Stuff it: Domestic consumption and the Americanization of the world paradigm

Diplomatic History

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 571-594

  Hoganson, Kristin ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 33747403487     PISSN: 01452096     EISSN: 14677709     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7709.2006.00579.x     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. C.W. E. Bigsby, ed., Superculture: American Popular Culture and Europe (Bowling Green, OH, 1975); Emily S. Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890-1945 (New York, 1982); Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, NY, 1984); Kristin Thompson, Exporting Entertainment: America in the World Film Market, 1907-34 (London, 1985); Philip Bell and Roger Bell, eds., Americanization and Australia (Sydney, 1988); Ralph Willett, The Americanization of Germany, 1945-1949 (London, 1989); Richard F. Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, CA, 1993); Mary Nolan, Visions of Modernity: American Business and the Modernization of Germany (New York, 1994); Reinhold Wagnleitner, Coca-Colonization and the Cold War: The Cultural Mission of the United States in Austria after the Second World War, trans. Diane M. Wolf (Chapel Hill, NC, 1994); Emily S. Rosenberg, "Cultural Interactions," in Encyclopedia of the United States in the Twentieth Century, vol. 2, eds. Stanley I. Kutler et al. (New York, 1996), 695-717; Rob Kroes, If You've Seen One, You've Seen the Mall: Europeans and Mass Culture (Urbana, IL, 1996); Richard Pells, Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II (New York, 1997)
2. Richard Kroes, "American Empire and Cultural Imperialism: A View from the Receiving End," Diplomatic History 23 (Summer 1999): 463-77; Reinhold Wagnleitner and Elaine Tyler May, eds., "Here, There and Everywhere": The Foreign Politics of American Popular Culture (Hanover, NH, 2000);
3. Jessica E. E. Gienow-Hecht, "Shame on US? Academics, Cultural Transfer, and the ColdWar: A Critical Review," Diplomatic History 24 (Summer 2000): 465-94;Heide Fehrenbach and Uta G. Poiger, eds., Transactions, Transgressions, Transformations: American Culture in Western Europe and Japan (New York, 2000); R. Laurence Moore and Maurizio Vaudagna, eds., The American Century in Europe (Ithaca, NY, 2003); JeffreyW. Cody, Exporting American Architecture, 1870-2000 (New York, 2003); George Ritzer and Todd Still-man, "Assessing McDonaldization, Americanization and Globalization," in Global America? The Cultural Consequences of Globalization, eds. Ulrich Beck, Natan Sznaider, and Rainer Winter (Liverpool, 2003), 30-48, 33-34; Jeff R. Schutts, "Born Again in the Gospel of Refreshment? Coca-Colonization and the Re-Making of Postwar German Identity," in Consuming Germany in the Cold War, ed. David F. Crew (New York, 2003), 121-50; Richard Kuisel, "Debating Americanization: The Case of France," in Beck, Sznaider, and Winter, eds., Global America?, 95-113; Robert W. Rydell and Rob Kroes, Buffalo Bill in Bologna: The Americanization of the World, 1869-1922 (Chicago, 2005); Victoria de Grazia, Irresistible Empire: America's Advance through Twentieth-Century Europe (Cambridge, MA, 2005). One book that considers the Americanization of the world in the context of the globalization of the United States is Akira Iriye, The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations, vol. 3, The Globalizing of America, 1913-1945 (1993; Cambridge, England, 1997).
4. Kuisel, "Debating Americanization," 106.
5. Neil Smith, American Empire: Roosevelt's Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley, CA, 2003), 4.
6. Eric Foner, "American Freedom in a Global Age," American Historical Review 106 (February 2001): 1-16, 4.
7. Leon Fink, The Maya of Morganton: Work and Community in the Nuevo New South (Chapel Hill, NC, 2003), 3, 36, 63. Other entrees have their own foreign relations histories. From 1963 to 1985, the World Bank spent $1.5 billion on livestock programs in Latin America, much of this money channeled into raising beef for export. In the same period, U.S. multinationals invested in meatpacking plants in countries like Honduras, Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Nicaragua, less for the benefit of Central American consumers than to meet U.S. baby boomers' demands for burgers, frozen dinners, and cold cuts. Ted Steinberg, Down to Earth: Nature's Role in American History (New York, 2002), 267, 271. Cod is probably not on the menu because of its particular international history; see Mark Kurlansky, Cod: A Biography of the Fish that Changed the World (New York, 1997), 3, 141, 181.
