2006 United Kingdom national guideline on the sexual health of people with HIV: Sexually transmitted infections

International Journal of STD and AIDS

Volumn 17, Issue 9, 2006, Pages 594-606

  Nandwani, Rak ^a  

^a GARTNAVEL GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACICLOVIR; BENZATHINE PENICILLIN; CIDOFOVIR; FAMCICLOVIR; FOSCARNET; IMIQUIMOD; PROCAINE PENICILLIN; TRIFLURIDINE; VALACICLOVIR;

ANAMNESIS; CULTURAL SENSITIVITY; DIATHERMY; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; ETHICS; EXCISION; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HERPES; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; LASER SURGERY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEXUAL HEALTH; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE; SYPHILIS; SYPHILIS SEROLOGY; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED KINGDOM; VERRUCA VULGARIS;

FEMALE; GREAT BRITAIN; GUIDELINES; HERPES GENITALIS; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MALE; PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE; PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS; RISK FACTORS; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES; SYPHILIS; SYPHILIS SERODIAGNOSIS;

EID: 33748350518     PISSN: 09564624     EISSN: 09564624     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1258/095646206778113032     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Fisher M, Benn P, Evans B, et al., Clinical Effectiveness Group (BASHH). UK guideline for the use of post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV following sexual exposure. Int J STD AIDS 2006;17:81-92
2. Nandwani R, Fisher M, on behalf of the MSSVD HIV Special Interest Group. Clinical standards for the screening and management of acquired syphilis in HIV-positive adults. Int J STD AIDS 2006;17:588-93. US National Guideline Clearinghouse: NGC 2666 (www.guideline.gov) Also available at [www.bashh.org/guidelines/ceguidelines]
3. Summerside J. Community perspectives on the sexual health of HIV positive people. 2003; BASHH 2006; data on file
4. Kinghorn G, on behalf of the BASHH Herpes Simplex Advisory Panel. Management of genital herpes in HIV infected persons. 2003; BASHH; data on file
5. BASHH Human Papilloma Virus Special Interest Group. Management of HPV infection in HIV infected patients. 2003; BASHH; data on file
6. Goh B, Tang A, on behalf of the BASHH Sexual Dysfunction Special Interest Group. Guidelines on the management of erectile dysfunction in HIV. 2003; BASHH; data on file
7. BASHH Bacterial Infection Special Interest Group. STI screening guidelines. 2003; BASHH; data on file
8. Wallage S, Penney GC, Brechin S, Flett GM. HIV and contraception. 2003; BASHH; data on file
9. Scheer S, Chu PL, Klausner JD, Katz MH, Schwarcz SK. Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on diagnoses of sexually transmitted infections in people with AIDS. Lancet 2001;357:432-5
10. Butt AM, Johnman C, Nandwani R. Sexually transmitted infections in people with HIV infection. BMJ 2001;322:796
11. Van de Ven P, Kippax S, Knox S, Prestage G, Crawford J. HIV treatment optimism and sexual behaviour among gay men in Sydney and Melbourne. AIDS 1999;13:2289-94
12. Kravcik S, Victor G, Houston S, et al. Effect of antiretroviral therapy and viral load on the perceived risk of HIV transmission and the need for safer sexual practices. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998;19:124-9
13. Fleming DT, Wasserheit JN. From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection. Sex Transm Infect 1999;75:3-17
14. Stamm WE, Handsfield HH, Rompalo AM, Ashley RL, Roberts PL, Corey L. The association between genital ulcer disease and acquisition of HIV infection in homosexual men. JAMA 1988;260:1429-33
15. Grosskurth H, Mosha F, Todd J, et al. Impact of improved treatment of sexually transmitted diseases on HIV infection in rural Tanzania: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1995;346:530-6
16. Taylor S, Boffito M, Vernazza PL. Antiretroviral therapy to reduce the sexual transmission of HIV. J HIV Ther 2003;8:55-66
17. CDC. Outbreaks of syphilis among men who have sex with men-southern California, 2000. MMWR 2001;50:117-20
