Negotiating cold war paradise: U.S. tourism, economic planning, and cultural modernity in twentieth-century Puerto Rico

Diplomatic History

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 179-214

  Merrill, Dennis ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039624777     PISSN: 01452096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/0145-2096.00259     Document Type: Review

References (303)

1. Time, 16 June 1958, 28.
2. Time, 8 January 1965, 24.
3. Office of Business Economics, Department of Commerce, The Survey of Current Business, June 1963, 27; American Association of Travel Agents, Travel News, June 1963, 4.
4. Office of Business Economics, Department of Commerce, The Survey of Current Business, June 1963, 27; American Association of Travel Agents, Travel News, June 1963, 4.
5. World Tourism Organization, Compendium of Tourism Statistics (Madrid, 1996). See also William F. Theobold, "Tourism," in Encyclopedia of U.S. Foreign Relations, ed. Bruce W. Jentleson and Thomas G. Paterson (New York, 1997), 4:200-201.
6. World Tourism Organization, Compendium of Tourism Statistics (Madrid, 1996). See also William F. Theobold, "Tourism," in Encyclopedia of U.S. Foreign Relations, ed. Bruce W. Jentleson and Thomas G. Paterson (New York, 1997), 4:200-201.
7. The leading scholarly journal on tourism studies is The Annals of Tourism Research. A partial list of important works includes John M. Bryden, Tourism and Development: A Case Study of he Commonwealth Caribbean (Cambridge, England, 1973); Dennis Conway, Tourism and Caribbean Development (Hanover, NH, 1983); E. DeKadt, ed., Tourism: Passport to Development (Oxford, 1979); David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International 32 (October 1994): 3-31; J. Krippendorf, The Holiday Makers (London, 1987); Marie-Françoise Lanfant, John B. Allcock, and Edward M. Bruner, eds., International Tourism: Identity and Change (London, 1995); J. Lea, Tourism and Development in the Third World (London, 1988); Donald E. Lundberg et al., Tourism Economics (New York, 1995); Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York, 1976); Linda Richter, The Politics of Tourism in Asia (Honolulu, 1989); Shirley B. Seward and Bernard K. Spinard, eds., Tourism in the Caribbean: The Economic Impact (Ottawa, 1982); Gareth Shaw and Allan M. Williams, Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (Cambridge, MA, 1994); Valen L. Smith, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (Philadelphia, 1977); and J. Urry, The Tourist Gaze in Contemporary Society (London, 1990). Historical studies dealing with international tourism include Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984); Christopher Endy, "Travel and World Power: Americans in Europe, 1890-1917," Diplomatic History 22 (Fall 1998): 365-94; Maxine Fieffer, Tourism in History: From Imperial Rome to the Present (New York, 1985); Paul Fussell, Abroad: British Literary Traveling between the Wars (New York, 1980); Harvey Levenstein, Seductive Journey: American Tourists in France from Jefferson to the Jazz Age (Chicago, 1998); Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 51-57, 100, 146, 220; Louis A. Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill, 1999), 165-218; Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993), xv, xviii, 75, 99, 187, 189, 265; Rosalie Schwartz, Pleasure Island: Tourism and Temptation in Cuba (Lincoln, 1997); and William W. Stowe, European Travel in Nineteenth Century America (Princeton, 1994).
8. The leading scholarly journal on tourism studies is The Annals of Tourism Research. A partial list of important works includes John M. Bryden, Tourism and Development: A Case Study of he Commonwealth Caribbean (Cambridge, England, 1973); Dennis Conway, Tourism and Caribbean Development (Hanover, NH, 1983); E. DeKadt, ed., Tourism: Passport to Development (Oxford, 1979); David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International 32 (October 1994): 3-31; J. Krippendorf, The Holiday Makers (London, 1987); Marie-Françoise Lanfant, John B. Allcock, and Edward M. Bruner, eds., International Tourism: Identity and Change (London, 1995); J. Lea, Tourism and Development in the Third World (London, 1988); Donald E. Lundberg et al., Tourism Economics (New York, 1995); Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York, 1976); Linda Richter, The Politics of Tourism in Asia (Honolulu, 1989); Shirley B. Seward and Bernard K. Spinard, eds., Tourism in the Caribbean: The Economic Impact (Ottawa, 1982); Gareth Shaw and Allan M. Williams, Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (Cambridge, MA, 1994); Valen L. Smith, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (Philadelphia, 1977); and J. Urry, The Tourist Gaze in Contemporary Society (London, 1990). Historical studies dealing with international tourism include Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984); Christopher Endy, "Travel and World Power: Americans in Europe, 1890-1917," Diplomatic History 22 (Fall 1998): 365-94; Maxine Fieffer, Tourism in History: From Imperial Rome to the Present (New York, 1985); Paul Fussell, Abroad: British Literary Traveling between the Wars (New York, 1980); Harvey Levenstein, Seductive Journey: American Tourists in France from Jefferson to the Jazz Age (Chicago, 1998); Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 51-57, 100, 146, 220; Louis A. Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill, 1999), 165-218; Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993), xv, xviii, 75, 99, 187, 189, 265; Rosalie Schwartz, Pleasure Island: Tourism and Temptation in Cuba (Lincoln, 1997); and William W. Stowe, European Travel in Nineteenth Century America (Princeton, 1994).
9. The leading scholarly journal on tourism studies is The Annals of Tourism Research. A partial list of important works includes John M. Bryden, Tourism and Development: A Case Study of he Commonwealth Caribbean (Cambridge, England, 1973); Dennis Conway, Tourism and Caribbean Development (Hanover, NH, 1983); E. DeKadt, ed., Tourism: Passport to Development (Oxford, 1979); David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International 32 (October 1994): 3-31; J. Krippendorf, The Holiday Makers (London, 1987); Marie-Françoise Lanfant, John B. Allcock, and Edward M. Bruner, eds., International Tourism: Identity and Change (London, 1995); J. Lea, Tourism and Development in the Third World (London, 1988); Donald E. Lundberg et al., Tourism Economics (New York, 1995); Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York, 1976); Linda Richter, The Politics of Tourism in Asia (Honolulu, 1989); Shirley B. Seward and Bernard K. Spinard, eds., Tourism in the Caribbean: The Economic Impact (Ottawa, 1982); Gareth Shaw and Allan M. Williams, Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (Cambridge, MA, 1994); Valen L. Smith, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (Philadelphia, 1977); and J. Urry, The Tourist Gaze in Contemporary Society (London, 1990). Historical studies dealing with international tourism include Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984); Christopher Endy, "Travel and World Power: Americans in Europe, 1890-1917," Diplomatic History 22 (Fall 1998): 365-94; Maxine Fieffer, Tourism in History: From Imperial Rome to the Present (New York, 1985); Paul Fussell, Abroad: British Literary Traveling between the Wars (New York, 1980); Harvey Levenstein, Seductive Journey: American Tourists in France from Jefferson to the Jazz Age (Chicago, 1998); Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 51-57, 100, 146, 220; Louis A. Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill, 1999), 165-218; Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993), xv, xviii, 75, 99, 187, 189, 265; Rosalie Schwartz, Pleasure Island: Tourism and Temptation in Cuba (Lincoln, 1997); and William W. Stowe, European Travel in Nineteenth Century America (Princeton, 1994).
10. The leading scholarly journal on tourism studies is The Annals of Tourism Research. A partial list of important works includes John M. Bryden, Tourism and Development: A Case Study of he Commonwealth Caribbean (Cambridge, England, 1973); Dennis Conway, Tourism and Caribbean Development (Hanover, NH, 1983); E. DeKadt, ed., Tourism: Passport to Development (Oxford, 1979); David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International 32 (October 1994): 3-31; J. Krippendorf, The Holiday Makers (London, 1987); Marie-Françoise Lanfant, John B. Allcock, and Edward M. Bruner, eds., International Tourism: Identity and Change (London, 1995); J. Lea, Tourism and Development in the Third World (London, 1988); Donald E. Lundberg et al., Tourism Economics (New York, 1995); Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York, 1976); Linda Richter, The Politics of Tourism in Asia (Honolulu, 1989); Shirley B. Seward and Bernard K. Spinard, eds., Tourism in the Caribbean: The Economic Impact (Ottawa, 1982); Gareth Shaw and Allan M. Williams, Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (Cambridge, MA, 1994); Valen L. Smith, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (Philadelphia, 1977); and J. Urry, The Tourist Gaze in Contemporary Society (London, 1990). Historical studies dealing with international tourism include Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984); Christopher Endy, "Travel and World Power: Americans in Europe, 1890-1917," Diplomatic History 22 (Fall 1998): 365-94; Maxine Fieffer, Tourism in History: From Imperial Rome to the Present (New York, 1985); Paul Fussell, Abroad: British Literary Traveling between the Wars (New York, 1980); Harvey Levenstein, Seductive Journey: American Tourists in France from Jefferson to the Jazz Age (Chicago, 1998); Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 51-57, 100, 146, 220; Louis A. Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill, 1999), 165-218; Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993), xv, xviii, 75, 99, 187, 189, 265; Rosalie Schwartz, Pleasure Island: Tourism and Temptation in Cuba (Lincoln, 1997); and William W. Stowe, European Travel in Nineteenth Century America (Princeton, 1994).
11. The leading scholarly journal on tourism studies is The Annals of Tourism Research. A partial list of important works includes John M. Bryden, Tourism and Development: A Case Study of he Commonwealth Caribbean (Cambridge, England, 1973); Dennis Conway, Tourism and Caribbean Development (Hanover, NH, 1983); E. DeKadt, ed., Tourism: Passport to Development (Oxford, 1979); David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International 32 (October 1994): 3-31; J. Krippendorf, The Holiday Makers (London, 1987); Marie-Françoise Lanfant, John B. Allcock, and Edward M. Bruner, eds., International Tourism: Identity and Change (London, 1995); J. Lea, Tourism and Development in the Third World (London, 1988); Donald E. Lundberg et al., Tourism Economics (New York, 1995); Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York, 1976); Linda Richter, The Politics of Tourism in Asia (Honolulu, 1989); Shirley B. Seward and Bernard K. Spinard, eds., Tourism in the Caribbean: The Economic Impact (Ottawa, 1982); Gareth Shaw and Allan M. Williams, Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (Cambridge, MA, 1994); Valen L. Smith, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (Philadelphia, 1977); and J. Urry, The Tourist Gaze in Contemporary Society (London, 1990). Historical studies dealing with international tourism include Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984); Christopher Endy, "Travel and World Power: Americans in Europe, 1890-1917," Diplomatic History 22 (Fall 1998): 365-94; Maxine Fieffer, Tourism in History: From Imperial Rome to the Present (New York, 1985); Paul Fussell, Abroad: British Literary Traveling between the Wars (New York, 1980); Harvey Levenstein, Seductive Journey: American Tourists in France from Jefferson to the Jazz Age (Chicago, 1998); Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 51-57, 100, 146, 220; Louis A. Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill, 1999), 165-218; Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993), xv, xviii, 75, 99, 187, 189, 265; Rosalie Schwartz, Pleasure Island: Tourism and Temptation in Cuba (Lincoln, 1997); and William W. Stowe, European Travel in Nineteenth Century America (Princeton, 1994).
12. The leading scholarly journal on tourism studies is The Annals of Tourism Research. A partial list of important works includes John M. Bryden, Tourism and Development: A Case Study of he Commonwealth Caribbean (Cambridge, England, 1973); Dennis Conway, Tourism and Caribbean Development (Hanover, NH, 1983); E. DeKadt, ed., Tourism: Passport to Development (Oxford, 1979); David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International 32 (October 1994): 3-31; J. Krippendorf, The Holiday Makers (London, 1987); Marie-Françoise Lanfant, John B. Allcock, and Edward M. Bruner, eds., International Tourism: Identity and Change (London, 1995); J. Lea, Tourism and Development in the Third World (London, 1988); Donald E. Lundberg et al., Tourism Economics (New York, 1995); Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York, 1976); Linda Richter, The Politics of Tourism in Asia (Honolulu, 1989); Shirley B. Seward and Bernard K. Spinard, eds., Tourism in the Caribbean: The Economic Impact (Ottawa, 1982); Gareth Shaw and Allan M. Williams, Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (Cambridge, MA, 1994); Valen L. Smith, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (Philadelphia, 1977); and J. Urry, The Tourist Gaze in Contemporary Society (London, 1990). Historical studies dealing with international tourism include Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984); Christopher Endy, "Travel and World Power: Americans in Europe, 1890-1917," Diplomatic History 22 (Fall 1998): 365-94; Maxine Fieffer, Tourism in History: From Imperial Rome to the Present (New York, 1985); Paul Fussell, Abroad: British Literary Traveling between the Wars (New York, 1980); Harvey Levenstein, Seductive Journey: American Tourists in France from Jefferson to the Jazz Age (Chicago, 1998); Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 51-57, 100, 146, 220; Louis A. Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill, 1999), 165-218; Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993), xv, xviii, 75, 99, 187, 189, 265; Rosalie Schwartz, Pleasure Island: Tourism and Temptation in Cuba (Lincoln, 1997); and William W. Stowe, European Travel in Nineteenth Century America (Princeton, 1994).