8. Marion Nestle, Safe Food: Bacteria, Biotechnology, and Bioterrorism (Berkeley, CA, 2003), 115-16, 236-37.
9. On fruit as Chile's second largest export, see Richard J. Barnet and John Cavanagh, Global Dreams: Imperial Corporations and the New World Order (New York, 1994), 235; on Chilean produce, see Walter L. Goldfrank, "Fresh Demand: The Consumption of Chilean Produce in the United States," in Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism, eds. Gary Geref. and Miguel Korzeniewicz (Westport, CT, 1994), 267-96.
10. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, pt. 2 (Washington, DC, 1975), 895; William Joseph Showalter, "How the World Is Fed," National Geographic Magazine 29, January, 1916, 2-110, 104-5.
11. Mira Wilkins, The History of Foreign Investment in the United States to 1914 (Cambridge, MA, 1989), 142.
12. Hoover, quoted in Dennis Merrill and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Major Problems in American Foreign Relations, vol. 2, Since 1914, 6th ed. (Boston, 2005), 86.
13. Paul Kennedy, Preparing for the Twenty-First Century (New York, 1993), 297; Alfred E. Eckes, Jr. and ThomasW. Zeiler, Globalization and the American Century (Cambridge, England, 2003), 263-64.
14. Joe Stork, Middle East Oil and the Energy Crisis (New York, 1975); Stephen D. Krasner, Defending the National Interest: Raw Materials Investments and U.S. Foreign Policy (Princeton, NJ, 1978); Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., The United States and the Global Struggle for Minerals (Austin, TX, 1979); John G. Clark, The Political Economy of World Energy: A Twentieth Century Perspective Chapel Hill, NC, 1990); Mary Ann Heiss, Empire and Nationhood: The United States, Great Britain, and Iranian Oil, 1950-1954 (New York, 1997); "U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services," Census Bureau Foreign Trade Statistics, June 21, 2006, available at http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/www/ press.html#current.htm.
15. See, for example, Lendol Calder, Financing the American Dream: A Cultural History of Consumer Credit (Princeton, NJ, 1999); Lizabeth Cohen, A Consumers' Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America (New York, 2003). In his review of the three-volume collection Consumption and the World of Goods, Craig Clunas notes that, despite the title, most of the articles focus on local contexts, in "Modernity Global and Local: Consumption and the Rise of the West," American Historical Review 104 (December 1999): 1497-1511, 1503.
16. Meg Jacobs, Pocketbook Politics: Economic Citizenship in Twentieth-Century America (Princeton, NJ, 2005), 54-56, 180, 218-20; Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York, 1988), 168; Michael S. Sherry, In the Shadow of War: The United States since the 1930s (New Haven, CT, 1995), 141-43, on limited spinoff, 388-89; on warfare as a mother of invention, see Kenneth Pomeranz and Steven Topik, The World that Trade Created: Society, Culture, and the World Economy, 1400 - the Present (London, 1999), 153.
17. Ellen Israel Rosen, for example, has considered how the. ow of imported textiles starting in the 1950s affected wage workers and manufacturers in the United States, Making Sweatshops: The Globalization of the U.S. Apparel Industry (Berkeley, CA, 2002), 104; pamphlet cited in Lawrence B. Glickman, "Introduction: Born to Shop? Consumer History and American History," in Consumer Society in American History: A Reader, ed. Lawrence B. Glickman (Ithaca, NY, 1999), 1-14, 3; John Thornton, Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800, 2d ed. (1992; Cambridge, England, 1998); Herbert S. Klein, The Atlantic Slave Trade (Cambridge, England, 1999); Eileen Scully, "Prostitution as Privilege: The 'American Girl' of Treaty Port Shanghai," International History Review 20 (December 1998): 855-83; Mila Glodava and Richard Onizuka, Mail-Order Brides: Women for Sale (Fort Collins, CO, 1994), 21, 31. Nicole Constable rejects the tendency to view foreign brides as commodities, in Romance on a Global Stage: Pen Pals, Virtual Ethnography, and 'Mail-Order' Marriages (Berkeley, CA, 2003).
18. Alfred W. Crosby, Jr., The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (Westport, CT, 1972); Alfred W. Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900 (Cambridge, England, 1986); David Igler, "Diseased Goods: Global Exchanges in the Eastern Paci.c Basin, 1770-1850," American Historical Review 109 (June 2004): 693-719; Richard P. Tucker and J. F. Richards, eds., Global Deforestation and the Nineteenth-Century World Economy (Durham, NC, 1983); Warren Dean, With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Berkeley, CA, 1995), 191; Richard P. Tucker, Insatiable Appetite: The United States and the Ecological Degradation of the Tropical World Berkeley, CA, 2000), 182; Kurk Dorsey, "Bernath Lecture: Dealing with the Dinosaur (and Its Swamp): Putting the Environment in Diplomatic History," Diplomatic History 29 (September 2005): 573-87, 575; Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (New York: Viking, 2005), 6, 495.