18. Lacey HB, Higgins SP, Graham D. An outbreak of early syphilis: cases from North Manchester General Hospital. Sex Transm Infect 2001;77:311-13
19. Ciccarone DH, Kanouse DE, Collins RL, et al. Sex without disclosure of positive HIV serostatus in a US probability sample of persons receiving medical care for HIV infection. Am J Public Health 2003;93:949-54
20. Williamson LM, Hart GJ. HIV prevalence and undiagnosed infection in a community sample of Scottish gay men 9th National CHAPS (Community HIV and AIDS Prevention Strategy) Conference, Leeds, March 2006
21. Gore-Felton C, Vosvick M, Bendel T, et al. Correlates of sexually transmitted disease infection among adults living with HIV. Int J STD AIDS 2003;14:539-46
22. Cleary PD, Van Devanter N, Rogers TF, et al. Behavior changes after notification of HIV infection. Am J Public Health 1991;81:1586-90
23. Crepaz N, Marks G. Towards an understanding of sexual risk behavior in people living with HIV: a review of social, psychological and medical findings. AIDS 2002;16:135-49
24. CDC. Incorporating HIV prevention into the medical care of persons living with HIV. MMWR 2003;52(RR-12):1-24
25. Health Protection Agency. Renewing the Focus: HIV and other Sexually Transmitted Infections in the United Kingdom in 2002. London: HPA, 2003 [www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/hiv_and_sti/publications/annual2003/ annual2003]
26. Butt AM, Nandwani R. Sexually transmitted infections in HIV-1-infected patients. Lancet 2001;357:1533
27. Hutchinson J, Goold P, Wilson H, Jones K, Estcourt C. Sexual health care of HIV-positive patients: an audit of a local service. Int J STD AIDS 2003;14:493-6
28. Farley TA, Cohen DA, Wu SY, Besch CL. The value of screening for sexually transmitted infections in an HIV clinic. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003;33:642-8
29. Cohen CE, Winston A, Asboe D, et al. Increasing detection of asymptomatic syphilis in HIV patients. Sex Transm Infect 2005;81:217-19
30. Dodds C, Keogh P, Chime O, et al. Outsider status. Stigma and discrimination experienced by Gay men and African people with HIV. London: Sigma Research December 2004. Also available at [www.sigmaresearch.org.uk/downloads/ report04f.pdf]
31. Winston A, Hawkins D, Mandalia S, Boag F, Azadian B, Asboe D. Is increased surveillance for asymptomatic syphilis in an HIV outpatient department worthwhile? Sex Transm Infect 2003;79:257-9
32. Ivens D, Patel M. Incidence and presentation of early syphilis diagnosed in HIV-positive gay men attending a central London outpatients' department. Int J STD AIDS 2005;16:201-2
33. Public Health Laboratory Service. Guidelines for managing outbreaks of sexually transmitted infections. [www.phls.co.uk/advice/ STI%20outbreak%20July%202001]
34. STD Control Program and the HIV/AIDS Control Program. Public health - Seattle & King County. Sexually transmitted disease and human immunodeficiency virus screening guidelines for men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Dis 2001;28:457-9
35. Gunn RA, Eldred SL, Mathews C. Sexually transmitted disease clinical preventive services for HIV-infected patients. Sex Transm Dis 2001;28:455-6
36. Royal College of Physicians. Specialty Standards for Consultants in Geniourinary Medicine. London: Royal College of Physicians, October 2003
37. Carne CA, Foley E, Rowen D, Kell P, Maw R, on behalf of the British Co-operative Clinical Group of the MSSVD. Variation in clinical practice in genitourinary medicine clinics in the United Kingdom. Sex Transm Infect 2003;79:240-2
38. French P, Ison CA, Macdonald N. Lymphogranuloma venereum in the United Kingdom. Sex Transm Infect 2005;81:97-8
39. Goh B, Clinical Effectiveness Group (Association for Genitourinary Medicine and the Medical Society for the Study of Venereal Diseases). UK National Guidelines on the Management of Early Syphilis [www.bashh.org/ guidelines/ceguidelines]
40. French P, Clinical Effectiveness Group (Association for Genitourinary Medicine and the Medical Society for the Study of Venereal Diseases). UK National Guideline for the Management of Late Syphilis [www.bashh.org/ guidelines/ceguidelines]
41. Rolfs RT, Joesoef MR, Hendershot EF, et al. A randomized trial of enhanced therapy for early syphilis in patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1997;337:307-14
