Why a World State is Inevitable

European Journal of International Relations

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2003, Pages

  Wendt, Alexander ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Cultures of anarchy; Downward causation; Logic of anarchy; Self organization; Struggle for recognition; Teleology; World state

Indexed keywords

EID: 0348207828     PISSN: 13540661     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/135406610394001     Document Type: Article

References (157)

1. Adler, Emanuel and Michael Barnett (eds) (1998) Security Communities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2. Albrecht, Glenn (2000) 'Directionality Theory: Neo-Organicism and Dialectical Complexity', Democracy and Nature 6(3): 401-19.
3. Alker, Hayward (1996) Rediscoveries and Reformulations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4. Allen, Colin, Marc Bekoff and George Lauder (eds) (1998) Nature's Purposes. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
5. Asma, Stephen (1996) 'Darwin's Causal Pluralism', Biology and Philosophy 11(1): 1-20.
6. Axelrod, Robert (1997) 'Building New Political Actors', in Robert Axelrod, The Complexity of Cooperation, pp. 121-44. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
7. Bauman, Zygmunt (2001) 'The Great War of Recognition', Theory, Culture and Society 18(2-3): 137-50.
8. Baynes, Kenneth (2002) 'Freedom and Recognition in Hegel and Habermas', Philosophy and Social Criticism 28(1): 1-17.
9. Bechtel, William (1986) 'Teleological Functional Analyses and the Hierarchical Organization of Nature', in Nicholas Rescher (ed.) Current Issues in Teleology, pp. 26-47. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
10. Benjamin, Roger and Raymond Duvall (1985) 'The Capitalist State in Context', in Roger Benjamin (ed.) The Democratic State, pp. 19-57. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.
11. Blau, Peter (1963) 'Critical Remarks on Weber's Theory of Authority', American Political Science Review 57(2): 305-16.
12. Boylan, Michael (1986) 'Monadic and Systemic Teleology', in Nicholas Rescher (ed.) Current Issues in Teleology, pp. 15-25. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
13. Brewer, Marilynn (1991) 'The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time', Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 17(5): 475-82.
14. Bull, Hedley (1977) The Anarchical Society. New York: Columbia University Press.
15. Burbidge, John (1997) 'The Cunning of Reason', in Richard Hassing (ed.) Final Causality in Nature and Human Affairs, pp. 151-62. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press.
16. Buss, Leo (1987) The Evolution of Individuality. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
17. Buzan, Barry, Charles Jones and Richard Little (1993) The Logic of Anarchy. New York: Columbia University Press.
18. Byerly, Henry (1979) 'Teleology and Evolutionary Theory: Mechanisms and Meanings', Nature and System 1: 157-76.
19. Campbell, David (1992) Writing Security. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
20. Campbell, Donald (1974) '"Downward Causation" in Hierarchically Organized Biological Systems', in Francisco Ayala and Theodosius Dobzhansky (eds) Studies in the Philosophy of Biology, pp. 179-86. Berkeley: University of California Press.
21. Carneiro, Robert (1978) 'Political Expansion as an Expression of the Principle of Competitive Exclusion', in Ronald Cohen and Elman Service (eds) Origins of the State, pp. 205-23. Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues.
22. Carson, Thomas (1988) 'Perpetual Peace: What Kant Should Have Said', Social Theory and Practice 14(2): 173-214.
23. Cederman, Lars-Erik (1997) Emergent Actors in World Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
24. Cederman, Lars-Erik (2001) 'Modeling the Democratic Peace as a Kantian Selection Process', Journal of Conflict Resolution 45(4): 470-502.
25. Chalmers, David (1996) The Conscious Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
26. Chandler, Jerry and Gertrudis Van de Vijver (eds) (2000) 'Closure: Emergent Organizations and their Dynamics', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 901: 1-349.
27. Chase-Dunn, Christopher (1990) 'World State Formation: Historical Processes and Emergent Necessity', Political Geography Quarterly 9(2): 108-30.
28. Christensen, Wayne (1996) 'A Complex Systems Theory of Teleology', Biology and Philosophy 11(3): 301-20.
29. Cohen, G.A. (1982) 'Functional Explanation, Consequence Explanation, and Marxism', Inquiry 25(1): 27-56.
30. Cross, Charles (1991) 'Explanation and the Theory of Questions', Erkenntnis 34(2): 237-60.
31. Cusack, Thomas and Richard Stoll (1994) 'Collective Security and State Survival in the Interstate System', International Studies Quarterly 38(1): 33-59.