13. The leading scholarly journal on tourism studies is The Annals of Tourism Research. A partial list of important works includes John M. Bryden, Tourism and Development: A Case Study of he Commonwealth Caribbean (Cambridge, England, 1973); Dennis Conway, Tourism and Caribbean Development (Hanover, NH, 1983); E. DeKadt, ed., Tourism: Passport to Development (Oxford, 1979); David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International 32 (October 1994): 3-31; J. Krippendorf, The Holiday Makers (London, 1987); Marie-Françoise Lanfant, John B. Allcock, and Edward M. Bruner, eds., International Tourism: Identity and Change (London, 1995); J. Lea, Tourism and Development in the Third World (London, 1988); Donald E. Lundberg et al., Tourism Economics (New York, 1995); Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York, 1976); Linda Richter, The Politics of Tourism in Asia (Honolulu, 1989); Shirley B. Seward and Bernard K. Spinard, eds., Tourism in the Caribbean: The Economic Impact (Ottawa, 1982); Gareth Shaw and Allan M. Williams, Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (Cambridge, MA, 1994); Valen L. Smith, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (Philadelphia, 1977); and J. Urry, The Tourist Gaze in Contemporary Society (London, 1990). Historical studies dealing with international tourism include Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984); Christopher Endy, "Travel and World Power: Americans in Europe, 1890-1917," Diplomatic History 22 (Fall 1998): 365-94; Maxine Fieffer, Tourism in History: From Imperial Rome to the Present (New York, 1985); Paul Fussell, Abroad: British Literary Traveling between the Wars (New York, 1980); Harvey Levenstein, Seductive Journey: American Tourists in France from Jefferson to the Jazz Age (Chicago, 1998); Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 51-57, 100, 146, 220; Louis A. Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill, 1999), 165-218; Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993), xv, xviii, 75, 99, 187, 189, 265; Rosalie Schwartz, Pleasure Island: Tourism and Temptation in Cuba (Lincoln, 1997); and William W. Stowe, European Travel in Nineteenth Century America (Princeton, 1994).
14. The leading scholarly journal on tourism studies is The Annals of Tourism Research. A partial list of important works includes John M. Bryden, Tourism and Development: A Case Study of he Commonwealth Caribbean (Cambridge, England, 1973); Dennis Conway, Tourism and Caribbean Development (Hanover, NH, 1983); E. DeKadt, ed., Tourism: Passport to Development (Oxford, 1979); David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International 32 (October 1994): 3-31; J. Krippendorf, The Holiday Makers (London, 1987); Marie-Françoise Lanfant, John B. Allcock, and Edward M. Bruner, eds., International Tourism: Identity and Change (London, 1995); J. Lea, Tourism and Development in the Third World (London, 1988); Donald E. Lundberg et al., Tourism Economics (New York, 1995); Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York, 1976); Linda Richter, The Politics of Tourism in Asia (Honolulu, 1989); Shirley B. Seward and Bernard K. Spinard, eds., Tourism in the Caribbean: The Economic Impact (Ottawa, 1982); Gareth Shaw and Allan M. Williams, Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (Cambridge, MA, 1994); Valen L. Smith, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (Philadelphia, 1977); and J. Urry, The Tourist Gaze in Contemporary Society (London, 1990). Historical studies dealing with international tourism include Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984); Christopher Endy, "Travel and World Power: Americans in Europe, 1890-1917," Diplomatic History 22 (Fall 1998): 365-94; Maxine Fieffer, Tourism in History: From Imperial Rome to the Present (New York, 1985); Paul Fussell, Abroad: British Literary Traveling between the Wars (New York, 1980); Harvey Levenstein, Seductive Journey: American Tourists in France from Jefferson to the Jazz Age (Chicago, 1998); Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 51-57, 100, 146, 220; Louis A. Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill, 1999), 165-218; Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993), xv, xviii, 75, 99, 187, 189, 265; Rosalie Schwartz, Pleasure Island: Tourism and Temptation in Cuba (Lincoln, 1997); and William W. Stowe, European Travel in Nineteenth Century America (Princeton, 1994).
15. The leading scholarly journal on tourism studies is The Annals of Tourism Research. A partial list of important works includes John M. Bryden, Tourism and Development: A Case Study of he Commonwealth Caribbean (Cambridge, England, 1973); Dennis Conway, Tourism and Caribbean Development (Hanover, NH, 1983); E. DeKadt, ed., Tourism: Passport to Development (Oxford, 1979); David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International 32 (October 1994): 3-31; J. Krippendorf, The Holiday Makers (London, 1987); Marie-Françoise Lanfant, John B. Allcock, and Edward M. Bruner, eds., International Tourism: Identity and Change (London, 1995); J. Lea, Tourism and Development in the Third World (London, 1988); Donald E. Lundberg et al., Tourism Economics (New York, 1995); Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York, 1976); Linda Richter, The Politics of Tourism in Asia (Honolulu, 1989); Shirley B. Seward and Bernard K. Spinard, eds., Tourism in the Caribbean: The Economic Impact (Ottawa, 1982); Gareth Shaw and Allan M. Williams, Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (Cambridge, MA, 1994); Valen L. Smith, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (Philadelphia, 1977); and J. Urry, The Tourist Gaze in Contemporary Society (London, 1990). Historical studies dealing with international tourism include Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984); Christopher Endy, "Travel and World Power: Americans in Europe, 1890-1917," Diplomatic History 22 (Fall 1998): 365-94; Maxine Fieffer, Tourism in History: From Imperial Rome to the Present (New York, 1985); Paul Fussell, Abroad: British Literary Traveling between the Wars (New York, 1980); Harvey Levenstein, Seductive Journey: American Tourists in France from Jefferson to the Jazz Age (Chicago, 1998); Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 51-57, 100, 146, 220; Louis A. Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill, 1999), 165-218; Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993), xv, xviii, 75, 99, 187, 189, 265; Rosalie Schwartz, Pleasure Island: Tourism and Temptation in Cuba (Lincoln, 1997); and William W. Stowe, European Travel in Nineteenth Century America (Princeton, 1994).
16. The leading scholarly journal on tourism studies is The Annals of Tourism Research. A partial list of important works includes John M. Bryden, Tourism and Development: A Case Study of he Commonwealth Caribbean (Cambridge, England, 1973); Dennis Conway, Tourism and Caribbean Development (Hanover, NH, 1983); E. DeKadt, ed., Tourism: Passport to Development (Oxford, 1979); David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International 32 (October 1994): 3-31; J. Krippendorf, The Holiday Makers (London, 1987); Marie-Françoise Lanfant, John B. Allcock, and Edward M. Bruner, eds., International Tourism: Identity and Change (London, 1995); J. Lea, Tourism and Development in the Third World (London, 1988); Donald E. Lundberg et al., Tourism Economics (New York, 1995); Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York, 1976); Linda Richter, The Politics of Tourism in Asia (Honolulu, 1989); Shirley B. Seward and Bernard K. Spinard, eds., Tourism in the Caribbean: The Economic Impact (Ottawa, 1982); Gareth Shaw and Allan M. Williams, Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (Cambridge, MA, 1994); Valen L. Smith, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (Philadelphia, 1977); and J. Urry, The Tourist Gaze in Contemporary Society (London, 1990). Historical studies dealing with international tourism include Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984); Christopher Endy, "Travel and World Power: Americans in Europe, 1890-1917," Diplomatic History 22 (Fall 1998): 365-94; Maxine Fieffer, Tourism in History: From Imperial Rome to the Present (New York, 1985); Paul Fussell, Abroad: British Literary Traveling between the Wars (New York, 1980); Harvey Levenstein, Seductive Journey: American Tourists in France from Jefferson to the Jazz Age (Chicago, 1998); Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 51-57, 100, 146, 220; Louis A. Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill, 1999), 165-218; Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993), xv, xviii, 75, 99, 187, 189, 265; Rosalie Schwartz, Pleasure Island: Tourism and Temptation in Cuba (Lincoln, 1997); and William W. Stowe, European Travel in Nineteenth Century America (Princeton, 1994).
17. The leading scholarly journal on tourism studies is The Annals of Tourism Research. A partial list of important works includes John M. Bryden, Tourism and Development: A Case Study of he Commonwealth Caribbean (Cambridge, England, 1973); Dennis Conway, Tourism and Caribbean Development (Hanover, NH, 1983); E. DeKadt, ed., Tourism: Passport to Development (Oxford, 1979); David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International 32 (October 1994): 3-31; J. Krippendorf, The Holiday Makers (London, 1987); Marie-Françoise Lanfant, John B. Allcock, and Edward M. Bruner, eds., International Tourism: Identity and Change (London, 1995); J. Lea, Tourism and Development in the Third World (London, 1988); Donald E. Lundberg et al., Tourism Economics (New York, 1995); Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York, 1976); Linda Richter, The Politics of Tourism in Asia (Honolulu, 1989); Shirley B. Seward and Bernard K. Spinard, eds., Tourism in the Caribbean: The Economic Impact (Ottawa, 1982); Gareth Shaw and Allan M. Williams, Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (Cambridge, MA, 1994); Valen L. Smith, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (Philadelphia, 1977); and J. Urry, The Tourist Gaze in Contemporary Society (London, 1990). Historical studies dealing with international tourism include Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984); Christopher Endy, "Travel and World Power: Americans in Europe, 1890-1917," Diplomatic History 22 (Fall 1998): 365-94; Maxine Fieffer, Tourism in History: From Imperial Rome to the Present (New York, 1985); Paul Fussell, Abroad: British Literary Traveling between the Wars (New York, 1980); Harvey Levenstein, Seductive Journey: American Tourists in France from Jefferson to the Jazz Age (Chicago, 1998); Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 51-57, 100, 146, 220; Louis A. Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill, 1999), 165-218; Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993), xv, xviii, 75, 99, 187, 189, 265; Rosalie Schwartz, Pleasure Island: Tourism and Temptation in Cuba (Lincoln, 1997); and William W. Stowe, European Travel in Nineteenth Century America (Princeton, 1994).
18. The leading scholarly journal on tourism studies is The Annals of Tourism Research. A partial list of important works includes John M. Bryden, Tourism and Development: A Case Study of he Commonwealth Caribbean (Cambridge, England, 1973); Dennis Conway, Tourism and Caribbean Development (Hanover, NH, 1983); E. DeKadt, ed., Tourism: Passport to Development (Oxford, 1979); David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International 32 (October 1994): 3-31; J. Krippendorf, The Holiday Makers (London, 1987); Marie-Françoise Lanfant, John B. Allcock, and Edward M. Bruner, eds., International Tourism: Identity and Change (London, 1995); J. Lea, Tourism and Development in the Third World (London, 1988); Donald E. Lundberg et al., Tourism Economics (New York, 1995); Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York, 1976); Linda Richter, The Politics of Tourism in Asia (Honolulu, 1989); Shirley B. Seward and Bernard K. Spinard, eds., Tourism in the Caribbean: The Economic Impact (Ottawa, 1982); Gareth Shaw and Allan M. Williams, Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (Cambridge, MA, 1994); Valen L. Smith, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (Philadelphia, 1977); and J. Urry, The Tourist Gaze in Contemporary Society (London, 1990). Historical studies dealing with international tourism include Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984); Christopher Endy, "Travel and World Power: Americans in Europe, 1890-1917," Diplomatic History 22 (Fall 1998): 365-94; Maxine Fieffer, Tourism in History: From Imperial Rome to the Present (New York, 1985); Paul Fussell, Abroad: British Literary Traveling between the Wars (New York, 1980); Harvey Levenstein, Seductive Journey: American Tourists in France from Jefferson to the Jazz Age (Chicago, 1998); Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 51-57, 100, 146, 220; Louis A. Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill, 1999), 165-218; Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993), xv, xviii, 75, 99, 187, 189, 265; Rosalie Schwartz, Pleasure Island: Tourism and Temptation in Cuba (Lincoln, 1997); and William W. Stowe, European Travel in Nineteenth Century America (Princeton, 1994).
19. The leading scholarly journal on tourism studies is The Annals of Tourism Research. A partial list of important works includes John M. Bryden, Tourism and Development: A Case Study of he Commonwealth Caribbean (Cambridge, England, 1973); Dennis Conway, Tourism and Caribbean Development (Hanover, NH, 1983); E. DeKadt, ed., Tourism: Passport to Development (Oxford, 1979); David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International 32 (October 1994): 3-31; J. Krippendorf, The Holiday Makers (London, 1987); Marie-Françoise Lanfant, John B. Allcock, and Edward M. Bruner, eds., International Tourism: Identity and Change (London, 1995); J. Lea, Tourism and Development in the Third World (London, 1988); Donald E. Lundberg et al., Tourism Economics (New York, 1995); Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York, 1976); Linda Richter, The Politics of Tourism in Asia (Honolulu, 1989); Shirley B. Seward and Bernard K. Spinard, eds., Tourism in the Caribbean: The Economic Impact (Ottawa, 1982); Gareth Shaw and Allan M. Williams, Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (Cambridge, MA, 1994); Valen L. Smith, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (Philadelphia, 1977); and J. Urry, The Tourist Gaze in Contemporary Society (London, 1990). Historical studies dealing with international tourism include Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984); Christopher Endy, "Travel and World Power: Americans in Europe, 1890-1917," Diplomatic History 22 (Fall 1998): 365-94; Maxine Fieffer, Tourism in History: From Imperial Rome to the Present (New York, 1985); Paul Fussell, Abroad: British Literary Traveling between the Wars (New York, 1980); Harvey Levenstein, Seductive Journey: American Tourists in France from Jefferson to the Jazz Age (Chicago, 1998); Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 51-57, 100, 146, 220; Louis A. Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill, 1999), 165-218; Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993), xv, xviii, 75, 99, 187, 189, 265; Rosalie Schwartz, Pleasure Island: Tourism and Temptation in Cuba (Lincoln, 1997); and William W. Stowe, European Travel in Nineteenth Century America (Princeton, 1994).