42. Workowski KA, Berman SM. CDC sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35(Suppl 2):S135-7
43. Buchacz K, Patel P, Taylor M, et al. Syphilis increases HIV viral load and decreases CD4 cell counts in HIV-infected patients with new syphilis infections. AIDS 2004;18:2075-9
44. Smith NH, Musher DM, Huang DB, et al. Response of HIV-infected patients with asymptomatic syphilis to intensive intramuscular therapy with ceftriaxone or procaine penicillin. Int J STD AIDS 2004;15:328-32
45. Kiddugavu MG, Kiwanuka N, Wawer MJ, et al. Effectiveness of syphilis treatment using azithromycin and/or benzathine penicillin in Rakai, Uganda. Sex Transm Dis 2005;32:1-6
46. Lukehart SA, Godornes C, Molini BJ, et al. Macrolide resistance in Treponema pallidum in the United States and Ireland. N Engl J Med 2004;351:154-8
47. Wasserheit JN. Epidemiological synergy. Interrelationships between human immunodeficiency virus infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. Sex Transm Dis 1992;19:61-77
48. Hook III EW, Cannon RO, Nahmias AJ, et al. Herpes simplex virus infection as a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus in heterosexuals. J Infect Dis 1992;165:251-5
49. Mosca JD, Bednarik DP, Raj NBK, et al. Activation of human immunodeficiency virus by herpesvirus infection: identification of a region within the long terminal repeat that responds to a trans-acting factor encoded by herpes simplex virus 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987;84:7408-12
50. Ostrove JM, Leonard J, Weck KE, Rabson AB, Gendelman HE. Activation of the human immunodeficiency virus by herpes simplex type 1. J Virol 1987;61:3726-32
51. Golden MP, Kim S, Hammer SM, et al. Activation of human immunodeficiency virus by herpes simplex virus. J Infect Dis 1992;166:494-9
52. Margolis DM, Rabson AB, Straus SE, Ostrove JM. Transactivation of the HIV-1 LTR by HSV-1 immediate-early genes. Virology 1992;186:788-91
53. Koelle DM, Abbo H, Peck A, Ziegweid K, Corey L. Direct recovery of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-specific T lymphocyte clones from recurrent genital HSV-2 lesions. J Infect Dis 1994;169:956-61
54. Kreiss J, Carael M, Meheus A. Role of sexually transmitted diseases in transmitting human immunodeficiency virus. Genitourin Med 1988;64:1-2
55. Kreiss JK, Coombs R, Plummer F, et al. Isolation of human immuno-deficiency virus from genital ulcers in Nairobi prostitutes. J Infect Dis 1989;160:380-4
56. Schacker T, Ryncarz AJ, Goddard J, Diem K, Shaughnessy M, Corey L. Frequent recovery of HIV-1 from genital herpes simplex virus lesions in HIV-1-infected men. JAMA 1998;280:61-6
57. Chen CY, Ballard RC, Beck-Sague CM, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and genital ulcer disease in South Africa: the herpetic connection. Sex Transm Dis 2000;27:21-9
58. Bagdades EK, Pillay D, Squire SB, O'Neil C, Johnson MA, Griffiths PD. Relationship between herpes simplex virus ulceration and CD4+ cell counts in patients with HIV infection. AIDS 1992;6:1317-20
59. Wright PW, Hoesley CJ, Squires KE, Croom-Rivers A, Weiss HL, Gnann Jr JW. A prospective study of genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-seropositive women: correlations with CD4 cell count and plasma HIV-1 RNA level. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:207-11
60. Quinnan GV, Masur H, Rook AH, et al. Herpes-virus infections in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. JAMA 1984;252:72-7
61. Maier JA, Bergman A, Ross MG. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome manifested by chronic primary genital herpes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986;155:756-8
62. Leung DT, Sacks SL. Current recommendations for the treatment of genital herpes. Drugs 2000;60:1329-62
63. Drew WL, Stempien MJ, Kheraj M, Erlich KS. Management of herpesvirus infections (cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus). In: Sande MA, Volberding PA, eds. The Medical Management of AIDS. 6th edn. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1999;444
64. Aoki FY. Management of genital herpes in HIV-infected patients. Herpes 2001;8:41-5
65. Foley E, Patel R. Treatment of genital herpes in HIV-infected patients. J HIV Ther 2004;9:14-18