32. Dahl, Robert (1994) 'A Democratic Dilemma: System Effectiveness Versus Citizen Participation', Political Science Quarterly 109(1): 23-34.
33. Dahlstrom, Daniel (1998) 'Hegel's Appropriation of Kant's Account of Teleology in Nature', in Stephen Houlgate (ed.) Hegel and the Philosophy of Nature, pp. 167-88. Albany: State University of New York Press.
34. Davidson, Donald (1963) 'Actions, Reasons, and Causes', Journal of Philosophy 60(23): 685-700.
35. Deudney, Daniel (1995) 'Nuclear Weapons and the Waning of the Real-State', Daedalus 124(2): 209-31.
36. Deudney, Daniel (1999) 'Geopolitics and Change', in Michael Doyle and G. John Ikenberry (eds) New Thinking in International Relations Theory, pp. 91-123. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
37. Deudney, Daniel (2000) 'Regrounding Realism', Security Studies 10(1): 1-45.
38. DeVries, Willem (1991) 'The Dialectic of Teleology', Philosophical Topics 19(2): 51-70.
39. Elster, Jon (1982) 'Marxism, Functionalism, and Game Theory', Theory and Society 11(4): 453-82.
40. Elster, Jon (1995) 'Strategic Uses of Argument', in Kenneth Arrow, Robert H. Mnookin, Lee Ross, Amos Tversky, and Robert Wilson (eds) Barriers to Conflict Resolution, pp. 236-57. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.
41. Emmeche, Claus, Simo Koppe and Frederik Stjernfelt (2000) 'Levels, Emergence, and Three Versions of Downward Causation', in Peter Bogh Andersen, Claus Emmeche, Niels Ole Finneman and Peder Voetmann Christiansen (eds) Downward Causation, pp. 13-34. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.
42. Enc, Berent and Fred Adams (1998) 'Functions and Goal-Directedness', in Colin Allen, Marc Bekoff and George Lauder (eds) Nature's Purposes, pp. 371-94. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
43. Epstein, Joshua and Robert Axtell (1996) Growing Artificial Societies: Social Science from the Bottom Up. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
44. Etzioni, Amitai (1963) 'The Epigenesis of Political Communities at the International Level', American Journal of Sociology 68(4): 407-21.
45. Fearon, James (1996) 'Causes and Counterfactuals in Social Science: Exploring an Analogy Between Cellular Automata and Historical Processes', in Philip Tetlock and Aaron Belkin (eds) Counterfactual Thought Experiments in World Politics, pp. 39-67. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
46. Fraser, Nancy (2000) 'Rethinking Recognition', New Left Review 3(May-June): 107-20.
47. Friedrichs, Jörg (2001) 'The Meaning of New Medievalism', European Journal of International Relations 7(4): 475-502.
48. Fukuyama, Francis (1992) The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Avon Books.
49. Gotthelf, Allan (1987) 'Aristotle's Conception of Final Causality', in Allan Gotthelf and James G. Lennox (eds) Philosophical Issues in Aristotle's Biology, pp. 204-42. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
50. Griffin, David Ray (2003) 'Beyond Anarchy, Plutocracy, and Imperialism: The Need for Global Democracy' (tentative title). Mimeo, Claremont Graduate School.
51. Gruber, Lloyd (2000) Ruling the World: Power Politics and the Rise of Supranational Institutions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
52. Guyer, Paul (2000) 'Nature, Morality, and the Possibility of Peace', in Paul Guyer, Kant on Freedom, Law, and Happiness, pp. 408-34. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
53. Harrison, Albert (1997) After Contact: The Human Response to Extraterrestrial Life. New York: Plenum Press.
54. Harrison, Ewan (2002) 'Waltz, Kant and Systemic Approaches to IR', Review of International Studies 28(1): 143-62.
55. Hegel, G.W.F. (1977) Phenomenology of Spirit. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
56. Heller, Mark (1982) 'The Use and Abuse of Hobbes: The State of Nature in International Relations', Polity 13(1): 21-32.