20. The leading scholarly journal on tourism studies is The Annals of Tourism Research. A partial list of important works includes John M. Bryden, Tourism and Development: A Case Study of he Commonwealth Caribbean (Cambridge, England, 1973); Dennis Conway, Tourism and Caribbean Development (Hanover, NH, 1983); E. DeKadt, ed., Tourism: Passport to Development (Oxford, 1979); David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International 32 (October 1994): 3-31; J. Krippendorf, The Holiday Makers (London, 1987); Marie-Françoise Lanfant, John B. Allcock, and Edward M. Bruner, eds., International Tourism: Identity and Change (London, 1995); J. Lea, Tourism and Development in the Third World (London, 1988); Donald E. Lundberg et al., Tourism Economics (New York, 1995); Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York, 1976); Linda Richter, The Politics of Tourism in Asia (Honolulu, 1989); Shirley B. Seward and Bernard K. Spinard, eds., Tourism in the Caribbean: The Economic Impact (Ottawa, 1982); Gareth Shaw and Allan M. Williams, Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (Cambridge, MA, 1994); Valen L. Smith, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (Philadelphia, 1977); and J. Urry, The Tourist Gaze in Contemporary Society (London, 1990). Historical studies dealing with international tourism include Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984); Christopher Endy, "Travel and World Power: Americans in Europe, 1890-1917," Diplomatic History 22 (Fall 1998): 365-94; Maxine Fieffer, Tourism in History: From Imperial Rome to the Present (New York, 1985); Paul Fussell, Abroad: British Literary Traveling between the Wars (New York, 1980); Harvey Levenstein, Seductive Journey: American Tourists in France from Jefferson to the Jazz Age (Chicago, 1998); Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 51-57, 100, 146, 220; Louis A. Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill, 1999), 165-218; Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993), xv, xviii, 75, 99, 187, 189, 265; Rosalie Schwartz, Pleasure Island: Tourism and Temptation in Cuba (Lincoln, 1997); and William W. Stowe, European Travel in Nineteenth Century America (Princeton, 1994).
21. The leading scholarly journal on tourism studies is The Annals of Tourism Research. A partial list of important works includes John M. Bryden, Tourism and Development: A Case Study of he Commonwealth Caribbean (Cambridge, England, 1973); Dennis Conway, Tourism and Caribbean Development (Hanover, NH, 1983); E. DeKadt, ed., Tourism: Passport to Development (Oxford, 1979); David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International 32 (October 1994): 3-31; J. Krippendorf, The Holiday Makers (London, 1987); Marie-Françoise Lanfant, John B. Allcock, and Edward M. Bruner, eds., International Tourism: Identity and Change (London, 1995); J. Lea, Tourism and Development in the Third World (London, 1988); Donald E. Lundberg et al., Tourism Economics (New York, 1995); Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York, 1976); Linda Richter, The Politics of Tourism in Asia (Honolulu, 1989); Shirley B. Seward and Bernard K. Spinard, eds., Tourism in the Caribbean: The Economic Impact (Ottawa, 1982); Gareth Shaw and Allan M. Williams, Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (Cambridge, MA, 1994); Valen L. Smith, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (Philadelphia, 1977); and J. Urry, The Tourist Gaze in Contemporary Society (London, 1990). Historical studies dealing with international tourism include Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984); Christopher Endy, "Travel and World Power: Americans in Europe, 1890-1917," Diplomatic History 22 (Fall 1998): 365-94; Maxine Fieffer, Tourism in History: From Imperial Rome to the Present (New York, 1985); Paul Fussell, Abroad: British Literary Traveling between the Wars (New York, 1980); Harvey Levenstein, Seductive Journey: American Tourists in France from Jefferson to the Jazz Age (Chicago, 1998); Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 51-57, 100, 146, 220; Louis A. Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill, 1999), 165-218; Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993), xv, xviii, 75, 99, 187, 189, 265; Rosalie Schwartz, Pleasure Island: Tourism and Temptation in Cuba (Lincoln, 1997); and William W. Stowe, European Travel in Nineteenth Century America (Princeton, 1994).
22. The leading scholarly journal on tourism studies is The Annals of Tourism Research. A partial list of important works includes John M. Bryden, Tourism and Development: A Case Study of he Commonwealth Caribbean (Cambridge, England, 1973); Dennis Conway, Tourism and Caribbean Development (Hanover, NH, 1983); E. DeKadt, ed., Tourism: Passport to Development (Oxford, 1979); David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International 32 (October 1994): 3-31; J. Krippendorf, The Holiday Makers (London, 1987); Marie-Françoise Lanfant, John B. Allcock, and Edward M. Bruner, eds., International Tourism: Identity and Change (London, 1995); J. Lea, Tourism and Development in the Third World (London, 1988); Donald E. Lundberg et al., Tourism Economics (New York, 1995); Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York, 1976); Linda Richter, The Politics of Tourism in Asia (Honolulu, 1989); Shirley B. Seward and Bernard K. Spinard, eds., Tourism in the Caribbean: The Economic Impact (Ottawa, 1982); Gareth Shaw and Allan M. Williams, Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (Cambridge, MA, 1994); Valen L. Smith, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (Philadelphia, 1977); and J. Urry, The Tourist Gaze in Contemporary Society (London, 1990). Historical studies dealing with international tourism include Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984); Christopher Endy, "Travel and World Power: Americans in Europe, 1890-1917," Diplomatic History 22 (Fall 1998): 365-94; Maxine Fieffer, Tourism in History: From Imperial Rome to the Present (New York, 1985); Paul Fussell, Abroad: British Literary Traveling between the Wars (New York, 1980); Harvey Levenstein, Seductive Journey: American Tourists in France from Jefferson to the Jazz Age (Chicago, 1998); Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 51-57, 100, 146, 220; Louis A. Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill, 1999), 165-218; Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993), xv, xviii, 75, 99, 187, 189, 265; Rosalie Schwartz, Pleasure Island: Tourism and Temptation in Cuba (Lincoln, 1997); and William W. Stowe, European Travel in Nineteenth Century America (Princeton, 1994).
23. The leading scholarly journal on tourism studies is The Annals of Tourism Research. A partial list of important works includes John M. Bryden, Tourism and Development: A Case Study of he Commonwealth Caribbean (Cambridge, England, 1973); Dennis Conway, Tourism and Caribbean Development (Hanover, NH, 1983); E. DeKadt, ed., Tourism: Passport to Development (Oxford, 1979); David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International 32 (October 1994): 3-31; J. Krippendorf, The Holiday Makers (London, 1987); Marie-Françoise Lanfant, John B. Allcock, and Edward M. Bruner, eds., International Tourism: Identity and Change (London, 1995); J. Lea, Tourism and Development in the Third World (London, 1988); Donald E. Lundberg et al., Tourism Economics (New York, 1995); Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York, 1976); Linda Richter, The Politics of Tourism in Asia (Honolulu, 1989); Shirley B. Seward and Bernard K. Spinard, eds., Tourism in the Caribbean: The Economic Impact (Ottawa, 1982); Gareth Shaw and Allan M. Williams, Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (Cambridge, MA, 1994); Valen L. Smith, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (Philadelphia, 1977); and J. Urry, The Tourist Gaze in Contemporary Society (London, 1990). Historical studies dealing with international tourism include Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984); Christopher Endy, "Travel and World Power: Americans in Europe, 1890-1917," Diplomatic History 22 (Fall 1998): 365-94; Maxine Fieffer, Tourism in History: From Imperial Rome to the Present (New York, 1985); Paul Fussell, Abroad: British Literary Traveling between the Wars (New York, 1980); Harvey Levenstein, Seductive Journey: American Tourists in France from Jefferson to the Jazz Age (Chicago, 1998); Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 51-57, 100, 146, 220; Louis A. Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill, 1999), 165-218; Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993), xv, xviii, 75, 99, 187, 189, 265; Rosalie Schwartz, Pleasure Island: Tourism and Temptation in Cuba (Lincoln, 1997); and William W. Stowe, European Travel in Nineteenth Century America (Princeton, 1994).
24. The leading scholarly journal on tourism studies is The Annals of Tourism Research. A partial list of important works includes John M. Bryden, Tourism and Development: A Case Study of he Commonwealth Caribbean (Cambridge, England, 1973); Dennis Conway, Tourism and Caribbean Development (Hanover, NH, 1983); E. DeKadt, ed., Tourism: Passport to Development (Oxford, 1979); David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International 32 (October 1994): 3-31; J. Krippendorf, The Holiday Makers (London, 1987); Marie-Françoise Lanfant, John B. Allcock, and Edward M. Bruner, eds., International Tourism: Identity and Change (London, 1995); J. Lea, Tourism and Development in the Third World (London, 1988); Donald E. Lundberg et al., Tourism Economics (New York, 1995); Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York, 1976); Linda Richter, The Politics of Tourism in Asia (Honolulu, 1989); Shirley B. Seward and Bernard K. Spinard, eds., Tourism in the Caribbean: The Economic Impact (Ottawa, 1982); Gareth Shaw and Allan M. Williams, Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (Cambridge, MA, 1994); Valen L. Smith, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (Philadelphia, 1977); and J. Urry, The Tourist Gaze in Contemporary Society (London, 1990). Historical studies dealing with international tourism include Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984); Christopher Endy, "Travel and World Power: Americans in Europe, 1890-1917," Diplomatic History 22 (Fall 1998): 365-94; Maxine Fieffer, Tourism in History: From Imperial Rome to the Present (New York, 1985); Paul Fussell, Abroad: British Literary Traveling between the Wars (New York, 1980); Harvey Levenstein, Seductive Journey: American Tourists in France from Jefferson to the Jazz Age (Chicago, 1998); Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 51-57, 100, 146, 220; Louis A. Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill, 1999), 165-218; Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993), xv, xviii, 75, 99, 187, 189, 265; Rosalie Schwartz, Pleasure Island: Tourism and Temptation in Cuba (Lincoln, 1997); and William W. Stowe, European Travel in Nineteenth Century America (Princeton, 1994).
25. The leading scholarly journal on tourism studies is The Annals of Tourism Research. A partial list of important works includes John M. Bryden, Tourism and Development: A Case Study of he Commonwealth Caribbean (Cambridge, England, 1973); Dennis Conway, Tourism and Caribbean Development (Hanover, NH, 1983); E. DeKadt, ed., Tourism: Passport to Development (Oxford, 1979); David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International 32 (October 1994): 3-31; J. Krippendorf, The Holiday Makers (London, 1987); Marie-Françoise Lanfant, John B. Allcock, and Edward M. Bruner, eds., International Tourism: Identity and Change (London, 1995); J. Lea, Tourism and Development in the Third World (London, 1988); Donald E. Lundberg et al., Tourism Economics (New York, 1995); Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York, 1976); Linda Richter, The Politics of Tourism in Asia (Honolulu, 1989); Shirley B. Seward and Bernard K. Spinard, eds., Tourism in the Caribbean: The Economic Impact (Ottawa, 1982); Gareth Shaw and Allan M. Williams, Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (Cambridge, MA, 1994); Valen L. Smith, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (Philadelphia, 1977); and J. Urry, The Tourist Gaze in Contemporary Society (London, 1990). Historical studies dealing with international tourism include Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984); Christopher Endy, "Travel and World Power: Americans in Europe, 1890-1917," Diplomatic History 22 (Fall 1998): 365-94; Maxine Fieffer, Tourism in History: From Imperial Rome to the Present (New York, 1985); Paul Fussell, Abroad: British Literary Traveling between the Wars (New York, 1980); Harvey Levenstein, Seductive Journey: American Tourists in France from Jefferson to the Jazz Age (Chicago, 1998); Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 51-57, 100, 146, 220; Louis A. Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill, 1999), 165-218; Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993), xv, xviii, 75, 99, 187, 189, 265; Rosalie Schwartz, Pleasure Island: Tourism and Temptation in Cuba (Lincoln, 1997); and William W. Stowe, European Travel in Nineteenth Century America (Princeton, 1994).
26. The leading scholarly journal on tourism studies is The Annals of Tourism Research. A partial list of important works includes John M. Bryden, Tourism and Development: A Case Study of he Commonwealth Caribbean (Cambridge, England, 1973); Dennis Conway, Tourism and Caribbean Development (Hanover, NH, 1983); E. DeKadt, ed., Tourism: Passport to Development (Oxford, 1979); David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International 32 (October 1994): 3-31; J. Krippendorf, The Holiday Makers (London, 1987); Marie-Françoise Lanfant, John B. Allcock, and Edward M. Bruner, eds., International Tourism: Identity and Change (London, 1995); J. Lea, Tourism and Development in the Third World (London, 1988); Donald E. Lundberg et al., Tourism Economics (New York, 1995); Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York, 1976); Linda Richter, The Politics of Tourism in Asia (Honolulu, 1989); Shirley B. Seward and Bernard K. Spinard, eds., Tourism in the Caribbean: The Economic Impact (Ottawa, 1982); Gareth Shaw and Allan M. Williams, Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (Cambridge, MA, 1994); Valen L. Smith, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (Philadelphia, 1977); and J. Urry, The Tourist Gaze in Contemporary Society (London, 1990). Historical studies dealing with international tourism include Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984); Christopher Endy, "Travel and World Power: Americans in Europe, 1890-1917," Diplomatic History 22 (Fall 1998): 365-94; Maxine Fieffer, Tourism in History: From Imperial Rome to the Present (New York, 1985); Paul Fussell, Abroad: British Literary Traveling between the Wars (New York, 1980); Harvey Levenstein, Seductive Journey: American Tourists in France from Jefferson to the Jazz Age (Chicago, 1998); Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 51-57, 100, 146, 220; Louis A. Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill, 1999), 165-218; Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993), xv, xviii, 75, 99, 187, 189, 265; Rosalie Schwartz, Pleasure Island: Tourism and Temptation in Cuba (Lincoln, 1997); and William W. Stowe, European Travel in Nineteenth Century America (Princeton, 1994).