19. Helen Delpar, The Enormous Vogue of Things Mexican: Cultural Relations between the United States and Mexico, 1920-1935 (Tuscaloosa, AL, 1992). See also Richard Abel, The Red Rooster Scare: Making Cinema American, 1900-1910 (Berkeley, CA, 1999); Mary A. Renda, Taking Haiti: Military Occupation and the Culture of U.S. Imperialism, 1915-1940 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2001), chaps. 5-7; Phyllis Whitman Hunter, Purchasing Identity in the Atlantic World: Massachusetts Merchants, 1670-1780 (Ithaca, NY, 2001).
20. Amy Kaplan, " 'Left Alone with America': The Absence of Empire in the Study of American Culture," in Cultures of United States Imperialism, eds. Amy Kaplan and Donald E. Pease (Durham, NC, 1993), 3-21, 11.William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture (New York, 1993), 104-7; Melani McAlister, Epic Encounters: Culture, Media, and U.S. Interests in the Middle East since 1945 (2001; updated version, Berkeley, CA, 2005); Mari Yoshihara, Embracing the East: White Women and American Orientalism (New York, 2003); Janet M. Davis, The Circus Age: Culture and Society under the American Big Top Chapel Hill, NC, 2002).
21. Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest (New York, 1995), 219-22; Catherine A. Lutz and Jane L. Collins, Reading National Geographic Chicago, 1993), 249; similarly, Steven Conn has argued that the Philadelphia Commercial Museum's exhibitions of foreign-made objects taught visitors "that other cultures could be understood, both in their similarities and differences, through their commerce," in "Symposium: Imperial Discourses: Power and Perception. An Epistemology for Empire: The Philadelphia Commercial Museum, 1893-1896," Diplomatic History 22 (Fall 1998): 533-63, 547. See also Lori Merish, Sentimental Materialism: Gender, Commodity Culture, and Nineteenth-Century American Literature (Durham, NC, 2000), chap. 6.
22. Kristin Hoganson, Consumers' Imperium: The Global Production of American Domesticity, 1865-1920 (Chapel Hill, NC, forthcoming). On the lack of interest in foreign workers, see also William Greider, One World, Ready or Not: The Manic Logic of Global Capitalism (New York, 1997), 337-41.
23. Christopher Endy, "Travel and World Power: Americans in Europe, 1890-1917," Diplomatic History 22 (Fall 1998): 565-94, 592.
24. de Grazia, Irresistible Empire, 11.
25. Nupur Chaudhuri, for example, has argued that material items such as curry and shawls shaped British perceptions of empire, in "Shawls, Jewelry, Curry, and Rice in Victorian Britain," in Western Women and Imperialism: Complicity and Resistance, eds. Nupur Chaudhuri and Margaret Strobel (Bloomington, IN, 1992), 231-46, 231, 242. Petra Goedde maintains that in response to candy bar-toting GIs and more concerted efforts to sell consumer democracy in the post-World War II period, Germans came to regard consumerism as an end in itself. "Affiliation with the democratic West and the adoption of a democratic system in Germany became the means toward that end." Petra Goedde, GIs and Germans: Culture, Gender, and Foreign Relations, 1945-1949 (New Haven, CT, 2003), 147, 197. Jeffrey D. Needel has drawn attention to the role of cultural Europeanization - including European schooling, fashions, and architecture - in distinguishing the Brazilian elite from the masses and in signaling their affinities with European aristocrats. In Needel's account, neocolonialism shaped more than Brazilian production, it determined consumption patterns as well. Jeffrey D. Needel, A Tropical Belle Epoque: Elite Culture and Society in Turn-of-the-Century Rio de Janeiro (New York, 1987), 154. Similarly, Jordan Sand has argued that Japan's dominant class negotiated modernity through participation in a global consumer culture. Their taste for imported goods and Western styles helped Japanese elites align their nation with the imperial powers even as the preference for "things Western" revealed a sense of marginality. Jordan Sand, House and Home in Modern Japan: Architecture, Domestic Space and Bourgeois Culture, 1880-1930 (Cambridge, MA, 2003), 19, 365, 376.
