The constitutions of the WTO

European Journal of International Law

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 623-646

  Trachtman, Joel P ^a  

^a TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 33748125316     PISSN: 09385428     EISSN: 14643596     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ejil/chl012     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Dunoff, 'Constitutional Conceits: The WTO's "Constitution" and the Discipline of International Law', this issue, at 647.
2. For the fable, see http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~rywang/berkeley/258/ parable.html.
3. This feature distinguishes the WTO constitution in an important sense from national constitutions. National constitutions do not depend, necessarily, on the international legal system for their formal binding force. But see, US v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp., 299 US (1936) 304 ('the investment of the federal government with the powers of external sovereignty did not depend upon the affirmative grants of the Constitution').
4. See, e.g., Fassbender, 'The United Nations Charter as Constitution of the International Community', 36 Colum. J. Transnat'l L. (1998) 529;
5. White, 'The United Nations System: Conference, Contract or Constitutional Order', 4 Sing. J. Int'l & Comp. L. (2000) 281.
6. Dunoff, supra note 1, at 650 (para. following fn. 7)
7. See Walker, 'The EU and the WTO: Constitutionalism in a New Key', in G. de Burca and J. Scott (eds), The EU and the WTO: Legal and Constitutional Issues (2001)
8. Walker, 'The Idea of Constitutional Pluralism', 65 Modern L. Rev. (2002) 317
9. Pierce, 'Multilevel Constitutionalism and the Treaty of Amsterdam: European Constitution-Making Revisited?', 36 CMLR (1999) 703, at 709.
10. See Trachtman, 'Institutional Linkage: Transcending 'Trade and ..."', 96 AJIL 77 (2002).
11. See Howse and Nicolaides, 'Enhancing WTO Legitimacy: Constitutionalization or Global Subsidiarity', 16 Governance (2003) 73 (criticizing a particular variety of constitutional approach to the WTO).
12. Walker, 'The Idea of Constitutional Pluralism', supra note 6.
13. H. L.A. Hart, The Concept of Law (1961). Hart wrote of three types of secondary rule: Rules of recognition, rules of change, and rules of adjudication.
14. For a similar suggestion, see Buckley, 'Issue Preclusion and Issues of Law: A Doctrinal Framework Based on Rules of Recognition, Jurisdiction, and Legal History', 24 Hous. L. Rev. (1987) 875, at 903-906.
15. See, e.g., Solange I (BVerfGE 37, 271)
16. Solange II (BVerfGE 73, 339), Maastricht (BverfGE 89, 155).
17. See, e.g., Aleinikoff, 'Thinking Outside the Sovereignty Box: Transnational Law and the U.S. Constitution', 82 Tex. L. Rev. (2004) 1989.
18. S. D. Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (1999).
19. This proposition assumes increasing globalization, and increasing global regulatory concerns. On the former, see Bordo, Eichengreen, and Irwin, 'Is Globalization Today Really Different from Globalization a Hundred Years Ago?', in S. M. Collins and R. Z. Lawrence (eds), Brookings Trade Forurn, 1999 (2000) 1. From a different perspective,
20. see Wendt, 'Why a World State is Inevitable', 9 Eur. J. Int'l Rel. (2003) 491.
21. Ruggiero, 'The Multilateral Trading System at Fifty'. Address to the Royal Institute of International Affairs in London, United Kingdom, 16 Jan. 1998, available at http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/sprr_e/ london_e.htm. For a reference to the criticism,
22. see Saletan, 'The Trade War', posted 3 Dec. 1999, available at http://slate.msn.com/id/57076/.
23. To use a domestic analogy, the state will for some time remain the individual's primary caregiver, entitled to the loyalty that a parent deserves. However, the WTO might be understood as analogous to the child's teacher or religious leader - a 'person' involved in providing care to the child, but not as essential as the parent.