57. Herz, John (1957) 'Rise and Demise of the Territorial State', World Politics 9(4): 473-93.
58. Hobbes, Thomas (1968) Leviathan. London: Penguin Books.
59. Hodgson, David (2001) 'Constraint, Empowerment, and Guidance: A Conjectural Classification of Laws of Nature', Philosophy 76(3): 341-70.
60. Hodgson, Geoffrey (2002) 'Reconstitutive Downward Causation', in Edward Fullbrook (ed.) Intersubjectivity in Economics, pp. 159-80. London: Routledge.
61. Hollis, Martin and Steve Smith (1990) Explaining and Understanding International Relations. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
62. Honneth, Axel (1996) The Struggle for Recognition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
63. Hulswit, Menno (1996) 'Teleology: A Peircean Critique of Ernst Mayr's Theory', Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 32(2): 182-214.
64. Huntley, Wade (1996) 'Kant's Third Image: Systemic Sources of the Liberal Peace', International Studies Quarterly 40(1): 45-76.
65. Hurrell, Andrew (1990) 'Kant and the Kantian Paradigm in International Relations', Review of International Studies 16(3): 183-205.
66. Hutto, Daniel (1999) 'A Cause for Concern: Reasons, Causes and Explanations', Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 59(2): 381-401.
67. Jackson, Frank and Philip Pettit (1993) 'Structural Explanation in Social Theory', in David Charles and Kathleen Lennon (eds) Reduction, Explanation, and Realism, pp. 97-131. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
68. Jackson, Patrick and Daniel Nexon (1999) 'Relations Before States', European Journal of International Relations 5(3): 291-332.
69. Jacobs, Jonathan (1986) 'Teleological Form and Explanation', in Nicholas Rescher (ed.) Current Issues in Teleology, pp. 49-55. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
70. Jervis, Robert (1997) System Effects: Complexity in Political and Social Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
71. Juarrero, Alicia (1999) Dynamics in Action: Intentional Behavior as a Complex System. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
72. Kahler, Miles (1999) 'Evolution, Choice, and International Change', in David Lake and Robert Powell (eds) Strategic Choice and International Relations, pp. 165-96. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
73. Kant, Immanuel (1991a) 'Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose', in Hans Reiss (ed.) Kant: Political Writings, pp. 41-53, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
74. Kant, Immanuel (1991b) 'Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch', in Hans Reiss (ed.) Kant: Political Writings, pp. 93-130. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
75. Kauffman, Stuart (1995) At Home in the Universe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
76. Kaufman, Stuart (1997) 'The Fragmentation and Consolidation of International Systems', International Organization 51(2): 173-208.
77. Kavka, Gregory (1987) 'Nuclear Weapons and World Government', The Monist 70(3): 298-315.
78. Keohane, Robert (1990) 'International Liberalism Reconsidered', in John Dunn (ed.) The Economic Limits to Modern Politics, pp. 165-94. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
79. King, Gary, Robert Keohane and Sidney Verba (1994) Designing Social Inquiry. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
80. Kleingeld, Pauline (1999) 'Kant, History, and the Idea of Moral Development', History of Philosophy Quarterly 16(1): 59-80.
81. Kratochwil, Friedrich (1989) Rules, Norms, and Decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
82. Kymlicka, Will (1995) Multicultural Citizenship. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
83. Linklater, Andrew (1998) The Transformation of Political Community. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.
84. Luhmann, Niklas (1995) Social Systems. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
85. Machamer, Peter (1977) 'Teleology and Selective Processes', in Robert Colodny (ed.) Logic, Laws, and Life, pp. 129-42. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
86. McLaughlin, Peter (2001) What Functions Explain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
87. Macy, Michael and Robert Wilier (2002) 'From Factors to Actors: Computational Sociology and Agent-Based Modeling', Annual Review of Sociology 28: 143-66.
88. Marion, Russ (1999) The Edge of Organization: Chaos and Complexity Theories of Formal Social Systems. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
89. Mayr, Ernst (1982) 'Teleological and Teleonomic: A New Analysis', in Henry Plotkin (ed.) Learning, Development, and Culture, pp. 17-38. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
90. Mearsheimer, John (2001) The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: Norton.
91. Meyering, Theo (2000) 'Physicalism and Downward Causation in Psychology and the Special Sciences', Inquiry 43(2): 181-202.