27. The leading scholarly journal on tourism studies is The Annals of Tourism Research. A partial list of important works includes John M. Bryden, Tourism and Development: A Case Study of he Commonwealth Caribbean (Cambridge, England, 1973); Dennis Conway, Tourism and Caribbean Development (Hanover, NH, 1983); E. DeKadt, ed., Tourism: Passport to Development (Oxford, 1979); David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International 32 (October 1994): 3-31; J. Krippendorf, The Holiday Makers (London, 1987); Marie-Françoise Lanfant, John B. Allcock, and Edward M. Bruner, eds., International Tourism: Identity and Change (London, 1995); J. Lea, Tourism and Development in the Third World (London, 1988); Donald E. Lundberg et al., Tourism Economics (New York, 1995); Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York, 1976); Linda Richter, The Politics of Tourism in Asia (Honolulu, 1989); Shirley B. Seward and Bernard K. Spinard, eds., Tourism in the Caribbean: The Economic Impact (Ottawa, 1982); Gareth Shaw and Allan M. Williams, Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (Cambridge, MA, 1994); Valen L. Smith, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (Philadelphia, 1977); and J. Urry, The Tourist Gaze in Contemporary Society (London, 1990). Historical studies dealing with international tourism include Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984); Christopher Endy, "Travel and World Power: Americans in Europe, 1890-1917," Diplomatic History 22 (Fall 1998): 365-94; Maxine Fieffer, Tourism in History: From Imperial Rome to the Present (New York, 1985); Paul Fussell, Abroad: British Literary Traveling between the Wars (New York, 1980); Harvey Levenstein, Seductive Journey: American Tourists in France from Jefferson to the Jazz Age (Chicago, 1998); Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 51-57, 100, 146, 220; Louis A. Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill, 1999), 165-218; Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993), xv, xviii, 75, 99, 187, 189, 265; Rosalie Schwartz, Pleasure Island: Tourism and Temptation in Cuba (Lincoln, 1997); and William W. Stowe, European Travel in Nineteenth Century America (Princeton, 1994).
28. The leading scholarly journal on tourism studies is The Annals of Tourism Research. A partial list of important works includes John M. Bryden, Tourism and Development: A Case Study of he Commonwealth Caribbean (Cambridge, England, 1973); Dennis Conway, Tourism and Caribbean Development (Hanover, NH, 1983); E. DeKadt, ed., Tourism: Passport to Development (Oxford, 1979); David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International 32 (October 1994): 3-31; J. Krippendorf, The Holiday Makers (London, 1987); Marie-Françoise Lanfant, John B. Allcock, and Edward M. Bruner, eds., International Tourism: Identity and Change (London, 1995); J. Lea, Tourism and Development in the Third World (London, 1988); Donald E. Lundberg et al., Tourism Economics (New York, 1995); Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York, 1976); Linda Richter, The Politics of Tourism in Asia (Honolulu, 1989); Shirley B. Seward and Bernard K. Spinard, eds., Tourism in the Caribbean: The Economic Impact (Ottawa, 1982); Gareth Shaw and Allan M. Williams, Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (Cambridge, MA, 1994); Valen L. Smith, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (Philadelphia, 1977); and J. Urry, The Tourist Gaze in Contemporary Society (London, 1990). Historical studies dealing with international tourism include Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984); Christopher Endy, "Travel and World Power: Americans in Europe, 1890-1917," Diplomatic History 22 (Fall 1998): 365-94; Maxine Fieffer, Tourism in History: From Imperial Rome to the Present (New York, 1985); Paul Fussell, Abroad: British Literary Traveling between the Wars (New York, 1980); Harvey Levenstein, Seductive Journey: American Tourists in France from Jefferson to the Jazz Age (Chicago, 1998); Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 51-57, 100, 146, 220; Louis A. Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill, 1999), 165-218; Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993), xv, xviii, 75, 99, 187, 189, 265; Rosalie Schwartz, Pleasure Island: Tourism and Temptation in Cuba (Lincoln, 1997); and William W. Stowe, European Travel in Nineteenth Century America (Princeton, 1994).
29. The leading scholarly journal on tourism studies is The Annals of Tourism Research. A partial list of important works includes John M. Bryden, Tourism and Development: A Case Study of he Commonwealth Caribbean (Cambridge, England, 1973); Dennis Conway, Tourism and Caribbean Development (Hanover, NH, 1983); E. DeKadt, ed., Tourism: Passport to Development (Oxford, 1979); David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International 32 (October 1994): 3-31; J. Krippendorf, The Holiday Makers (London, 1987); Marie-Françoise Lanfant, John B. Allcock, and Edward M. Bruner, eds., International Tourism: Identity and Change (London, 1995); J. Lea, Tourism and Development in the Third World (London, 1988); Donald E. Lundberg et al., Tourism Economics (New York, 1995); Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York, 1976); Linda Richter, The Politics of Tourism in Asia (Honolulu, 1989); Shirley B. Seward and Bernard K. Spinard, eds., Tourism in the Caribbean: The Economic Impact (Ottawa, 1982); Gareth Shaw and Allan M. Williams, Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (Cambridge, MA, 1994); Valen L. Smith, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (Philadelphia, 1977); and J. Urry, The Tourist Gaze in Contemporary Society (London, 1990). Historical studies dealing with international tourism include Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984); Christopher Endy, "Travel and World Power: Americans in Europe, 1890-1917," Diplomatic History 22 (Fall 1998): 365-94; Maxine Fieffer, Tourism in History: From Imperial Rome to the Present (New York, 1985); Paul Fussell, Abroad: British Literary Traveling between the Wars (New York, 1980); Harvey Levenstein, Seductive Journey: American Tourists in France from Jefferson to the Jazz Age (Chicago, 1998); Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 51-57, 100, 146, 220; Louis A. Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill, 1999), 165-218; Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993), xv, xviii, 75, 99, 187, 189, 265; Rosalie Schwartz, Pleasure Island: Tourism and Temptation in Cuba (Lincoln, 1997); and William W. Stowe, European Travel in Nineteenth Century America (Princeton, 1994).
30. The leading scholarly journal on tourism studies is The Annals of Tourism Research. A partial list of important works includes John M. Bryden, Tourism and Development: A Case Study of he Commonwealth Caribbean (Cambridge, England, 1973); Dennis Conway, Tourism and Caribbean Development (Hanover, NH, 1983); E. DeKadt, ed., Tourism: Passport to Development (Oxford, 1979); David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International 32 (October 1994): 3-31; J. Krippendorf, The Holiday Makers (London, 1987); Marie-Françoise Lanfant, John B. Allcock, and Edward M. Bruner, eds., International Tourism: Identity and Change (London, 1995); J. Lea, Tourism and Development in the Third World (London, 1988); Donald E. Lundberg et al., Tourism Economics (New York, 1995); Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York, 1976); Linda Richter, The Politics of Tourism in Asia (Honolulu, 1989); Shirley B. Seward and Bernard K. Spinard, eds., Tourism in the Caribbean: The Economic Impact (Ottawa, 1982); Gareth Shaw and Allan M. Williams, Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (Cambridge, MA, 1994); Valen L. Smith, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (Philadelphia, 1977); and J. Urry, The Tourist Gaze in Contemporary Society (London, 1990). Historical studies dealing with international tourism include Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984); Christopher Endy, "Travel and World Power: Americans in Europe, 1890-1917," Diplomatic History 22 (Fall 1998): 365-94; Maxine Fieffer, Tourism in History: From Imperial Rome to the Present (New York, 1985); Paul Fussell, Abroad: British Literary Traveling between the Wars (New York, 1980); Harvey Levenstein, Seductive Journey: American Tourists in France from Jefferson to the Jazz Age (Chicago, 1998); Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 51-57, 100, 146, 220; Louis A. Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill, 1999), 165-218; Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993), xv, xviii, 75, 99, 187, 189, 265; Rosalie Schwartz, Pleasure Island: Tourism and Temptation in Cuba (Lincoln, 1997); and William W. Stowe, European Travel in Nineteenth Century America (Princeton, 1994).
31. The leading scholarly journal on tourism studies is The Annals of Tourism Research. A partial list of important works includes John M. Bryden, Tourism and Development: A Case Study of he Commonwealth Caribbean (Cambridge, England, 1973); Dennis Conway, Tourism and Caribbean Development (Hanover, NH, 1983); E. DeKadt, ed., Tourism: Passport to Development (Oxford, 1979); David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International 32 (October 1994): 3-31; J. Krippendorf, The Holiday Makers (London, 1987); Marie-Françoise Lanfant, John B. Allcock, and Edward M. Bruner, eds., International Tourism: Identity and Change (London, 1995); J. Lea, Tourism and Development in the Third World (London, 1988); Donald E. Lundberg et al., Tourism Economics (New York, 1995); Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York, 1976); Linda Richter, The Politics of Tourism in Asia (Honolulu, 1989); Shirley B. Seward and Bernard K. Spinard, eds., Tourism in the Caribbean: The Economic Impact (Ottawa, 1982); Gareth Shaw and Allan M. Williams, Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (Cambridge, MA, 1994); Valen L. Smith, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (Philadelphia, 1977); and J. Urry, The Tourist Gaze in Contemporary Society (London, 1990). Historical studies dealing with international tourism include Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984); Christopher Endy, "Travel and World Power: Americans in Europe, 1890-1917," Diplomatic History 22 (Fall 1998): 365-94; Maxine Fieffer, Tourism in History: From Imperial Rome to the Present (New York, 1985); Paul Fussell, Abroad: British Literary Traveling between the Wars (New York, 1980); Harvey Levenstein, Seductive Journey: American Tourists in France from Jefferson to the Jazz Age (Chicago, 1998); Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 51-57, 100, 146, 220; Louis A. Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill, 1999), 165-218; Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism
32. Examples of the new scholarship include David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis, 1992); Kristin Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, 1998); Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; Frank Ninkovich, "No Postmordems for Postmodernism, Please," Diplomatic History 22 (Summer 1998): 451-66; Emily Rosenberg, "Cultural Interactions," in Encyclopedia of the United States in the Twentieth Century, ed. Stanley Kutler (New York, 1996), 2:695-716; Emily Rosenberg, "Revisiting Dollar Diplomacy: Narratives of Money and Manliness," Diplomatic History 22 (Spring 1998): 155-76; and Andrew Rotter, "Saidism without Said: Orientalism and U.S. Diplomatic History," American Historical Review 105 (October 2000): 1205-17.
33. Examples of the new scholarship include David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis, 1992); Kristin Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, 1998); Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; Frank Ninkovich, "No Postmordems for Postmodernism, Please," Diplomatic History 22 (Summer 1998): 451-66; Emily Rosenberg, "Cultural Interactions," in Encyclopedia of the United States in the Twentieth Century, ed. Stanley Kutler (New York, 1996), 2:695-716; Emily Rosenberg, "Revisiting Dollar Diplomacy: Narratives of Money and Manliness," Diplomatic History 22 (Spring 1998): 155-76; and Andrew Rotter, "Saidism without Said: Orientalism and U.S. Diplomatic History," American Historical Review 105 (October 2000): 1205-17.
34. Examples of the new scholarship include David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis, 1992); Kristin Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, 1998); Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; Frank Ninkovich, "No Postmordems for Postmodernism, Please," Diplomatic History 22 (Summer 1998): 451-66; Emily Rosenberg, "Cultural Interactions," in Encyclopedia of the United States in the Twentieth Century, ed. Stanley Kutler (New York, 1996), 2:695-716; Emily Rosenberg, "Revisiting Dollar Diplomacy: Narratives of Money and Manliness," Diplomatic History 22 (Spring 1998): 155-76; and Andrew Rotter, "Saidism without Said: Orientalism and U.S. Diplomatic History," American Historical Review 105 (October 2000): 1205-17.
35. Examples of the new scholarship include David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis, 1992); Kristin Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, 1998); Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; Frank Ninkovich, "No Postmordems for Postmodernism, Please," Diplomatic History 22 (Summer 1998): 451-66; Emily Rosenberg, "Cultural Interactions," in Encyclopedia of the United States in the Twentieth Century, ed. Stanley Kutler (New York, 1996), 2:695-716; Emily Rosenberg, "Revisiting Dollar Diplomacy: Narratives of Money and Manliness," Diplomatic History 22 (Spring 1998): 155-76; and Andrew Rotter, "Saidism without Said: Orientalism and U.S. Diplomatic History," American Historical Review 105 (October 2000): 1205-17.
36. Examples of the new scholarship include David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis, 1992); Kristin Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, 1998); Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; Frank Ninkovich, "No Postmordems for Postmodernism, Please," Diplomatic History 22 (Summer 1998): 451-66; Emily Rosenberg, "Cultural Interactions," in Encyclopedia of the United States in the Twentieth Century, ed. Stanley Kutler (New York, 1996), 2:695-716; Emily Rosenberg, "Revisiting Dollar Diplomacy: Narratives of Money and Manliness," Diplomatic History 22 (Spring 1998): 155-76; and Andrew Rotter, "Saidism without Said: Orientalism and U.S. Diplomatic History," American Historical Review 105 (October 2000): 1205-17.