26. Karl Gerth, China Made: Consumer Culture and the Creation of the Nation (Cambridge, MA, 2003), 3-5, 22.
27. Ibid., 22; Elizabeth Wilson, Adorned in Dreams: Fashion and Modernity (1985; rev. ed., New Brunswick, NJ, 2003); on food, see de Grazia, Irresistible Empire, 459, 472.
28. Jeremy Prestholdt, "On the Global Repercussions of East African Consumerism," American Historical Review 109 (June 2004): 755-81;William Roseberry, Lowell Gudmundson, and Mario Samper Kutschbach, eds., Coffee, Society, and Power in Latin America (Baltimore, 1995); Steven C. Topik and Allen Wells, eds., The Second Conquest of Latin America: Coffee, Henequen, and Oil during the Export Boom, 1850-1930 (Austin, TX, 1998); Ryan Bishop and Lillian S. Robinson, Night Market: Sexual Cultures and the Thai Economic Miracle (New York, 1998); César J. Ayala, American Sugar Kingdom: The Plantation Economy of the Spanish Caribbean, 1898-1934 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1999); Dennis Merrill, "Negotiating Cold War Paradise: U.S. Tourism, Economic Planning, and Cultural Modernity in Twentieth-Century Puerto Rico," Diplomatic History 25 (Spring 2001): 179-214.
29. Gary Gereffi and Miguel Korzeniewicz, eds., Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism (Westport, CT, 1994); Stuart B. Schwartz, ed., Tropical Babylons: Sugar and the Making of the Atlantic World, 1450-1680 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2004); Frederick H. Smith, Caribbean Rum: A Social and Economic History (Gainesville, FL, 2005). Walter L. Goldfrank critiques the scholarship on commodity chains for not paying sufficient attention to marketing and consumption, in "Fresh Demand: The Consumption of Chilean Produce in the United States," in Gereffi and Korzeniewicz, eds., Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism, 267-96, 267.
30. Arnold J. Bauer, Goods, Power, History: Latin America's Material Culture (Cambridge, England, 2001), 8.
31. T. H. Breen, The Marketplace of Revolution: How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence (New York, 2004), 31.
32. Tom E. Terrill, The Tariff, Politics, and American Foreign Policy, 1874-1901 (Westport, CT, 1973); Wilkins, The History of Foreign Investment, 133; Paul Wolman, Most Favored Nation: The Republican Revisionists and U.S. Tariff Policy, 1897-1912 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1992); Thomas W. Zeiler, American Trade and Power in the 1960s (New York, 1992); Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America's Market: U.S. Foreign Trade Policy since 1776 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1995); David M. Pletcher, The Diplomacy of Trade and Investment: American Economic Expansion in the Hemisphere, 1865-1900 (Columbia, MO, 1998); Thomas W. Zeiler, "American Trade Policy in the Early ColdWar," Diplomatic History 22 (Summer 1998): 337-60; ThomasW. Zeiler, Free Trade, Free World: The Advent of GATT (Chapel Hill, NC, 1999); Rosen, Making Sweatshops, 148-50.
33. Judith Goldstein, Ideas, Interests, and American Trade Policy (Ithaca, NY, 1993), 4.
34. Ibid., 102; Rebecca Edwards, Angels in the Machinery: Gender in American Party Politics from the Civil War to the Progressive Era (New York, 1997), 69-72; on the U.S. mass market, see de Grazia, Irresistible Empire, 212; Greider, One World, Ready or Not, 123. On consumer safety as a pretense for protectionism, see Eduardo Engel, "Poisoned Grapes, Mad Cows and Protectionism," in Latin America and the Global Economy: Export Trade and the Threat of Protection, ed. Ronald Fischer (New York, 2001), 94-120; Nestle, Safe Food, 116.
35. Dana Frank, Buy American: The Untold Story of Economic Nationalism (Boston, 1999), 56-57, 132, 160.
36. Virginia Scott Jenkins, Bananas: An American History (Washington, DC, 2000), ix, 11,
37. Marcelo Bucheli, Bananas and Business: The United Fruit Company in Colombia, 1899-2000 (New York, 2005), 41-42, quotation, 182.
38. Dennis Merrill, "Negotiating Cold War Paradise: U.S. Tourism, Economic Planning, and Cultural Modernity in Twentieth-Century Puerto Rico," Diplomatic History 25 (Spring 2001): 179-214, 181.