24. D. Z. Cass, The Constitutionalization of the World Trade Organization (2005)
25. E.-U. Petersmann, Constitutional Functions and Constitutional Problems of International Economic Law (1991)
26. Dunoff, supra note 1
27. T. Cottier and M. Hertig, The Prospects of 21st Century Constitutionalism (2004)
28. Cho, 'A Bridge Too Far: The Fall of the Fifth WTO Ministerial Conference in Cancun and the Future of the Trade Constitution', 7 JIEL (2004) 219
29. Helfer, 'Constitutional Analogies in the International Legal System', 37 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. (2003) 193
30. Howse and Nicolaides, 'Legitimacy and Global Governance: Why Constitutionalizing the WTO is a Step Too Far', in R. B. Porter et al. (eds), Efficiency, Equity and Legitimacy: The Multilateral Trading System at the Millennium (2001) 227
31. Walker, 'The EU and the WTO: Constitutionalism in a New Key', in G. de Búrca and J. Scott (eds), The EU and the WTO: Legal and Constitutional Issues (2001)
32. Cass, 'The "Constitutionalization" of International Trade Law: Judicial Norm-Generation as the Engine of Constitutional Development in International Trade', 12 EJIL (2001) 39
33. McGinnis and Movsesian, 'The World Trade Constitution', 114 Harv. L. Rev. (2000) 511
34. Jackson, 'The WTO "Constitution" and Proposed Reforms: Seven "Mantras" Revisited', 4 JIEL (2001) 67
35. Petersmann,'The WTO Constitution and Human Rights', 3 JIEL (2000) 19
36. Petersmann, 'The WTO Constitution and the Millennium Round', in M. Bronckers and R. Quick (eds), New Directions in International Economic Law: Essays in Honor of John H. Jackson (2000) 111, at 130
37. G. E. Evans, Lawmaking Under the Trade Constitution: A Study in Legislating by the World Trade Organization (2000)
38. Jackson, 'Emerging Problems of the WTO Constitution: Dispute Settlement and Decision Making in the Jurisprudence of the WTO', in P. Ruttley et al. (eds), Liberalisation and Protectionism in the World Trading System (1999) 25, at 31
39. Petersmann, 'Constitutionalism and International Organizations', 17 Nw. J. Int'l L. & Bus (1997) 398, at 431
40. Reich, 'From Diplomacy to Law: The Juridicization of International Trade Relations', 17 Northw. J. Int'l L. & Bus. (1997) 775.
41. J. M. Buchanan and G. Brennan, The Reason of Rules (1985)
42. J. M. Buchanan, Constitutional Economics (1991)
43. R. Cooter, The Strategic Constitution (2000).
44. See also Trachtman, 'The Theory of the Firm and the Theory of the International Economic Organization: Toward Comparative Institutional Analysis', 17 Northw. J. Int'l L. & Bus. (1997) 470.
45. For an argument about the pace and structure of constitutional change in the US system, see Vermeule, 'Constitutional Amendments and the Constitutional Common Law', working paper dated 14 September 2004, available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=590341.
46. " See Trachtman, 'The Theory of the Firm', supra note 19.
47. " See Trachtman, 'The Domain of WTO Dispute Resolution', 40 Harv. Int'l L. J. (1999) 333.
48. http://europa.eu.int/comm/archives/commission_1999_2004/lamy/ speeches_articles/spla55_en.htm.
49. See also Gregory Shaffer, 'Parliamentary Oversight of International Rule-Making: The Political and Normative Context', available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=434420
50. Falk and Strauss, 'On the Creation of a Global Peoples Assembly: Legitimacy and the Power of Popular Sovereignty', 36 Stan. J. Int'l L. (2000) 191
51. Howse, 'How to Begin to Think about the Democratic Deficit at the WTO', in S. Griller (ed.), International Economic Governance and Non-Economic Concerns: New Challenges for the International Legal Order (2003).
52. J. M. Buchanan and G. Tullock, The Calculus of Consent, Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy (1962).
53. " N. Komesar, Imperfect Alternatives (1995)
54. Trachtman, 'The Theory of the Firm', supra note 19.
55. " See Perez, 'The Many Faces of the Trade-Environment Conflict: Some Lessons for the Constitutionalisation Project', in C. Joerges, I.-J. Sand and G. Teubner (eds) Transnational Governance and Constitutionalism (2004).
