1998) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.55 , pp. 393-401
    • Steadman, H.J.1    Mulvey, E.P.2    Monahan, J.3    Robbins, P.C.4    Appelbaum, P.S.5    Grisso, T.6
  • 82
    • 0037259609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroreceptor mechanisms of aggression and its treatment
    • Swann A.C. Neuroreceptor mechanisms of aggression and its treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 64 Suppl 4 (2003) S26-S35
    • (2003) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.64 , Issue.SUPPL. 4
    • Swann, A.C.1
  • 83
    • 0025023923 scopus 로고
    • Violence and psychiatric disorder in the community: evidence from the Epidemiological Catchment Area surveys
    • Swanson J., Holzer C.E., Ganju V., and Jono R. Violence and psychiatric disorder in the community: evidence from the Epidemiological Catchment Area surveys. Hosp Comm Psychiatry 41 (1990) 761-770
    • (1990) Hosp Comm Psychiatry , vol.41 , pp. 761-770
    • Swanson, J.1    Holzer, C.E.2    Ganju, V.3    Jono, R.4
  • 84
    • 4043049603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of atypical antipsychotics in elderly patients with dementia
    • Tariot P.N., Profenno L.A., and Saleem Ismail M. Efficacy of atypical antipsychotics in elderly patients with dementia. J Clin Psychiatry 65 Suppl. 1 (2004) 11-15
    • (2004) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.65 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 11-15
    • Tariot, P.N.1    Profenno, L.A.2    Saleem Ismail, M.3
  • 86
    • 0026583337 scopus 로고
    • Droperidol versus haloperidol for chemical restraint of agitated and combative patients
    • Thomas H., Schwartz E., and Petrilli R. Droperidol versus haloperidol for chemical restraint of agitated and combative patients. Ann Emerg Med 21 (1992) 407-413
    • (1992) Ann Emerg Med , vol.21 , pp. 407-413
    • Thomas, H.1    Schwartz, E.2    Petrilli, R.3
  • 87
    • 37349103534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chlorpromazine versus placebo for schizophrenia (Cochrane Review)
    • [Oxford]
    • Thornley B., Adams C.E., and Awad G. Chlorpromazine versus placebo for schizophrenia (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Libr Issue 1 (2002) [Oxford]
    • (2002) Cochrane Libr , Issue.Issue 1
    • Thornley, B.1    Adams, C.E.2    Awad, G.3
  • 88
    • 0141869013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid tranquillisation for agitated patients in emergency psychiatric rooms: a randomized trial of midazolam versus haloperidol plus promethazine
    • TREC Collaborative Group
    • TREC Collaborative Group. Rapid tranquillisation for agitated patients in emergency psychiatric rooms: a randomized trial of midazolam versus haloperidol plus promethazine. BMJ 327 (2003) 708-711
    • (2003) BMJ , vol.327 , pp. 708-711
  • 89
    • 12844265985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intramuscular olanzapine in the management of acute agitation
    • [Epub 2004 Nov 2. Review]
    • Tulloch K.J., and Zed P.J. Intramuscular olanzapine in the management of acute agitation. Arm Pharmacother 38 12 (2004) 2128-2135 [Epub 2004 Nov 2. Review]
    • (2004) Arm Pharmacother , vol.38 , Issue.12 , pp. 2128-2135
    • Tulloch, K.J.1    Zed, P.J.2
  • 90
    • 33748701145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US FDA, 2004. 2003 Safety alert: RISPERDAL (risperidone). Washington, DC: US Food and Drug Administration; 1 Mar 2004. www.fda.gov/medwatch/SAFETY/2003/risperdal.htm (accessed 15 Nov 2004).
  • 91
    • 0031035399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subtypes of aggression and their relevance to child psychiatry
    • Vitiello B., and Stoff D.M. Subtypes of aggression and their relevance to child psychiatry. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36 (1997) 307-315
    • (1997) J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry , vol.36 , pp. 307-315
    • Vitiello, B.1    Stoff, D.M.2
  • 93
    • 33748680633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged, 1993. Konemamr.
  • 95
    • 0038298396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological management of agitation in emergency settings
    • Yildiz A., Sachs G.S., and Turgay A. Pharmacological management of agitation in emergency settings. Emerg Med J 20 4 (2003) 339-346
    • (2003) Emerg Med J , vol.20 , Issue.4 , pp. 339-346
    • Yildiz, A.1    Sachs, G.S.2    Turgay, A.3
  • 96
    • 0022656140 scopus 로고
    • The Overt Aggression Scale for the objective rating of verbal and physical aggression
    • Yudofsky S.C., Silver J.M., Jackson W., and Endicott J. The Overt Aggression Scale for the objective rating of verbal and physical aggression. Am J Psychiatry 143 (1986) 35-39
    • (1986) Am J Psychiatry , vol.143 , pp. 35-39
    • Yudofsky, S.C.1    Silver, J.M.2    Jackson, W.3    Endicott, J.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.