39. Christopher Endy, Cold War Holidays: American Tourism in France (Chapel Hill, NC, 2004), 5, 31.
40. Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China (New Haven, CT, 1984), 116, 129, 134; Christina Klein, ColdWar Orientalism: Asia in the Middlebrow Imagination, 1945-1961 (Berkeley, CA, 2003), 110; Costigliola, Awkward Dominion, 172; Nolan, Visions of Modernity; de Grazia, Irresistible Empire, 78-95; Gary Cross, An All-Consuming Century: Why CommercialismWon inModern America (New York, 2000), 24; Emily S. Rosenberg, "Consuming Women: Images of Americanization in the 'American Century,' " Diplomatic History 23 (Summer 1999): 479-97, 487. See also Pomeranz and Topik, The World that Trade Created, 206.
41. Roosevelt cited in Glickman, "Introduction: Born to Shop?," 8. On consumerism as an ideological asset, see Laura McEnaney, Civil Defense Begins at Home: Militarization Meets Everyday Life in the Fifties (Princeton, NJ, 2000), 41; Goedde, GIs and Germans, 197. On the kitchen debate, see May, Homeward Bound, 16-18, 162-64; Robert H. Haddow, Pavilions of Plenty: Exhibiting American Culture Abroad in the 1950s (Washington, DC, 1997), 37, 211; Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1945-1961 (New York, 1997), 167-213; Mary Nolan, "Consuming America, Producing Gender," in Moore and Vaudagna, eds., The American Century in Europe, 243-261, 251.
42. Cited in Susan E. Reid, "Cold War in the Kitchen: Gender and the De-Stalinization of Consumer Taste in the Soviet Union under Khrushchev," Slavic Review 61 (Summer 2002): 211-52, 222, 225.
43. Hixson, Parting the Curtain, 213, 233; Diane B. Kunz, Butter and Guns: America's Cold War Economic Diplomacy (New York, 1997), 4, 325; Mark Landsman, Dictatorship and Demand: The Politics of Consumerism in East Germany (Cambridge, MA, 2005).
44. David Campbell, "The Biopolitics of Security: Oil, Empire, and the Sports Utility Vehicle," American Quarterly 57 (September 2005): 943-72, 944, 961. On U.S. consumers' sense of entitlement to moderately priced oil, see McAlister, Epic Encounters, 127-40.
45. Kunz, Butter and Guns, 2.
46. McAlister, Epic Encounters, 241, 276; Jennifer Scanlon, "'Your Flag Decal Won't Get You into Heaven Anymore': U.S. Consumers, Wal-Mart, and the Commodification of Patrio-tism," in The Selling of 9/11: How a National Tragedy Became a Commodity, ed. Dana Heller (New York, 2005), 174-99, 181.
47. Scanlon, "Your Flag Decal," 175.
48. "Spirit of' 43," Donald Duck, Castle Cartoons, New Age Video, 1988.
49. On canned goods, see May, Homeward Bound, 3, 105; on bomb immunity, see Paul Boyer, By the Bomb's Early Light: American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age (New York, 1985). On Humvee sales, see Campbell, "The Biopolitics of Security," 943-72, 961.
50. Klein, Cold War Orientalism, 158.
51. Carol Hendrickson, "Selling Guatemala: Maya Export Products in U.S. Mail-Order Catalogues," in Cross-Cultural Consumption: Global Markets, Local Realities, ed. David Howes (London, 1996), 106-21.
52. Frank, Buy American, 96-101. On the antisweatshop movement, see Robert Goldman and Stephen Papson, Nike Culture: The Sign of the Swoosh (London, 1998), 143; Rosen, Making Sweatshops; Liza Featherstone and United Students against Sweatshops, Students against Sweatshops (London, 2002).
53. Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc discuss the remittance of commodities as well as money in Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments and Deterritorialized Nation-States (Langhorne, PA, 1994), 256-60.
54. Barnet and Cavanagh, Global Dreams, 113-25; Wilkins, The History of Foreign Investment; Jay Sexton, Debtor Diplomacy: Finance and American Foreign Relations in the Civil War Era 1837-1873 (New York, 2005).
55. Warren I. Cohen, The Asian American Century (Cambridge, MA, 2002), 81, 84, 93.
56. Richard Pillsbury, No Foreign Food: The American Diet in Time and Place (Boulder, CO,
57. Petra Goedde, "The Globalization of American Culture," in The Blackwell Companion to American Cultural History, ed. Karen Halttunen (Malden, MA, forthcoming; draft in the author's possession).