37. Examples of the new scholarship include David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis, 1992); Kristin Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, 1998); Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; Frank Ninkovich, "No Postmordems for Postmodernism, Please," Diplomatic History 22 (Summer 1998): 451-66; Emily Rosenberg, "Cultural Interactions," in Encyclopedia of the United States in the Twentieth Century, ed. Stanley Kutler (New York, 1996), 2:695-716; Emily Rosenberg, "Revisiting Dollar Diplomacy: Narratives of Money and Manliness," Diplomatic History 22 (Spring 1998): 155-76; and Andrew Rotter, "Saidism without Said: Orientalism and U.S. Diplomatic History," American Historical Review 105 (October 2000): 1205-17.
38. Examples of the new scholarship include David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis, 1992); Kristin Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, 1998); Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; Frank Ninkovich, "No Postmordems for Postmodernism, Please," Diplomatic History 22 (Summer 1998): 451-66; Emily Rosenberg, "Cultural Interactions," in Encyclopedia of the United States in the Twentieth Century, ed. Stanley Kutler (New York, 1996), 2:695-716; Emily Rosenberg, "Revisiting Dollar Diplomacy: Narratives of Money and Manliness," Diplomatic History 22 (Spring 1998): 155-76; and Andrew Rotter, "Saidism without Said: Orientalism and U.S. Diplomatic History," American Historical Review 105 (October 2000): 1205-17.
39. For a discussion of the term "frontier" see Gregory H. Nobles, American Frontiers: Cultural Encounters and Continental Conquest (New York, 1997). On cultural constructions of the "Third World" see Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World (Princeton, 1995).
40. For a discussion of the term "frontier" see Gregory H. Nobles, American Frontiers: Cultural Encounters and Continental Conquest (New York, 1997). On cultural constructions of the "Third World" see Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World (Princeton, 1995).
41. W. W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Development: A Non-Communist Manifesto (London, 1959) is perhaps the most standard modernization text. For discussions of modernization theory and U.S. foreign relations see Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and US Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987); Michael E. Latham, Modernization: Social Scientists and U.S. Foreign Policy in the 1960s (Chapel Hill, 1999); Dennis Merrill, Bread and the Ballot: The United States and India's Economic Development, 1947-1963 (Chapel Hill, 1990); Frank Ninkovich, Modernity and Power: A History of the Domino Theory in the Twentieth Century (Chicago, 1994); Robert A. Packenham, Liberal America and the Third World: Political Development Ideas in Foreign Aid and Social Science (Princeton, 1973); and Stephen Rabe, The Most Dangerous Area in the World: John F. Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America (Chapel Hill, 1999).
42. W. W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Development: A Non-Communist Manifesto (London, 1959) is perhaps the most standard modernization text. For discussions of modernization theory and U.S. foreign relations see Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and US Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987); Michael E. Latham, Modernization: Social Scientists and U.S. Foreign Policy in the 1960s (Chapel Hill, 1999); Dennis Merrill, Bread and the Ballot: The United States and India's Economic Development, 1947-1963 (Chapel Hill, 1990); Frank Ninkovich, Modernity and Power: A History of the Domino Theory in the Twentieth Century (Chicago, 1994); Robert A. Packenham, Liberal America and the Third World: Political Development Ideas in Foreign Aid and Social Science (Princeton, 1973); and Stephen Rabe, The Most Dangerous Area in the World: John F. Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America (Chapel Hill, 1999).
43. W. W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Development: A Non-Communist Manifesto (London, 1959) is perhaps the most standard modernization text. For discussions of modernization theory and U.S. foreign relations see Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and US Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987); Michael E. Latham, Modernization: Social Scientists and U.S. Foreign Policy in the 1960s (Chapel Hill, 1999); Dennis Merrill, Bread and the Ballot: The United States and India's Economic Development, 1947-1963 (Chapel Hill, 1990); Frank Ninkovich, Modernity and Power: A History of the Domino Theory in the Twentieth Century (Chicago, 1994); Robert A. Packenham, Liberal America and the Third World: Political Development Ideas in Foreign Aid and Social Science (Princeton, 1973); and Stephen Rabe, The Most Dangerous Area in the World: John F. Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America (Chapel Hill, 1999).
44. W. W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Development: A Non-Communist Manifesto (London, 1959) is perhaps the most standard modernization text. For discussions of modernization theory and U.S. foreign relations see Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and US Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987); Michael E. Latham, Modernization: Social Scientists and U.S. Foreign Policy in the 1960s (Chapel Hill, 1999); Dennis Merrill, Bread and the Ballot: The United States and India's Economic Development, 1947-1963 (Chapel Hill, 1990); Frank Ninkovich, Modernity and Power: A History of the Domino Theory in the Twentieth Century (Chicago, 1994); Robert A. Packenham, Liberal America and the Third World: Political Development Ideas in Foreign Aid and Social Science (Princeton, 1973); and Stephen Rabe, The Most Dangerous Area in the World: John F. Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America (Chapel Hill, 1999).
45. W. W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Development: A Non-Communist Manifesto (London, 1959) is perhaps the most standard modernization text. For discussions of modernization theory and U.S. foreign relations see Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and US Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987); Michael E. Latham, Modernization: Social Scientists and U.S. Foreign Policy in the 1960s (Chapel Hill, 1999); Dennis Merrill, Bread and the Ballot: The United States and India's Economic Development, 1947-1963 (Chapel Hill, 1990); Frank Ninkovich, Modernity and Power: A History of the Domino Theory in the Twentieth Century (Chicago, 1994); Robert A. Packenham, Liberal America and the Third World: Political Development Ideas in Foreign Aid and Social Science (Princeton, 1973); and Stephen Rabe, The Most Dangerous Area in the World: John F. Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America (Chapel Hill, 1999).
46. W. W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Development: A Non-Communist Manifesto (London, 1959) is perhaps the most standard modernization text. For discussions of modernization theory and U.S. foreign relations see Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and US Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987); Michael E. Latham, Modernization: Social Scientists and U.S. Foreign Policy in the 1960s (Chapel Hill, 1999); Dennis Merrill, Bread and the Ballot: The United States and India's Economic Development, 1947-1963 (Chapel Hill, 1990); Frank Ninkovich, Modernity and Power: A History of the Domino Theory in the Twentieth Century (Chicago, 1994); Robert A. Packenham, Liberal America and the Third World: Political Development Ideas in Foreign Aid and Social Science (Princeton, 1973); and Stephen Rabe, The Most Dangerous Area in the World: John F. Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America (Chapel Hill, 1999).
47. W. W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Development: A Non-Communist Manifesto (London, 1959) is perhaps the most standard modernization text. For discussions of modernization theory and U.S. foreign relations see Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and US Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987); Michael E. Latham, Modernization: Social Scientists and U.S. Foreign Policy in the 1960s (Chapel Hill, 1999); Dennis Merrill, Bread and the Ballot: The United States and India's Economic Development, 1947-1963 (Chapel Hill, 1990); Frank Ninkovich, Modernity and Power: A History of the Domino Theory in the Twentieth Century (Chicago, 1994); Robert A. Packenham, Liberal America and the Third World: Political Development Ideas in Foreign Aid and Social Science (Princeton, 1973); and Stephen Rabe, The Most Dangerous Area in the World: John F. Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America (Chapel Hill, 1999).
48. For a popular critique of international tourism see the thought-provoking special issue of Nation, "The Politics of Travel," 6 October 1997. For an understanding of dependency theory and its application to tourism see Tom Berry, Beth Wood, and Deb Preusch, The Other Side of Paradise: Foreign Control in the Caribbean (New York, 1984); Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Relations (Berkeley, 1990), 1-3, 19-41, 125, 157, 170, 186; and most recently Polly Pattullo, Last Resorts: The Cost of Tourism in the Caribbean (New York, 1999). For an application of dependency theory to Puerto Rico and elsewhere see Morris Morely, "Dependence and Development in Puerto Rico," in The Puerto Ricans: Their History, Culture, and Society, ed. Adalberto López (Cambridge, MA, 1980), 171-211; and Louis A. Pérez, Jr., "Dependency," in Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, ed. Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson (New York, 1991), 99-110.
49. For a popular critique of international tourism see the thought-provoking special issue of Nation, "The Politics of Travel," 6 October 1997. For an understanding of dependency theory and its application to tourism see Tom Berry, Beth Wood, and Deb Preusch, The Other Side of Paradise: Foreign Control in the Caribbean (New York, 1984); Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Relations (Berkeley, 1990), 1-3, 19-41, 125, 157, 170, 186; and most recently Polly Pattullo, Last Resorts: The Cost of Tourism in the Caribbean (New York, 1999). For an application of dependency theory to Puerto Rico and elsewhere see Morris Morely, "Dependence and Development in Puerto Rico," in The Puerto Ricans: Their History, Culture, and Society, ed. Adalberto López (Cambridge, MA, 1980), 171-211; and Louis A. Pérez, Jr., "Dependency," in Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, ed. Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson (New York, 1991), 99-110.
50. For a popular critique of international tourism see the thought-provoking special issue of Nation, "The Politics of Travel," 6 October 1997. For an understanding of dependency theory and its application to tourism see Tom Berry, Beth Wood, and Deb Preusch, The Other Side of Paradise: Foreign Control in the Caribbean (New York, 1984); Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Relations (Berkeley, 1990), 1-3, 19-41, 125, 157, 170, 186; and most recently Polly Pattullo, Last Resorts: The Cost of Tourism in the Caribbean (New York, 1999). For an application of dependency theory to Puerto Rico and elsewhere see Morris Morely, "Dependence and Development in Puerto Rico," in The Puerto Ricans: Their History, Culture, and Society, ed. Adalberto López (Cambridge, MA, 1980), 171-211; and Louis A. Pérez, Jr., "Dependency," in Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, ed. Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson (New York, 1991), 99-110.
51. For a popular critique of international tourism see the thought-provoking special issue of Nation, "The Politics of Travel," 6 October 1997. For an understanding of dependency theory and its application to tourism see Tom Berry, Beth Wood, and Deb Preusch, The Other Side of Paradise: Foreign Control in the Caribbean (New York, 1984); Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Relations (Berkeley, 1990), 1-3, 19-41, 125, 157, 170, 186; and most recently Polly Pattullo, Last Resorts: The Cost of Tourism in the Caribbean (New York, 1999). For an application of dependency theory to Puerto Rico and elsewhere see Morris Morely, "Dependence and Development in Puerto Rico," in The Puerto Ricans: Their History, Culture, and Society, ed. Adalberto López (Cambridge, MA, 1980), 171-211; and Louis A. Pérez, Jr., "Dependency," in Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, ed. Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson (New York, 1991), 99-110.
52. For a popular critique of international tourism see the thought-provoking special issue of Nation, "The Politics of Travel," 6 October 1997. For an understanding of dependency theory and its application to tourism see Tom Berry, Beth Wood, and Deb Preusch, The Other Side of Paradise: Foreign Control in the Caribbean (New York, 1984); Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Relations (Berkeley, 1990), 1-3, 19-41, 125, 157, 170, 186; and most recently Polly Pattullo, Last Resorts: The Cost of Tourism in the Caribbean (New York, 1999). For an application of dependency theory to Puerto Rico and elsewhere see Morris Morely, "Dependence and Development in Puerto Rico," in The Puerto Ricans: Their History, Culture, and Society, ed. Adalberto López (Cambridge, MA, 1980), 171-211; and Louis A. Pérez, Jr., "Dependency," in Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, ed. Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson (New York, 1991), 99-110.
53. For a popular critique of international tourism see the thought-provoking special issue of Nation, "The Politics of Travel," 6 October 1997. For an understanding of dependency theory and its application to tourism see Tom Berry, Beth Wood, and Deb Preusch, The Other Side of Paradise: Foreign Control in the Caribbean (New York, 1984); Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Relations (Berkeley, 1990), 1-3, 19-41, 125, 157, 170, 186; and most recently Polly Pattullo, Last Resorts: The Cost of Tourism in the Caribbean (New York, 1999). For an application of dependency theory to Puerto Rico and elsewhere see Morris Morely, "Dependence and Development in Puerto Rico," in The Puerto Ricans: Their History, Culture, and Society, ed. Adalberto López (Cambridge, MA, 1980), 171-211; and Louis A. Pérez, Jr., "Dependency," in Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, ed. Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson (New York, 1991), 99-110.
54. See, for example, Richard F. Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993); Geir Lundestad, The American "Empire" and Other Studies of U.S. Foreign Policy in a Comparative Perspective (London, 1990); Richard Pells, Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture Since World II (New York, 1997); and Uta G. Poiger, "Beyond 'Modernization' and 'Colonization,'" Diplomatic History 23 (Winter 1999): 45-56.
55. See, for example, Richard F. Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993); Geir Lundestad, The American "Empire" and Other Studies of U.S. Foreign Policy in a Comparative Perspective (London, 1990); Richard Pells, Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture Since World II (New York, 1997); and Uta G. Poiger, "Beyond 'Modernization' and 'Colonization,'" Diplomatic History 23 (Winter 1999): 45-56.
56. See, for example, Richard F. Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993); Geir Lundestad, The American "Empire" and Other Studies of U.S. Foreign Policy in a Comparative Perspective (London, 1990); Richard Pells, Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture Since World II (New York, 1997); and Uta G. Poiger, "Beyond 'Modernization' and 'Colonization,'" Diplomatic History 23 (Winter 1999): 45-56.
57. See, for example, Richard F. Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993); Geir Lundestad, The American "Empire" and Other Studies of U.S. Foreign Policy in a Comparative Perspective (London, 1990); Richard Pells, Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture Since World II (New York, 1997); and Uta G. Poiger, "Beyond 'Modernization' and 'Colonization,'" Diplomatic History 23 (Winter 1999): 45-56.
