The eyes are sufficient to produce a threat superiority effect

Emotion

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 534-539

  Fox, Elaine ^a   Damjanovic, Ljubica ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ESSEX   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Attention; Emotion; Face processing; Threat detection; Visual search

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; EMOTION; EYE; FACE; FACE PROFILE; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; TASK PERFORMANCE; THREAT; VISION; VISUAL DISCRIMINATION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANGER; AROUSAL; DISCRIMINATION LEARNING; EMOTIONS; EYE; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HAPPINESS; HUMANS; NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION; ORIENTATION; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; REACTION TIME;

EID: 33748319493     PISSN: 15283542     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/1528-3542.6.3.534     Document Type: Article

References (20)

1. Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., & Jolliffe, T. (1997). Is there a "Language of the Eyes"? Evidence from normal adults, and adults with autism or Asperger syndrome. Visual Cognition, 4, 311-331.
2. Cohen, J. D., MacWhinney, B., Flatt, M., & Provost, J. (1993). PsyScope: A new graphic interactive environment for designing psychology experiments. Behavioural Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 25, 257-271.
3. Eastwood, J. D., Smilek, D., & Merikle, P. M. (2001). Differential attentional guidance by unattended faces expressing positive and negative emotion. Perception & Psychophysics, 63, 1004-1013.
4. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1975). Unmasking the face. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
5. Ekman, P., & Freisen, W. V. (1976). Pictures of facial affect. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
6. Emery, N. J. (2000). The eyes have it: The neuroethology, function and evolution of social gaze. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 24, 581-604.
7. Fox, E., Lester, V., Russo, R., Bowles, R. J., Pichler, A., & Dutton, K. (2000). Facial expressions of emotion: Are angry faces detected more efficiently? Cognition and Emotion, 14, 61-92.
8. Hansen, C. H., & Hansen, R. D. (1988). Finding the face in the crowd: An anger superiority effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 917-924.
9. Keating, C. F., & Keating, E. G. (1982). Visual scan patterns of rhesus monkeys viewing faces. Perception, 11, 211-219.
10. Kyes, R. C., & Candland, D. K. (1987). Baboon ( papio hamadryas) visual preferences for regions of the face. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 101, 345-348.
11. Langton, S. R. H., Watt, R. J., & Bruce, V. (2000). Do the eyes have it? Cues to the direction of social attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 50-59.
12. Lundqvist, D., Esteves, F., & Öhman, A. (1999). The face of wrath: Critical features for conveying facial threat. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 691-711.
13. Öhman, A. (1993). Fear and anxiety as emotional phenomena: Clinical phenomenology, evolutionary perspectives, and information processing mechanisms. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 511-536). New York: Guilford Press.
14. Öhman, A., Lundqvist, D., & Esteves, F. (2001). The face in the crowd revisited: A threat advantage with schematic stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 381-396.
15. Öhman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001). Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review, 108, 483-522.
16. Peper, M., & Karcher, S. (2001). Differential conditioning to facial emotional expressions: Effects of hemispheric asymmetries and CS identification. Psychophysiology, 38, 936-950.
17. Tanaka, J. W., & Farah, M. J. (1993). Parts and wholes in face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46, 225-245.
18. Tipples, J., Atkinson, A. P., & Young, A. W. (2002). The eyebrow frown: A salient social signal. Emotion, 2, 288-296.
19. Valentine, T. (1988). Upside-down faces: A review of the effect of inversion upon face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 79, 471-491.
20. Whalen, P. J., Kagan, J., Cook, R. G., Davis, C. F., Kim, H., Polis, S., et al. (2004, December 17). Human amygdala responsivity to masked fearful eye whites. Science, 306, 2061.