66. Romanowski B, Aoki FY, Martel AY, Lavender EA, Parsons JE, Saltzman RL. Efficacy and safety of famciclovir for treating mucocutaneous herpes simplex infection in HIV-infected individuals. AIDS 2000;14:1211-17
67. Schacker T, the International Valaciclovir HSV Study Group. Valaciclovir as acute treatment for recurrent anogenital herpes in immuno-compromised (HIV positive) individuals (abstract). International Society for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Research (ISSTDR), Denver, USA, 1999
68. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2002. MMWR Recomm Rep 2002;51(RR-6):1-78
69. Hill EL, Hunter GA, Ellis MN. In vitro and in vivo characterization of herpes simplex virus clinical isolates recovered from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991;35:2322-8
70. Safrin S. Treatment of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus infections in patients with AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1992;5(Suppl 1):S29-S32
71. Gnann JW, Davis MG, Harden EA, Kern ER, Task Force on HSV Resistance. Acyclovir-resistant HSV from HIV-infected individuals. Population surveillance and in vitro characterization of isolates (abstract). 38th Annual International Disease Society of America (IDSA) Meeting, New Orleans, USA, 2000
72. Marks G, Nolan P, Erlich K, Ellis M. Mucocutaneous dissemination of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus in a patient with AIDS. Rev Infect Dis 1989;2:474-6
73. Sacks SL, Wanklin RJ, Reece DE, Hicks KA, Tyler KL, Coen DM. Progressive esophagitis from acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex. Clinical roles for DNA polymerase mutants and viral heterogeneity? Ann Intern Med 1989;111:893-9
74. Gateley A, Gander R, Johnson P, Kit S, Otsuka H, Kohl S. Herpes simplex virus type 2 meningoencephalitis resistant to acyclovir in a patient with AIDS. J Infect Dis 1990;161:711-15
75. Engel JP, Englund JA, Fletcher CV, Hill EL. Treatment of resistant herpes simplex virus with continuous-infusion acyclovir. JAMA 1990;263:1662-4
76. Javaly K, Wohlfeiler M, Kalayjian R, et al. Treatment of mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infections unresponsive to acyclovir with topical foscarnet cream in AIDS patients: a phase I/II study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999;21:301-6
77. Lalezari J, Schacker T, Feinberg J, et al. A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial of cidofovir gel for the treatment of acyclovir-unresponsive mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infection in patients with AIDS. J Infect Dis 1997;176:892-8
78. Birch CJ, Tyssen DP, Tachedjian G, et al. Clinical effects and in vitro studies of trifluorothymidine combined with interferon-a for treatment of drug-resistant and -sensitive herpes simplex virus infections. J Infect Dis 1992;166:108-12
79. Kessler HA, Hurwitz S, Farthing C, et al. Pilot study of topical tri-fluridine for the treatment of acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous herpes simplex disease in patients with AIDS (ACTG 172). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1996;12:147-52
80. Safrin S, Crumpacker C, Chatis P, et al. A controlled trial comparing foscarnet with vidarabine for acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous herpes simplex in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1991;325:551-5
81. Bestman-Smith J, Boivin G. Herpes simplex virus isolates with reduced adefovir susceptibility selected in vivo by foscarnet therapy. J Med Virol 2002;67:88-91
82. LoPresti AE, Levine JF, Munk GB, Tai CY, Mendel DB. Successful treatment of an aciclovir- and foscarnet-resistant herpes simplex virus type 1 lesion with intravenous cidofovir. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:512-13
83. Snoek R. Antiviral therapy of herpes simplex. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000;16:157-9
84. Morfin F, Thouvenot D. Herpes simplex virus resistance to antiviral drugs. J Clin Virol 2003;26:29-37
85. Saint-Leger E, Fillet AM, Malvy D, Rabanel B, Caumes E. Efficacy of cidofovir in an HIV infected patient with an aciclovir and foscarnet resistant herpes simplex virus infection. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2001;128:747-9