58. Lanfant et al., International Tourism.
59. For an introduction to Puerto Rican culture see Arturo Morales Carrión, Puerto Rico: A Political and Cultural History (New York, 1983); Arlene M. Davila, Sponsored Identities: Cultural Politics in Puerto Rico (Philadelphia, 1997); Juan Flores, Divided Borders: Essays on Puerto Rican Identity (Houston, 1993); Raoul Gordon, Puerto Rican Culture: An Introduction (New York, 1982); Virginia E. Sánchez Korrol, From Colonia to Community: The History of Puerto Ricans in New York City, 1917-1948 (Westport, 1983); Gordon K. Lewis, Freedom and Power in the Caribbean (New York, 1963), 291-317; Adalberto López, ed., The Puerto Ricans: Their History, Culture, and Society (Cambridge, MA, 1980); Sidney Mintz, Workers in the Cane: A Puerto Rico Life History (New Haven, 1960); Nancy Morris, Puerto Rico: Culture, Politics, and Identity (Westport, 1995); Félix V. Matos Rodríguez and Linda C. Delgado, Puerto Rican Women's History: New Perspectives (Armonk, NY, 1998); Fernando Pico, Historia General de Puerto Rico [General history of Puerto Rico] (Río Piedras, 1988); Francisco Scarano, ed., Immigración y Classes Sociale [Immigration and social classes] (Rio Piedras, 1985); and Kal Wagenhiem, Puerto Rico: A Profile (New York, 1975).
60. For an introduction to Puerto Rican culture see Arturo Morales Carrión, Puerto Rico: A Political and Cultural History (New York, 1983); Arlene M. Davila, Sponsored Identities: Cultural Politics in Puerto Rico (Philadelphia, 1997); Juan Flores, Divided Borders: Essays on Puerto Rican Identity (Houston, 1993); Raoul Gordon, Puerto Rican Culture: An Introduction (New York, 1982); Virginia E. Sánchez Korrol, From Colonia to Community: The History of Puerto Ricans in New York City, 1917-1948 (Westport, 1983); Gordon K. Lewis, Freedom and Power in the Caribbean (New York, 1963), 291-317; Adalberto López, ed., The Puerto Ricans: Their History, Culture, and Society (Cambridge, MA, 1980); Sidney Mintz, Workers in the Cane: A Puerto Rico Life History (New Haven, 1960); Nancy Morris, Puerto Rico: Culture, Politics, and Identity (Westport, 1995); Félix V. Matos Rodríguez and Linda C. Delgado, Puerto Rican Women's History: New Perspectives (Armonk, NY, 1998); Fernando Pico, Historia General de Puerto Rico [General history of Puerto Rico] (Río Piedras, 1988); Francisco Scarano, ed., Immigración y Classes Sociale [Immigration and social classes] (Rio Piedras, 1985); and Kal Wagenhiem, Puerto Rico: A Profile (New York, 1975).
61. For an introduction to Puerto Rican culture see Arturo Morales Carrión, Puerto Rico: A Political and Cultural History (New York, 1983); Arlene M. Davila, Sponsored Identities: Cultural Politics in Puerto Rico (Philadelphia, 1997); Juan Flores, Divided Borders: Essays on Puerto Rican Identity (Houston, 1993); Raoul Gordon, Puerto Rican Culture: An Introduction (New York, 1982); Virginia E. Sánchez Korrol, From Colonia to Community: The History of Puerto Ricans in New York City, 1917-1948 (Westport, 1983); Gordon K. Lewis, Freedom and Power in the Caribbean (New York, 1963), 291-317; Adalberto López, ed., The Puerto Ricans: Their History, Culture, and Society (Cambridge, MA, 1980); Sidney Mintz, Workers in the Cane: A Puerto Rico Life History (New Haven, 1960); Nancy Morris, Puerto Rico: Culture, Politics, and Identity (Westport, 1995); Félix V. Matos Rodríguez and Linda C. Delgado, Puerto Rican Women's History: New Perspectives (Armonk, NY, 1998); Fernando Pico, Historia General de Puerto Rico [General history of Puerto Rico] (Río Piedras, 1988); Francisco Scarano, ed., Immigración y Classes Sociale [Immigration and social classes] (Rio Piedras, 1985); and Kal Wagenhiem, Puerto Rico: A Profile (New York, 1975).
62. For an introduction to Puerto Rican culture see Arturo Morales Carrión, Puerto Rico: A Political and Cultural History (New York, 1983); Arlene M. Davila, Sponsored Identities: Cultural Politics in Puerto Rico (Philadelphia, 1997); Juan Flores, Divided Borders: Essays on Puerto Rican Identity (Houston, 1993); Raoul Gordon, Puerto Rican Culture: An Introduction (New York, 1982); Virginia E. Sánchez Korrol, From Colonia to Community: The History of Puerto Ricans in New York City, 1917-1948 (Westport, 1983); Gordon K. Lewis, Freedom and Power in the Caribbean (New York, 1963), 291-317; Adalberto López, ed., The Puerto Ricans: Their History, Culture, and Society (Cambridge, MA, 1980); Sidney Mintz, Workers in the Cane: A Puerto Rico Life History (New Haven, 1960); Nancy Morris, Puerto Rico: Culture, Politics, and Identity (Westport, 1995); Félix V. Matos Rodríguez and Linda C. Delgado, Puerto Rican Women's History: New Perspectives (Armonk, NY, 1998); Fernando Pico, Historia General de Puerto Rico [General history of Puerto Rico] (Río Piedras, 1988); Francisco Scarano, ed., Immigración y Classes Sociale [Immigration and social classes] (Rio Piedras, 1985); and Kal Wagenhiem, Puerto Rico: A Profile (New York, 1975).
63. For an introduction to Puerto Rican culture see Arturo Morales Carrión, Puerto Rico: A Political and Cultural History (New York, 1983); Arlene M. Davila, Sponsored Identities: Cultural Politics in Puerto Rico (Philadelphia, 1997); Juan Flores, Divided Borders: Essays on Puerto Rican Identity (Houston, 1993); Raoul Gordon, Puerto Rican Culture: An Introduction (New York, 1982); Virginia E. Sánchez Korrol, From Colonia to Community: The History of Puerto Ricans in New York City, 1917-1948 (Westport, 1983); Gordon K. Lewis, Freedom and Power in the Caribbean (New York, 1963), 291-317; Adalberto López, ed., The Puerto Ricans: Their History, Culture, and Society (Cambridge, MA, 1980); Sidney Mintz, Workers in the Cane: A Puerto Rico Life History (New Haven, 1960); Nancy Morris, Puerto Rico: Culture, Politics, and Identity (Westport, 1995); Félix V. Matos Rodríguez and Linda C. Delgado, Puerto Rican Women's History: New Perspectives (Armonk, NY, 1998); Fernando Pico, Historia General de Puerto Rico [General history of Puerto Rico] (Río Piedras, 1988); Francisco Scarano, ed., Immigración y Classes Sociale [Immigration and social classes] (Rio Piedras, 1985); and Kal Wagenhiem, Puerto Rico: A Profile (New York, 1975).
64. For an introduction to Puerto Rican culture see Arturo Morales Carrión, Puerto Rico: A Political and Cultural History (New York, 1983); Arlene M. Davila, Sponsored Identities: Cultural Politics in Puerto Rico (Philadelphia, 1997); Juan Flores, Divided Borders: Essays on Puerto Rican Identity (Houston, 1993); Raoul Gordon, Puerto Rican Culture: An Introduction (New York, 1982); Virginia E. Sánchez Korrol, From Colonia to Community: The History of Puerto Ricans in New York City, 1917-1948 (Westport, 1983); Gordon K. Lewis, Freedom and Power in the Caribbean (New York, 1963), 291-317; Adalberto López, ed., The Puerto Ricans: Their History, Culture, and Society (Cambridge, MA, 1980); Sidney Mintz, Workers in the Cane: A Puerto Rico Life History (New Haven, 1960); Nancy Morris, Puerto Rico: Culture, Politics, and Identity (Westport, 1995); Félix V. Matos Rodríguez and Linda C. Delgado, Puerto Rican Women's History: New Perspectives (Armonk, NY, 1998); Fernando Pico, Historia General de Puerto Rico [General history of Puerto Rico] (Río Piedras, 1988); Francisco Scarano, ed., Immigración y Classes Sociale [Immigration and social classes] (Rio Piedras, 1985); and Kal Wagenhiem, Puerto Rico: A Profile (New York, 1975).
65. For an introduction to Puerto Rican culture see Arturo Morales Carrión, Puerto Rico: A Political and Cultural History (New York, 1983); Arlene M. Davila, Sponsored Identities: Cultural Politics in Puerto Rico (Philadelphia, 1997); Juan Flores, Divided Borders: Essays on Puerto Rican Identity (Houston, 1993); Raoul Gordon, Puerto Rican Culture: An Introduction (New York, 1982); Virginia E. Sánchez Korrol, From Colonia to Community: The History of Puerto Ricans in New York City, 1917-1948 (Westport, 1983); Gordon K. Lewis, Freedom and Power in the Caribbean (New York, 1963), 291-317; Adalberto López, ed., The Puerto Ricans: Their History, Culture, and Society (Cambridge, MA, 1980); Sidney Mintz, Workers in the Cane: A Puerto Rico Life History (New Haven, 1960); Nancy Morris, Puerto Rico: Culture, Politics, and Identity (Westport, 1995); Félix V. Matos Rodríguez and Linda C. Delgado, Puerto Rican Women's History: New Perspectives (Armonk, NY, 1998); Fernando Pico, Historia General de Puerto Rico [General history of Puerto Rico] (Río Piedras, 1988); Francisco Scarano, ed., Immigración y Classes Sociale [Immigration and social classes] (Rio Piedras, 1985); and Kal Wagenhiem, Puerto Rico: A Profile (New York, 1975).
66. For an introduction to Puerto Rican culture see Arturo Morales Carrión, Puerto Rico: A Political and Cultural History (New York, 1983); Arlene M. Davila, Sponsored Identities: Cultural Politics in Puerto Rico (Philadelphia, 1997); Juan Flores, Divided Borders: Essays on Puerto Rican Identity (Houston, 1993); Raoul Gordon, Puerto Rican Culture: An Introduction (New York, 1982); Virginia E. Sánchez Korrol, From Colonia to Community: The History of Puerto Ricans in New York City, 1917-1948 (Westport, 1983); Gordon K. Lewis, Freedom and Power in the Caribbean (New York, 1963), 291-317; Adalberto López, ed., The Puerto Ricans: Their History, Culture, and Society (Cambridge, MA, 1980); Sidney Mintz, Workers in the Cane: A Puerto Rico Life History (New Haven, 1960); Nancy Morris, Puerto Rico: Culture, Politics, and Identity (Westport, 1995); Félix V. Matos Rodríguez and Linda C. Delgado, Puerto Rican Women's History: New Perspectives (Armonk, NY, 1998); Fernando Pico, Historia General de Puerto Rico [General history of Puerto Rico] (Río Piedras, 1988); Francisco Scarano, ed., Immigración y Classes Sociale [Immigration and social classes] (Rio Piedras, 1985); and Kal Wagenhiem, Puerto Rico: A Profile (New York, 1975).
67. For an introduction to Puerto Rican culture see Arturo Morales Carrión, Puerto Rico: A Political and Cultural History (New York, 1983); Arlene M. Davila, Sponsored Identities: Cultural Politics in Puerto Rico (Philadelphia, 1997); Juan Flores, Divided Borders: Essays on Puerto Rican Identity (Houston, 1993); Raoul Gordon, Puerto Rican Culture: An Introduction (New York, 1982); Virginia E. Sánchez Korrol, From Colonia to Community: The History of Puerto Ricans in New York City, 1917-1948 (Westport, 1983); Gordon K. Lewis, Freedom and Power in the Caribbean (New York, 1963), 291-317; Adalberto López, ed., The Puerto Ricans: Their History, Culture, and Society (Cambridge, MA, 1980); Sidney Mintz, Workers in the Cane: A Puerto Rico Life History (New Haven, 1960); Nancy Morris, Puerto Rico: Culture, Politics, and Identity (Westport, 1995); Félix V. Matos Rodríguez and Linda C. Delgado, Puerto Rican Women's History: New Perspectives (Armonk, NY, 1998); Fernando Pico, Historia General de Puerto Rico [General history of Puerto Rico] (Río Piedras, 1988); Francisco Scarano, ed., Immigración y Classes Sociale [Immigration and social classes] (Rio Piedras, 1985); and Kal Wagenhiem, Puerto Rico: A Profile (New York, 1975).
68. For an introduction to Puerto Rican culture see Arturo Morales Carrión, Puerto Rico: A Political and Cultural History (New York, 1983); Arlene M. Davila, Sponsored Identities: Cultural Politics in Puerto Rico (Philadelphia, 1997); Juan Flores, Divided Borders: Essays on Puerto Rican Identity (Houston, 1993); Raoul Gordon, Puerto Rican Culture: An Introduction (New York, 1982); Virginia E. Sánchez Korrol, From Colonia to Community: The History of Puerto Ricans in New York City, 1917-1948 (Westport, 1983); Gordon K. Lewis, Freedom and Power in the Caribbean (New York, 1963), 291-317; Adalberto López, ed., The Puerto Ricans: Their History, Culture, and Society (Cambridge, MA, 1980); Sidney Mintz, Workers in the Cane: A Puerto Rico Life History (New Haven, 1960); Nancy Morris, Puerto Rico: Culture, Politics, and Identity (Westport, 1995); Félix V. Matos Rodríguez and Linda C. Delgado, Puerto Rican Women's History: New Perspectives (Armonk, NY, 1998); Fernando Pico, Historia General de Puerto Rico [General history of Puerto Rico] (Río Piedras, 1988); Francisco Scarano, ed., Immigración y Classes Sociale [Immigration and social classes] (Rio Piedras, 1985); and Kal Wagenhiem, Puerto Rico: A Profile (New York, 1975).