92. Mitzen, Jennifer (2001) 'Toward a Visible Hand: The International Public Sphere in Theory and Practice'. PhD dissertation, University of Chicago.
93. Mitzen, Jennifer (2003) 'Ontological Security in World Politics', mimeo, University of Chicago.
94. Modelski, George (1990) 'Is World Politics Evolutionary Learning?', International Organizational 44(1): 1-24.
95. Morgenthau, Hans (1946) Scientific Man vs Power Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
96. Neumann, Iver and Jennifer Welsh (1991) 'The Other in European Self-Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society', Review of International Studies 17(4): 327-48.
97. Nicholson, Peter (1990) The Political Philosophy of the British Idealists. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
98. Nietzsche, Friedrich (1989) On the Genealogy of Morals. New York: Vintage Books.
99. Ougaard, Morten and Richard Higgott (eds) (2002) Towards a Global Polity. London: Routledge.
100. Pape, Helmut (1993) 'Final Causality in Peirce's Semiotics and his Classification of the Sciences', Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 29(4): 581-607.
101. Peled, Alon (2000) 'The New Sciences, Self-Organization and Democracy', Democratization 7(2): 19-35.
102. Peperzak, Adriaan (1994) 'Hegel Contra Hegel in his Philosophy of Right: The Contradictions of International Politics', Journal of the History of Philosophy 32(2): 241-63.
103. Pierson, Paul (2000) 'Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics', American Political Science Review 94(2): 251-67.
104. Pippin, Robert (2000) 'What is the Question for which Hegel's Theory of Recognition is the Answer?', European Journal of Philosophy 8(2): 155-72.
105. Rawls, John (1999) The Law of Peoples. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
106. Ringmar, Erik (1996) 'On the Ontological Status of the State', European Journal of International Relations 2(4): 439-66.
107. Ringmar, Erik (2002) 'The Recognition Game: Soviet Russia against the West', Cooperation and Conflict 37(2): 115-36.
108. Ruggie, John (1993) 'Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations', International Organization 47(1): 139-74.
109. Ruggie, John (1998) 'What Makes the World Hang Together?', International Organization 52(4): 855-85.
110. Salthe, Stanley (1993) Development and Evolution. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
111. Salthe, Stanley and Koichiro Matsuno (1995) 'Self-Organization in Hierarchical Systems', Journal of Social and Evolutionary Systems 18(4): 327-38.
112. Sandel, Michael (1982) Liberalism and the Limits of Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
113. Sawyer, Keith (2001a) 'Emergence in Sociology: Contemporary Philosophy of Mind and Some Implications for Sociological Theory', American Journal of Sociology 107(3): 551-85.
114. Sawyer, Keith (2001b) 'Simulating Emergence and Downward Causation in Small Groups', in Scott Moss and Paul Davidson (eds) Multi-Agent-Based Simulation, pp. 49-67. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
115. Schelling, Thomas (1971) 'Dynamic Models of Segregation', Journal of Mathematical Sociology 1(1): 143-86.
116. Schmitt, Carl (1985) Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
117. Schroeder, Paul (1993) 'The Transformation of Political Thinking, 1787-1848', in Robert Jervis (ed.) Coping with Complexity in the International System, pp. 47-70. Boulder, CO: Westview.
118. Sehon, Scott (2000) 'An Argument Against the Causal Theory of Action Explanation', Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 60(1): 67-85.
119. Shaw, Martin (2000) Theory of the Global State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
120. Short, T.L. (1983) 'Teleology in Nature', American Philosophical Quarterly 20(4): 311-20.
121. Short, T.L. (2002) 'Darwin's Concept of Final Cause: Neither New nor Trivial', Biology and Philosophy 17(3): 323-40.
122. Smith, Steve (2000) 'Wendt's World', Review of International Studies 26(1): 151-63.
123. Speer, James (1968) 'Hans Morgenthau and the World State', World Politics 20(2): 207-27.
124. Spruyt, Hendrik (1994) The Sovereign State and its Competitors. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
125. Sugden, Robert (1993) 'Thinking as a Team: Towards an Explanation for Nonselfish Behavior', Social Philosophy and Policy 10(1): 69-89.