56. See Trachtman, supra note 7.
57. Howse and Nicolaides, supra note 8, refer to the same concept as 'horizontal subsidiarity'.
58. " Trachtman and Moremen, 'Whose Right is it Anyway? Private Parties in EC-U.S. Dispute Settlement at the WTO', 44 Harv. Int'l L.J. (2003) 221.
59. The WTO Appellate Body has rejected calls to determine rights and obligations under other international law in WTO dispute settlement.
60. See Appellate Body Report, Mexico - Tax Measures on Soft Drinks and Other Beverages, WT/DS308/AB/R (6 March 2006).
61. " For arguments regarding the scope of issues that might be addressed within the WTO, see Guzman, Global Governance and the WTO, 45 Harv. Int'l L.J. (2004) 303.
62. " Weiler, 'Federalism and Constitutionalism: Europe's Sonderweg', Jean Monnet Paper No. 10/00, available at http://www.jeanmonnetprogram.org/papers/00/001001.html
63. See also Habermas, 'So, Why Does Europe Need a Constitution?', 11 New Left Review, September-October 2001.
64. See Atik, 'Democratizing the WTO', 33 Geo. Wash. Int'l L. Rev. (2001) 451, at 458
65. Shaffer, 'The World Trade Organization Under Challenge: Democracy and the Law and Politics of the WTO's Treatment of Trade and Environment Matters', 25 Harv. Envtl. L. Rev. (2001) 1, at 84-90.
66. " Codex Alimentarius was created in 1963 by the Food and Agricultural Organization and the World Health Organization to develop food standards.
67. See Steinberg, 'Judicial Lawmaking at the WTO: Discursive, Constitutional, and Political Constraints, 98 AJIL (2004) 247.
68. European Communities - Trade Description of Sardines, WT/DS231/AB/R, adopted 23 Oct. 2002.
69. Weiler, 'The Transformation of Europe', 100 Yale L.J. (1991) 1
70. Reich, 'From Diplomacy to Law: The Juridicization of International Trade Relations', 17 Northw. J. Int'l. L. & Bus. (1997) 775.
71. See Trachtman and Moremen, supra note 28 (describing the bases for evaluating the utility of 'direct effect' of WTO law).
72. See Trachtman, 'Trade and... Problems, Cost Benefit Analysis and Subsidiarity', 9 EJIL (1998) 32.
73. " See Trachtman, supra note 22.
74. " But see Kaplow and Shavell, Fairness versus Welfare (2002) (assuming that judges are not agents appointed to apply their normative perspective).
75. " See von Bogdandy, 'The European Union as a Human Rights Organization? Human Rights and the Core of the European Union', 37 CMLR (2000) 1307, at 1337 (suggesting that not all organizations need to be imbued with human rights competence).
76. See also Trachtman, supra note 7.
77. " See J. Pauwelyn, Conflict of Norms in Public International Law: How WTO Law Relates to Other Rules of International Law (2003).
78. But see 'Frachtman, 'Book Review: Conflict of Norms in Public International Law: How WTO Law Relates to Other Rules of International Law.
79. By Joost Pauwelyn', 98 AJIL (2004) 855.
80. " Appellate Body Report, supra note 29 (WTO panels lack a mandate to adjudicate defences to WTO obligations based on other international law).
81. Ruggie, 'International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order', 36 Int'l Org. (1982) 379.
82. Ruggie modernizes and adapts a perspective earlier elucidated by K. Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (1944).
83. Dani Rodrik has considered the application of this perspective to modern global markets. D. Rodrik, Has Globalization Gone Too Far? (1999), at 7.
84. See also Howse, 'From Politics To Technocracy - and Back Again: The Fate of the Multilateral Trading Regime', 96 AJIL (2002) 94.
85. Trachtman, 'Legal Aspects of a Poverty Agenda at the WTO: Trade Law and "Global Apartheid"', 6 JIEL (2003) 3.
86. Trachtman, supra note 22.
87. See Norman and Trachtman, 'The Customary International Law Game, 99 AJIL (2005) 541.
88. Trachtman, supra note 45.
89. See Dunoff, supra note 1.
90. Trachtman, supra note 7.