Symmetric and asymmetric modes of the thermohaline circulation

Tellus, Series A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography

Volumn 58, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 616-627

  Mohammad, Rezwan ^a   Nilsson, Johan ^a  

^a STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CIRCULATION MODELING; NUMERICAL MODEL; OCEANIC CIRCULATION; OVERTURN; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; VERTICAL MIXING;

EID: 33748652658     PISSN: 02806495     EISSN: 16000870     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.2006.00194.x     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Caballero, R. and Langen, P. L. 2005. The dynamical range of poleward energy transport in an atmospheric general circulation model. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, doi 10.1029/2004GL021581
2. Cummins, P. F., Holloway, G. and Gargett, E. 1990. Sensitivity of the GFDL ocean general circulation model to a parameterization of vertical diffusion. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 20, 817-830, doi 10.1175/ 1520-0485(1990)020<0817:SOTGOG>2.0.CO;2
3. Dijkstra, H. A. and Molemaker, M. J. 1997. Symmetry breaking and overturning oscillations in thermohaline-driven flows. J. Fluid Mech. 331, 169-198, doi 10.1357/002224001762842208
4. Emanuel, K. 2002. A simple model of multiple climate regimes. J. Geophys. Res. 107, doi 10.1029/2001JD001002
5. Gargett, A. E. 1984. Vertical eddy diffusivity in the ocean interior. J. Mar. Res. 42, 359-393.
6. Huang, R. X. 1999. Mixing and energetics of the oceanic thermohaline circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 29, 727-746, doi 10.1175/ 1520-0485(1999)029<0727:MAEOTO>2.0.CO;2
7. Klinger, B. A., Drijfhout, S., Marotzke, J. and Scott, J. R. 2003. Sensitivity of basinwide meridional overturning to diapycnal diffusion and remote wind forcing in an idealized Atlantic-Southern Ocean geometry. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 33, 249-266, doi 10.1175/ 1520-0485(2003)033<0249:SOBMOT>2.0.CO;2
8. Klinger, B. A. and Marotzke, J. 1999. Behavior of double-hemisphere thermohaline flows in a single basin. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 29, 382-399, doi 10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<0382:BODHTF>2.0.CO;2
9. Lyle, M. 1997. Could early cenozoic thermohaline circulation have warmed the poles? Paleoceanography 12, 161-167, doi 10.1029/96PA03330
10. Marotzke, J. and Klinger, B. A. 2000. The dynamics of equatorially asymmetric thermohaline circulations. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 30, 955-970, doi 10.1175/1520-0485(2000)030<0955:TDOEAT>2.0.CO;2
11. Marotzke, J., Welander, P. and Willebrand, J. 1988. Instability and multiple steady states in a meridional-plane model of the thermohaline circulation. Tellus 40A, 162-172.
12. Mohammad, R. and Nilsson, J. 2004. The role of diapycnal mixing for the equlibrium response of thermohaline circulation. Ocean Dyn. 54, 54-65, doi 10.1007/s10236-003-0065-4
13. Munk, W. H. and Wunsch, C. 1998. Abyssal recipes II: Energetics of tidal and wind mixing. Deep-Sea Res. Part I 45, 1977-2010, doi 10.1016/ S0967-0637(98)00070-3
14. Naveira Garabato, A. C., Polzin, K. L., King, B. A., Heywood, K. J. and Visbeck, M. 2004. Widespread intense turbulent mixing in the Southern Ocean. Science 303, 210-213, doi 10.1126/science.1090929
15. Nilsson, J., Broström, G. and Walin, G. 2003. The thermohaline circulation and vertical mixing: Does weaker density stratification give stronger overturning? J. Phys. Oceanogr. 33, 2781-2795, doi 10.1175/ 1520-0485(2003)033<2781:TTCAVM>2.0.CO;2
16. Nilsson, J., Broström, G. and Walin, G. 2004. On the spontaneous transition to asymmetric thermohaline circulation. Tellus 56A, 68-78, doi 10.1111/j.1600-0870.2004.00044.x