69. For an introduction to Puerto Rican culture see Arturo Morales Carrión, Puerto Rico: A Political and Cultural History (New York, 1983); Arlene M. Davila, Sponsored Identities: Cultural Politics in Puerto Rico (Philadelphia, 1997); Juan Flores, Divided Borders: Essays on Puerto Rican Identity (Houston, 1993); Raoul Gordon, Puerto Rican Culture: An Introduction (New York, 1982); Virginia E. Sánchez Korrol, From Colonia to Community: The History of Puerto Ricans in New York City, 1917-1948 (Westport, 1983); Gordon K. Lewis, Freedom and Power in the Caribbean (New York, 1963), 291-317; Adalberto López, ed., The Puerto Ricans: Their History, Culture, and Society (Cambridge, MA, 1980); Sidney Mintz, Workers in the Cane: A Puerto Rico Life History (New Haven, 1960); Nancy Morris, Puerto Rico: Culture, Politics, and Identity (Westport, 1995); Félix V. Matos Rodríguez and Linda C. Delgado, Puerto Rican Women's History: New Perspectives (Armonk, NY, 1998); Fernando Pico, Historia General de Puerto Rico [General history of Puerto Rico] (Río Piedras, 1988); Francisco Scarano, ed., Immigración y Classes Sociale [Immigration and social classes] (Rio Piedras, 1985); and Kal Wagenhiem, Puerto Rico: A Profile (New York, 1975).
70. For an introduction to Puerto Rican culture see Arturo Morales Carrión, Puerto Rico: A Political and Cultural History (New York, 1983); Arlene M. Davila, Sponsored Identities: Cultural Politics in Puerto Rico (Philadelphia, 1997); Juan Flores, Divided Borders: Essays on Puerto Rican Identity (Houston, 1993); Raoul Gordon, Puerto Rican Culture: An Introduction (New York, 1982); Virginia E. Sánchez Korrol, From Colonia to Community: The History of Puerto Ricans in New York City, 1917-1948 (Westport, 1983); Gordon K. Lewis, Freedom and Power in the Caribbean (New York, 1963), 291-317; Adalberto López, ed., The Puerto Ricans: Their History, Culture, and Society (Cambridge, MA, 1980); Sidney Mintz, Workers in the Cane: A Puerto Rico Life History (New Haven, 1960); Nancy Morris, Puerto Rico: Culture, Politics, and Identity (Westport, 1995); Félix V. Matos Rodríguez and Linda C. Delgado, Puerto Rican Women's History: New Perspectives (Armonk, NY, 1998); Fernando Pico, Historia General de Puerto Rico [General history of Puerto Rico] (Río Piedras, 1988); Francisco Scarano, ed., Immigración y Classes Sociale [Immigration and social classes] (Rio Piedras, 1985); and Kal Wagenhiem, Puerto Rico: A Profile (New York, 1975).
71. For an introduction to Puerto Rican culture see Arturo Morales Carrión, Puerto Rico: A Political and Cultural History (New York, 1983); Arlene M. Davila, Sponsored Identities: Cultural Politics in Puerto Rico (Philadelphia, 1997); Juan Flores, Divided Borders: Essays on Puerto Rican Identity (Houston, 1993); Raoul Gordon, Puerto Rican Culture: An Introduction (New York, 1982); Virginia E. Sánchez Korrol, From Colonia to Community: The History of Puerto Ricans in New York City, 1917-1948 (Westport, 1983); Gordon K. Lewis, Freedom and Power in the Caribbean (New York, 1963), 291-317; Adalberto López, ed., The Puerto Ricans: Their History, Culture, and Society (Cambridge, MA, 1980); Sidney Mintz, Workers in the Cane: A Puerto Rico Life History (New Haven, 1960); Nancy Morris, Puerto Rico: Culture, Politics, and Identity (Westport, 1995); Félix V. Matos Rodríguez and Linda C. Delgado, Puerto Rican Women's History: New Perspectives (Armonk, NY, 1998); Fernando Pico, Historia General de Puerto Rico [General history of Puerto Rico] (Río Piedras, 1988); Francisco Scarano, ed., Immigración y Classes Sociale [Immigration and social classes] (Rio Piedras, 1985); and Kal Wagenhiem, Puerto Rico: A Profile (New York, 1975).
72. John Tomlinson, Cultural Imperialism: A Critical Introduction (Baltimore, 1991), esp. 1-33, 173-79.
73. Ibid., 146-47. For an excellent historiography on modernity and cultural imperialism see Jessica C.E. Gienow-Hecht, "Shame on US? Academics, Cultural Transfer, and the Cold War - A Critical Review," Diplomatic History 24 (Summer 2000): 465-94.
74. Ibid., 146-47. For an excellent historiography on modernity and cultural imperialism see Jessica C.E. Gienow-Hecht, "Shame on US? Academics, Cultural Transfer, and the Cold War - A Critical Review," Diplomatic History 24 (Summer 2000): 465-94.
75. Tomlinson, Cultural Imperialism, 27
76. John F. Sears, Sacred Places: American Tourist Attractions in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1989), 72-122. See also Cindy S. Aron, Working at Play: A History of Vacations in the United States (New York, 1999); and Richard V. Smith, "Travel and Vacations," in Encyclopedia of American Social History, ed. Mary Kupiec Cayton et al. (New York, 1993), 3:1677-88.
77. John F. Sears, Sacred Places: American Tourist Attractions in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1989), 72-122. See also Cindy S. Aron, Working at Play: A History of Vacations in the United States (New York, 1999); and Richard V. Smith, "Travel and Vacations," in Encyclopedia of American Social History, ed. Mary Kupiec Cayton et al. (New York, 1993), 3:1677-88.
78. John F. Sears, Sacred Places: American Tourist Attractions in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1989), 72-122. See also Cindy S. Aron, Working at Play: A History of Vacations in the United States (New York, 1999); and Richard V. Smith, "Travel and Vacations," in Encyclopedia of American Social History, ed. Mary Kupiec Cayton et al. (New York, 1993), 3:1677-88.
79. Said, Culture and Imperialism, 75, 99; Harry A. Franck, Roaming Through the West Indies (New York, 1920); John E. Jennings, Jr., Our American Tropics (New York, 1938).
80. Said, Culture and Imperialism, 75, 99; Harry A. Franck, Roaming Through the West Indies (New York, 1920); John E. Jennings, Jr., Our American Tropics (New York, 1938).
81. Said, Culture and Imperialism, 75, 99; Harry A. Franck, Roaming Through the West Indies (New York, 1920); John E. Jennings, Jr., Our American Tropics (New York, 1938).
82. Phillip S. Marsden, Sailing South (Boston, 1921), 123-212.
83. Jennings, American Tropics, 188.
84. A sympathetic portrait of Puerto Rico can be found in Marion Blythe, An American Bride in Porto Rico (New York, 1911).
85. For a thoughtful analysis of early U.S. cultural constructions of Puerto Rico see Gervasio Luis García, "I Am the Other: Puerto Rico in the Eyes of North Americans," Journal of American History 87 (June 2000): 39-64. In addition to previously cited works, a partial list of early travel guides and commentary on Puerto Rico includes William Dinwiddie, Puerto Rico: Its Conditions and Possibilities (New York, 1899); Margherita Hamm, Puerto Rico and the West Indies (London and New York, 1899); Charles H. Rector, The Story of Beautiful Puerto Rico: A Graphic Description of the Garden Spot of the World By Pen and Camera (Chicago, 1899); Albert G. Robinson, The Porto Rico of Today (New York, 1899); Joseph B. Seaburg, Puerto Rico: The Land of the Rich Port (New York, 1903); and A. Hyatt Verrill, Porto Rico: Past and Present (New York, 1914).
86. For a thoughtful analysis of early U.S. cultural constructions of Puerto Rico see Gervasio Luis García, "I Am the Other: Puerto Rico in the Eyes of North Americans," Journal of American History 87 (June 2000): 39-64. In addition to previously cited works, a partial list of early travel guides and commentary on Puerto Rico includes William Dinwiddie, Puerto Rico: Its Conditions and Possibilities (New York, 1899); Margherita Hamm, Puerto Rico and the West Indies (London and New York, 1899); Charles H. Rector, The Story of Beautiful Puerto Rico: A Graphic Description of the Garden Spot of the World By Pen and Camera (Chicago, 1899); Albert G. Robinson, The Porto Rico of Today (New York, 1899); Joseph B. Seaburg, Puerto Rico: The Land of the Rich Port (New York, 1903); and A. Hyatt Verrill, Porto Rico: Past and Present (New York, 1914).
87. For a thoughtful analysis of early U.S. cultural constructions of Puerto Rico see Gervasio Luis García, "I Am the Other: Puerto Rico in the Eyes of North Americans," Journal of American History 87 (June 2000): 39-64. In addition to previously cited works, a partial list of early travel guides and commentary on Puerto Rico includes William Dinwiddie, Puerto Rico: Its Conditions and Possibilities (New York, 1899); Margherita Hamm, Puerto Rico and the West Indies (London and New York, 1899); Charles H. Rector, The Story of Beautiful Puerto Rico: A Graphic Description of the Garden Spot of the World By Pen and Camera (Chicago, 1899); Albert G. Robinson, The Porto Rico of Today (New York, 1899); Joseph B. Seaburg, Puerto Rico: The Land of the Rich Port (New York, 1903); and A. Hyatt Verrill, Porto Rico: Past and Present (New York, 1914).
88. For a thoughtful analysis of early U.S. cultural constructions of Puerto Rico see Gervasio Luis García, "I Am the Other: Puerto Rico in the Eyes of North Americans," Journal of American History 87 (June 2000): 39-64. In addition to previously cited works, a partial list of early travel guides and commentary on Puerto Rico includes William Dinwiddie, Puerto Rico: Its Conditions and Possibilities (New York, 1899); Margherita Hamm, Puerto Rico and the West Indies (London and New York, 1899); Charles H. Rector, The Story of Beautiful Puerto Rico: A Graphic Description of the Garden Spot of the World By Pen and Camera (Chicago, 1899); Albert G. Robinson, The Porto Rico of Today (New York, 1899); Joseph B. Seaburg, Puerto Rico: The Land of the Rich Port (New York, 1903); and A. Hyatt Verrill, Porto Rico: Past and Present (New York, 1914).
89. For a thoughtful analysis of early U.S. cultural constructions of Puerto Rico see Gervasio Luis García, "I Am the Other: Puerto Rico in the Eyes of North Americans," Journal of American History 87 (June 2000): 39-64. In addition to previously cited works, a partial list of early travel guides and commentary on Puerto Rico includes William Dinwiddie, Puerto Rico: Its Conditions and Possibilities (New York, 1899); Margherita Hamm, Puerto Rico and the West Indies (London and New York, 1899); Charles H. Rector, The Story of Beautiful Puerto Rico: A Graphic Description of the Garden Spot of the World By Pen and Camera (Chicago, 1899); Albert G. Robinson, The Porto Rico of Today (New York, 1899); Joseph B. Seaburg, Puerto Rico: The Land of the Rich Port (New York, 1903); and A. Hyatt Verrill, Porto Rico: Past and Present (New York, 1914).
90. For a thoughtful analysis of early U.S. cultural constructions of Puerto Rico see Gervasio Luis García, "I Am the Other: Puerto Rico in the Eyes of North Americans," Journal of American History 87 (June 2000): 39-64. In addition to previously cited works, a partial list of early travel guides and commentary on Puerto Rico includes William Dinwiddie, Puerto Rico: Its Conditions and Possibilities (New York, 1899); Margherita Hamm, Puerto Rico and the West Indies (London and New York, 1899); Charles H. Rector, The Story of Beautiful Puerto Rico: A Graphic Description of the Garden Spot of the World By Pen and Camera (Chicago, 1899); Albert G. Robinson, The Porto Rico of Today (New York, 1899); Joseph B. Seaburg, Puerto Rico: The Land of the Rich Port (New York, 1903); and A. Hyatt Verrill, Porto Rico: Past and Present (New York, 1914).
91. For a thoughtful analysis of early U.S. cultural constructions of Puerto Rico see Gervasio Luis García, "I Am the Other: Puerto Rico in the Eyes of North Americans," Journal of American History 87 (June 2000): 39-64. In addition to previously cited works, a partial list of early travel guides and commentary on Puerto Rico includes William Dinwiddie, Puerto Rico: Its Conditions and Possibilities (New York, 1899); Margherita Hamm, Puerto Rico and the West Indies (London and New York, 1899); Charles H. Rector, The Story of Beautiful Puerto Rico: A Graphic Description of the Garden Spot of the World By Pen and Camera (Chicago, 1899); Albert G. Robinson, The Porto Rico of Today (New York, 1899); Joseph B. Seaburg, Puerto Rico: The Land of the Rich Port (New York, 1903); and A. Hyatt Verrill, Porto Rico: Past and Present (New York, 1914).