126. Swenson, Rod (1997) 'Autocatakinetics, Evolution, and the Law of Maximum Entropy Production', in Lee Freese (ed.) Advances in Human Ecology, vol. 6, pp. 1-47. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
127. Tamir, Yael (1993) Liberal Nationalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
128. Tamir, Yael (2000) 'Who's Afraid of a Global State?', in Kjell Goldmann, Ulf Hannerz and Charles Westin (eds) Nationalism and Internationalism in the Post-Cold War Era, pp. 244-67. London: Routledge.
129. Taylor, Charles (1998) 'Living with Difference', in Anita Allen and Milton Regan (eds) Debating Democracy's Discontent, pp. 212-26. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
130. Thompson, William (ed.) (2001) Evolutionary Interpretations of World Politics. London: Routledge.
131. Tollaksen, Jeff (1996) 'New Insights from Quantum Theory on Time, Consciousness, and Reality', in Stuart Hameroff, Alfred Kaszniak and Alwyn Scott (eds) Toward a Science of Consciousness, pp. 551-67. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
132. Ulanowicz, Robert (1997) Ecology: The Ascendent Perspective. New York: Columbia University Press.
133. Ullmann-Margalit, Edna (1978) 'Invisible-Hand Explanations', Synthese 39(2): 263-91.
134. Vallacher, Robin and Andrzej Nowak (1997) 'The Emergence of Dynamical Social Psychology', Psychological Inquiry 8(2): 73-99.
135. Varela, Francisco (1997) 'Patterns of Life: Intertwining Identity and Cognition', Brain and Cognition 34(1): 72-87.
136. Vincent, Andrew (1983) 'The Hegelian State and International Politics', Review of International Politics 9(2): 191-205.
137. Viola, Lora (2001) 'Re-Introducing Final Causation to Social Science: Neofunctionalist Theory and European Integration', Master's Thesis, University of Chicago.
138. Von Wright, Georg (1971) Explanation and Understanding. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
139. Waever, Ole (1995) 'Securitization and Desecuritization', in Ronnie Lipschutz (ed.) On Security, pp. 46-86. New York: Columbia University Press.
140. Waltz, Kenneth (1979) Theory of International Politics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
141. Walzer, Michael (1986) 'The Reform of the International System', in Øyvind Østerud (ed.) Studies of War and Peace, pp. 227-40. Oslo: Norwegian University Press.
142. Weber, Andreas and Francisco Varela (2002) 'Life after Kant: Natural Purposes and the Autopoietic Foundations of Biological Individuality', Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 1(2): 97-125.
143. Weber, Bruce and David Depew (1996) 'Natural Selection and Self-Organization', Biology and Philosophy 11(1): 33-65.
144. Weber, Max (1978) Economy and Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
145. Wendt, Alexander (1992) 'Anarchy is What States Make of It', International Organization 46(3): 391-425.
146. Wendt, Alexander (1998) 'On Constitution and Causation in International Relations', Review of International Studies 24(5): 101-17.
147. Wendt, Alexander (1999) Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
148. Wendt, Alexander (2001) 'Driving with the Rearview Mirror: On the Rational Science of Institutional Design', International Organization 55(4): 1019-49.
149. Wendt, Alexander (2004) 'The State as Person in International Theory', Review of International Studies, 30(2) forthcoming.
150. Williams, Robert (1997) Hegel's Ethics of Recognition. Berkeley: University of California Press.
151. Wilson, David Sloan (1997) 'Incorporating Group Selection into the Adaptationist Program: A Case Study Involving Human Decision Making', in Jeffrey A. Simpson and Douglas T. Kendrick (eds) Evolutionary Social Psychology, pp. 345-86. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
152. Wilson, Robert (1994) 'Causal Depth, Theoretical Appropriateness, and Individualism in Psychology', Philosophy of Science 61(1): 55-75.
153. Wilson, Robert (2001) 'Group-Level Cognition', Philosophy of Science 68 (Proceedings): S262-S273.
154. Witt, Ulrich (1997) 'Self-Organization and Economics - What is New?', Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 8(4): 489-507.
155. Wolf, Klaus-Dieter (1999) 'The New Raison d'Etat as a Problem for Democracy in World Society', European Journal of International Relations 5(3): 333-63.
156. Wright, Larry (1976) Teleological Explanations. Berkeley: University of California Press.
157. Zerilli, Linda (1998) 'This Universalism Which is Not One', diacritics 28(1): 3-20.