86. Kopp T, Geusau A, Rieger A, Stingl G. Successful treatment of an aciclovir-resistant herpes simplex type 2 infection with cidofovir in an AIDS patient. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:134-8
87. Melbye M, Smith E, Wolfhart J, et al. Anal and cervical abnormality in women - prediction by human papillomavirus tests. Int J Cancer 1996;68:559-64
88. Wright T, Moscarelli R, Dole P, et al. Significance of mild cytologic atypia in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Obstet Gynecol 1996;87:515-19
89. Fruchter R, Maiman M, Sedlis A, et al. Multiple recurrences of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women with the human immunodeficiency virus. Obstet Gynecol 1996;87:338-44
90. Holcomb K, Maiman M, Dimaio T, et al. Rapid progression to invasive cervix cancer in a woman infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Obstet Gynecol 1998;91:848-850
91. Matis WL, Triana A, Shapiro R, et al. Dermatologic findings associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;17:746-51
92. Palefsky JM, Gonzales J, Greenblatt RM, et al. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia and anal papillomavirus infection among homosexual males with Group IV HIV disease. JAMA 1990;263:2911-16
93. Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Ralston ML, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for human papillomavirus infection of the anal canal in HIV positive and HIV negative homosexual men. J Infect Dis 1998;177:361-7
94. Caussy D, Goedert JJ, Palefsky JM, et al. Interaction of human immunodeficiency and papillomaviruses: association with anal epithelial abnormality in homosexual men. Int J Cancer 1990;46:214-19
95. MacMillan A, Bishop PE. Clinical course of anogenital warts in men infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Genitourin Med 1989;65:225-8
96. Gilson RJ, Shupack JL, Friedman-Kien AE, et al. A randomised, controlled, safety study using imiquimod for the topical treatment of anogenital warts in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 1999;13:2397-404
97. Saiag P, Bourgault-Villada I, Pavlovic M, Roudier-Pujol C. Efficacy of imiquimod on external anogenital warts in HIV-infected patients previously treated by highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2002;16:1438-40
98. Sadiq ST, Taylor S, Kaye S, et al. The effects of antiretroviral therapy on HIV-1 RNA loads in seminal plasma in HIV-positive patients with and without urethritis. AIDS 2002;16:219-25
99. Winter AJ, Taylor S, Workman J, et al. Asymptomatic urethritis and detection of HIV-1 RNA in seminal plasma. Sex Transm Infect 1999;75:261-3
100. Sadiq ST, Taylor S, Copas AJ, et al. The effects of urethritis on seminal plasma HIV-1 RNA loads in homosexual men not receiving antiretroviral therapy. Sex Transm Infect 2005;81:120-3
101. Robinson EK, Evans BG. Oral sex and HIV transmission. AIDS 1999;13:737-8
102. Department of Health. Report of a Working Group of the UK Chief Medical Officers' Expert Advisory Group on AIDS. Review of the evidence on risk of HIV transmission associated with oral sex. London: Department of Health, June 2000 [www.advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk/eaga/publications]
103. Dunn D. Transmitted drug resistance in the UK: latest prevalence estimates. HIVAIDS Curr Trends 2004;10:10-12
104. Dodds C, Weatherburn P, Hickson F, Keogh P, Nutland W. Grievous harm? Use of the offences against the Person Act 1861 for sexual transmission of HIV. London; Sigma Research, October 2005; Also [www.sigmaresearch.org.uk/downloads/ report05b.pdf]
105. Chalmers J. Criminalization of HIV transmission: can doctors be liable for the onward transmission of HIV? Int J STD AIDS 2004;15:782-7
106. General Medical Council. Guidance on good practice: Good medical practice. 3rd edn., May 2001 [www.gmc-uk.org/guidance/good_medical_practice/ index.asp]
107. General Medical Council. Guidance on good practice: Serious communicable diseases. October 1997 [www.gmc-uk.org/guidance/library/ serious_communicable_diseases.asp]
108. Anderson J, Chalmers J, Nelson M, et al. HIV transmission, the law and the work of the clinical team. A briefing paper. London: British HIV Association; Uncirculated draft 10 February 2005