17. Nilsson, J. and Walin, G. 2001. Freshwater forcing as a booster of thermohaline circulation. Tellus 53A, 629-641, doi 10.1034/ j.1600-0870.2001.00263.x
18. Otterå, O. H., Drange, H., Bentsen, M., Kvamstø, N. G. and Jiang, D. 2003. The sensitivity of the present-day atlantic meridional overturning circulation to freshwater forcing. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 1898, doi 10.1029/2003GL017578
19. Park, Y.-G. and Bryan, K. 2000. Comparison of thermally driven circulations from a depth-coordinate model and an isopycnal-layer model. Part I: Scaling-law sensitivity to vertical diffusivity. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 30, 590-605, doi 10.1175/ 1520-0485(2000)030<0590:COTDCF>2.0.CO;2
20. Pierrehumbert, R. T. 2002. The hydrological cycle in deep-time climate problems. Nature 419, 191-198, doi 10.1038/nature01088
21. Rahmstorf, S. and England, M. H. 1997. Influence of southern hemisphere winds on North Atlantic deep water flow. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 27, 2040-2054, doi 10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<2040:IOSHWO>2.0.CO;2
22. Simmons, H. L., Jayne, S. R., St. Laurent, L. C. and Weaver, A. J. 2004. Tidally driven mixing in a numerical model of the ocean general circulation. Ocean Model. 6, 245-263, doi 10.1016/S1463-5003(03)00011-8
23. Stocker, T. F., Wright, D. G. and Mysak, L. A. 1992. A zonally averaged, coupled ocean-atmosphere model for paleoclimate studies. J. Climate 5, 773-797, doi 10.1175/1520-0442(1992)005<0773:AZACOA>2.0.CO;2
24. Thual, O. and McWilliams, J. C. 1992. The catastrophe structure of thermohaline convection in a two-dimensional fluid model and comparison with low-order box models. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 64, 67-95.
25. Toggweiler, J. R. and Samuels, B. 1995. Effect of Drake Passage on the global thermohaline circulation. Deep-Sea Res. Part I 42, 477-500, doi 10.1016/0967-0637(95)00012-U
26. Toole, J. M. and McDougall, T. J. 2001. Mixing and stirring in the ocean interior. In: Ocean Circulation and Climate Volume 77 (eds. G. Siedler, J. Church, and J. Gould), pp. 337-356. Academic Press, Inc.
27. Vellinga, M. 1996. Instability of two-dimensional thermohaline circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 26, 305-319, doi 10.1175/ 1520-0485(1996)026<0305:IOTDTC>2.0.CO;2
28. Walin, G. 1985. The thermohaline circulation and the control of ice ages. Paleogeogr., Paleoclimatol., Paleoecol. 50, 323-332.
29. Wang, X., Stone, P. H. and Marotzke, J. 1999. Global thermohaline circulation. Part I: Sensitivity to atmospheric moisture transport. J. Climate 12, 71-82, doi 10.1175/ 1520-0442(1999)012<0071:GTCPIS>2.0.CO;2
30. Wang, Z. and Mysak, L. A. 2000. A simple coupled atmosphere-ocean-sea ice-land surface model for climate and paleoclimate studies. J. Climate 13, 1150-1172, doi 10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<1150:ASCAOS>2.0.CO;2
31. Welander, P. 1986. Thermohaline effects in the ocean circulation and related simple models. In: Large-Scale Transport Processes in Oceans and Atmosphere (eds. J. Willebrand and D. L. T. Anderson) pp. 163-200, D. Reidel Publishing Company.
32. Wright, D. G. and Stocker, T. F. 1991. A zonally averaged ocean model for the thermohaline circulation. Part I: Model development and flow dynamics. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 21, 1713-1724, doi 10.1175/ 1520-0485(1991)021<1713:AZAOMF>2.0.CO;2
33. Wright, D. G., Stocker, T. F. and Mercer, D. 1998. Closures used in zonally averaged ocean models. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 28, 791-804, doi 10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<0791:CUIZAO>2.0.CO;2
34. Wunsch, C. and Ferrari, R. 2004. Vertical mixing, energy and the general circulation of the oceans. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 36, 281-314, doi 10.1146/annurev.fluid.36.050802.122121