58. Sayuri Guthrie-Shimizu, "From Southeast Asia to the American Southeast: Japanese Business Meets the Sun Belt South" (135-63, 154) and Marko Maunula, "Another Southern Paradox: The Arrival of Foreign Corporations - Change and Continuity in Spartanburg, South Carolina" (164-84, 177), both in Globalization and the American South, eds. James C. Cobb and William Stueck (Athens, GA, 2005).
59. Neil Harris, "All the World a Melting Pot? Japan at American Fairs, 1876-1904," in Mutual Images: Essays in American-Japanese Relations, ed. Akira Iriye (Cambridge, MA, 1975), 24-54. Stuff It : 589
60. Frank, Buy American, 236-38.
61. Lawrence Spinelli, Dry Diplomacy: The United States, Great Britain, and Prohibition (Wilmington, DE, 1989), 59.
62. William O.Walker III, Drug Control in the Americas (1981; rev. ed., Albuquerque, NM, 1989); William O.Walker III, "International Collaboration in Historical Perspective," in Drug Policy in the Americas, ed. Peter H. Smith (Boulder, CO, 1992), 265-81; Walker points to the increasing attention to demand in the late 1980s, inWilliam O.Walker III, "After Camarena," in Drug Trafficking in the Americas, eds. Bruce M. Bagley and William O. Walker III (New Brunswick, NJ, 1994), 395-422.
63. Another agency that has taken on greater foreign relations significance in the homeland security campaign is the USDA, which has responsibility for imported meat and poultry products. Nestle, Safe Food, 59, 114, 260, 265.
64. Greider, One World, Ready or Not, 122-26; Louis Uchitelle, "When the Chinese Consumer Is King," New York Times, December 14, 2003.
65. Greider, One World, Ready or Not, 192, 201-2. Similarly, Ben Stein notes that the U.S. current account deficit is approaching $900 billion a year. "Will it stop with the United States being a colony of the major exporters?" he wonders. "Will it stop with the dollar worth one-fourth of its current value? I keep thinking that America started as a colony and that maybe we are going to end as a colony." Ben Stein, "Everybody's Business: Some Things I Don't Know, and One Thing I Do," New York Times, January 15, 2006.
66. Yen-P'ing Hao, "Chinese Tea to America - A Synopsis, in America's China Trade in Historical Perspective: The Chinese and American Performance, eds. Ernest R. May and John K. Fairbank (Cambridge, MA, 1986), 11-31, 15.
67. Francis J. Gavin, "The Gold Battles within the Cold War: American Monetary Policy and the Defense of Europe, 1960-1963," Diplomatic History 26 (Winter 2002): 61-94, 93. See also Kunz, Butter and Guns, 104-17. Stuff It: 591
68. Endy, Cold War Holidays, 179, 182-84.
69. David P. Calleo, The Imperious Economy (Cambridge, MA, 1982), 132; see http://www.whitehouse.gov/stateoftheunion/2006/index.html.
70. Bush's critics have linked conservation to national security much more forcefully than the president. New York Times columnist Thomas L. Friedman has maintained that "living green is... a national security imperative" because "our energy gluttony fosters and strengthens various kinds of [antidemocratic] petrolist regimes." Thomas L. Friedman, "The New Red, White and Blue," New York Times, January 6, 2006. In a later column, he underscored the security reasons for reducing U.S. oil consumption: "We are financing both sides in the war on terrorism: The U.S. Army with our tax dollars, and Islamist charities, madrasas and terrorist organizations through our oil purchases." Thomas L. Friedman, "The New 'Sputnik' Challenges: They All Run on Oil," New York Times, January 20, 2006.
71. Robert Vitalis, "Black Gold, White Crude: An Essay on American Exceptionalism, Hierarchy, and Hegemony in the Gulf," Diplomatic History 26 (Spring 2002): 185-213, 201. See also John W. Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II (New York, 1999), 204-13; Vicente L. Rafael, White Love and Other Events in Filipino History (Durham, NC, 2000), chap. 2.
72. Glickman, "Introduction: Born to Shop?," 8; Steinberg, Down to Earth.
73. Robert D. Dean, "Masculinity as Ideology: John F. Kennedy and the Domestic Politics of Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998): 29-62; Klein, Cold War Orientalism, 88, 94.
74. Sherry, In the Shadow of War, 168-69.
75. Kennedy cited in Dean, "Masculinity as Ideology," 45. Stuff It : 593
76. Michael J. Hogan, "The 'Next Big Thing': The Future of Diplomatic History in a Global Age," Diplomatic History 28 (January 2004): 1-21.