92. Institute of Tourism, Annual Report of the Institute of Tourism, 15-17, 34-52, 30 June 1938, Oficina del Gobernador, box 702, Archivo General de Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
93. Ibid., 44, 52. On gender and the nonwestern world see, for example, Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization (Chicago, 1995); Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39; Enloe, Bananas; Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood; Hunt, Ideology; Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China (New Haven, 1984); Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The U.S. and South Asia, 1947-1965," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42; Rosenberg, "Gender," 27-39.
94. Ibid., 44, 52. On gender and the nonwestern world see, for example, Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization (Chicago, 1995); Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39; Enloe, Bananas; Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood; Hunt, Ideology; Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China (New Haven, 1984); Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The U.S. and South Asia, 1947-1965," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42; Rosenberg, "Gender," 27-39.
95. Ibid., 44, 52. On gender and the nonwestern world see, for example, Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization (Chicago, 1995); Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39; Enloe, Bananas; Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood; Hunt, Ideology; Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China (New Haven, 1984); Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The U.S. and South Asia, 1947-1965," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42; Rosenberg, "Gender," 27-39.
96. Ibid., 44, 52. On gender and the nonwestern world see, for example, Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization (Chicago, 1995); Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39; Enloe, Bananas; Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood; Hunt, Ideology; Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China (New Haven, 1984); Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The U.S. and South Asia, 1947-1965," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42; Rosenberg, "Gender," 27-39.
97. Ibid., 44, 52. On gender and the nonwestern world see, for example, Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization (Chicago, 1995); Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39; Enloe, Bananas; Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood; Hunt, Ideology; Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China (New Haven, 1984); Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The U.S. and South Asia, 1947-1965," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42; Rosenberg, "Gender," 27-39.
98. Ibid., 44, 52. On gender and the nonwestern world see, for example, Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization (Chicago, 1995); Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39; Enloe, Bananas; Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood; Hunt, Ideology; Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China (New Haven, 1984); Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The U.S. and South Asia, 1947-1965," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42; Rosenberg, "Gender," 27-39.
99. Ibid., 44, 52. On gender and the nonwestern world see, for example, Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization (Chicago, 1995); Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39; Enloe, Bananas; Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood; Hunt, Ideology; Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China (New Haven, 1984); Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The U.S. and South Asia, 1947-1965," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42; Rosenberg, "Gender," 27-39.
100. Ibid., 44, 52. On gender and the nonwestern world see, for example, Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization (Chicago, 1995); Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39; Enloe, Bananas; Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood; Hunt, Ideology; Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China (New Haven, 1984); Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The U.S. and South Asia, 1947-1965," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42; Rosenberg, "Gender," 27-39.
101. Ibid., 44, 52. On gender and the nonwestern world see, for example, Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization (Chicago, 1995); Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39; Enloe, Bananas; Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood; Hunt, Ideology; Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China (New Haven, 1984); Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The U.S. and South Asia, 1947-1965," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42; Rosenberg, "Gender," 27-39.
102. Merle Colby, Puerto Rico: A Profile in Pictures (New York, 1940), 9.
103. Carrión, Puerto Rico, 221-38; Ronald Fernandez, The Disenchanted Island: The United States and Puerto Rico in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1992), 94-98.
104. Carrión, Puerto Rico, 221-38; Ronald Fernandez, The Disenchanted Island: The United States and Puerto Rico in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1992), 94-98.
105. Carrión, Puerto Rico, 334-35; Lewis, Freedom and Power, 294-96.
106. Carrión, Puerto Rico, 334-35; Lewis, Freedom and Power, 294-96.
107. Carrión, Puerto Rico, 232-34; Fernandez, Disenchanted, 118, 121; A. W. Maldonado, Teodoro Moscoso and Puerto Rico's Operation Bootstrap (Gainesville, 1997), 12-36.
108. Carrión, Puerto Rico, 232-34; Fernandez, Disenchanted, 118, 121; A. W. Maldonado, Teodoro Moscoso and Puerto Rico's Operation Bootstrap (Gainesville, 1997), 12-36.
109. Carrión, Puerto Rico, 232-34; Fernandez, Disenchanted, 118, 121; A. W. Maldonado, Teodoro Moscoso and Puerto Rico's Operation Bootstrap (Gainesville, 1997), 12-36.
110. Ruby Black, despatch to La Democracia, 15 September 1937, Catapacio XI, document #196, Centro de Investigacionnes Histórica, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras.
111. Franklin W. Knight, The Caribbean: The Genesis of a Fragmented Nationalism, 2d ed. (New York, 1990), 268-69.
112. Davila, Sponsored Identities, 30.
113. On the salt tax, Tom Ferris to Governor Leahy, 13 March 1940, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2003; on the slot machines, Maldonado, Moscoso, 119-20; interview with Dr. Ricardo Alegría, 9 June 1999, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
114. Knight, The Caribbean, 269-70; Time, 23 June 1958, 32.
115. Knight, The Caribbean, 269-70; Time, 23 June 1958, 32.
116. Thomas Aitken, Jr., Poet in the Fortress: The Story of Luis Muñoz Marín (New York, 1964); Carrión; Puerto Rico; James L. Dietz, Economic History of Puerto Rico: Institutional Change and Capitalistic Development (Princeton, 1986); Ruth Gruber, Puerto Rico: Island of Promise (New York, 1960); Ralph Hancock, Puerto Rico: A Success Story (New York, 1960); Earl Parker Hanson, Transformation: The Story of Modern Puerto Rico (New York, 1955); Maldonado, Moscoso; Richard Weisskoff, Factories and Foodstamps: The Puerto Rican Model of Development (Baltimore, 1985).
117. Thomas Aitken, Jr., Poet in the Fortress: The Story of Luis Muñoz Marín (New York, 1964); Carrión; Puerto Rico; James L. Dietz, Economic History of Puerto Rico: Institutional Change and Capitalistic Development (Princeton, 1986); Ruth Gruber, Puerto Rico: Island of Promise (New York, 1960); Ralph Hancock, Puerto Rico: A Success Story (New York, 1960); Earl Parker Hanson, Transformation: The Story of Modern Puerto Rico (New York, 1955); Maldonado, Moscoso; Richard Weisskoff, Factories and Foodstamps: The Puerto Rican Model of Development (Baltimore, 1985).
118. Thomas Aitken, Jr., Poet in the Fortress: The Story of Luis Muñoz Marín (New York, 1964); Carrión; Puerto Rico; James L. Dietz, Economic History of Puerto Rico: Institutional Change and Capitalistic Development (Princeton, 1986); Ruth Gruber, Puerto Rico: Island of Promise (New York, 1960); Ralph Hancock, Puerto Rico: A Success Story (New York, 1960); Earl Parker Hanson, Transformation: The Story of Modern Puerto Rico (New York, 1955); Maldonado, Moscoso; Richard Weisskoff, Factories and Foodstamps: The Puerto Rican Model of Development (Baltimore, 1985).
119. Thomas Aitken, Jr., Poet in the Fortress: The Story of Luis Muñoz Marín (New York, 1964); Carrión; Puerto Rico; James L. Dietz, Economic History of Puerto Rico: Institutional Change and Capitalistic Development (Princeton, 1986); Ruth Gruber, Puerto Rico: Island of Promise (New York, 1960); Ralph Hancock, Puerto Rico: A Success Story (New York, 1960); Earl Parker Hanson, Transformation: The Story of Modern Puerto Rico (New York, 1955); Maldonado, Moscoso; Richard Weisskoff, Factories and Foodstamps: The Puerto Rican Model of Development (Baltimore, 1985).
120. Thomas Aitken, Jr., Poet in the Fortress: The Story of Luis Muñoz Marín (New York, 1964); Carrión; Puerto Rico; James L. Dietz, Economic History of Puerto Rico: Institutional Change and Capitalistic Development (Princeton, 1986); Ruth Gruber, Puerto Rico: Island of Promise (New York, 1960); Ralph Hancock, Puerto Rico: A Success Story (New York, 1960); Earl Parker Hanson, Transformation: The Story of Modern Puerto Rico (New York, 1955); Maldonado, Moscoso; Richard Weisskoff, Factories and Foodstamps: The Puerto Rican Model of Development (Baltimore, 1985).
121. Thomas Aitken, Jr., Poet in the Fortress: The Story of Luis Muñoz Marín (New York, 1964); Carrión; Puerto Rico; James L. Dietz, Economic History of Puerto Rico: Institutional Change and Capitalistic Development (Princeton, 1986); Ruth Gruber, Puerto Rico: Island of Promise (New York, 1960); Ralph Hancock, Puerto Rico: A Success Story (New York, 1960); Earl Parker Hanson, Transformation: The Story of Modern Puerto Rico (New York, 1955); Maldonado, Moscoso; Richard Weisskoff, Factories and Foodstamps: The Puerto Rican Model of Development (Baltimore, 1985).
122. Thomas Aitken, Jr., Poet in the Fortress: The Story of Luis Muñoz Marín (New York, 1964); Carrión; Puerto Rico; James L. Dietz, Economic History of Puerto Rico: Institutional Change and Capitalistic Development (Princeton, 1986); Ruth Gruber, Puerto Rico: Island of Promise (New York, 1960); Ralph Hancock, Puerto Rico: A Success Story (New York, 1960); Earl Parker Hanson, Transformation: The Story of Modern Puerto Rico (New York, 1955); Maldonado, Moscoso; Richard Weisskoff, Factories and Foodstamps: The Puerto Rican Model of Development (Baltimore, 1985).
123. Thomas Aitken, Jr., Poet in the Fortress: The Story of Luis Muñoz Marín (New York, 1964); Carrión; Puerto Rico; James L. Dietz, Economic History of Puerto Rico: Institutional Change and Capitalistic Development (Princeton, 1986); Ruth Gruber, Puerto Rico: Island of Promise (New York, 1960); Ralph Hancock, Puerto Rico: A Success Story (New York, 1960); Earl Parker Hanson, Transformation: The Story of Modern Puerto Rico (New York, 1955); Maldonado, Moscoso; Richard Weisskoff, Factories and Foodstamps: The Puerto Rican Model of Development (Baltimore, 1985).
124. Fernandez, Disenchanted, 182-83, 212-14; John Henry Baker, "The Relationship of Student Activism at the University of Puerto Rico to the Struggle for Political Independence in Puerto Rico, 1923-1971" (Ph.D. diss., Boston College, 1973). On the FBI see New York Times, 2 August 2000.
125. Fernandez, Disenchanted, 182-83, 212-14; John Henry Baker, "The Relationship of Student Activism at the University of Puerto Rico to the Struggle for Political Independence in Puerto Rico, 1923-1971" (Ph.D. diss., Boston College, 1973). On the FBI see New York Times, 2 August 2000.
126. Fernandez, Disenchanted, 182-83, 212-14; John Henry Baker, "The Relationship of Student Activism at the University of Puerto Rico to the Struggle for Political Independence in Puerto Rico, 1923-1971" (Ph.D. diss., Boston College, 1973). On the FBI see New York Times, 2 August 2000.
127. On tourism as percentage of GNP see Stanford Research Institute (for the Puerto Rican Economic Development Administration), Development of Tourism in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, 7 vols. (Pasadena, 1968), 2:12.
128. For projections on expenditures and income see Summary of 1949-1950 Budget, Office of Tourism, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2037.
129. Quoted in Harold Underhill, "'Mr. Bootstrap' Becomes 'Mr. Ambassador,'" The Diplomat, 15 June 1961, Moscoso Papers, box 9, John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, Massachusetts; Teodoro Moscoso to Marco A. Rigau (Ayudante Ejecutivo del Gobernador), 25 de febrero de 1955, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2036.
130. Pan American Clipper, 10 July 1946, Pan Am Records, box 20, Pan American Archives, Coral Gables, Florida; Fiftieth Annual Report of the Governor of Puerto Rico, Fiscal Year 1949-1950, 96-97.
131. Saturday Review, 18 October 1952, 39-41. On rates also see Panamerican press release, 11 May 1950, Pan Am Records, box 342; and "Synopsis: Pam American's Operations to Puerto Rico," 2 June 1953, Pan Am Records, box 64.
132. Saturday Review, 18 October 1952, 39-41. On rates also see Panamerican press release, 11 May 1950, Pan Am Records, box 342; and "Synopsis: Pam American's Operations to Puerto Rico," 2 June 1953, Pan Am Records, box 64.
133. Time, 1 December 1958, 31.
134. New York Times, 6 December 1959.
135. J. Stanton Robbins to Tourist Advisory Board, 16 September 1949, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2037.
136. William H. Stead, "Fomento: The Economic Development of Puerto Rico," National Planning Association, March 1958, Moscoso Papers, box 7.
137. "Puerto Rican Travel Newsletter" (San Juan: Department of Tourism, December 1956), Oficina del Gobernador, box 2037.
138. "Puerto Rican Travel Newsletter" (San Juan, September 1956), Oficina del Gobernador, box 2037; "Puerto Rican Travel Newsletter" (San Juan, December 1956), Oficina del Gobernador, box 2037; Tourist Information from a Postcard Survey of Hotel Guests (San Juan, 1962); Development of Tourism in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
139. "Puerto Rican Travel Newsletter" (San Juan, September 1956), Oficina del Gobernador, box 2037; "Puerto Rican Travel Newsletter" (San Juan, December 1956), Oficina del Gobernador, box 2037; Tourist Information from a Postcard Survey of Hotel Guests (San Juan, 1962); Development of Tourism in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
140. "Puerto Rican Travel Newsletter" (San Juan, September 1956), Oficina del Gobernador, box 2037; "Puerto Rican Travel Newsletter" (San Juan, December 1956), Oficina del Gobernador, box 2037; Tourist Information from a Postcard Survey of Hotel Guests (San Juan, 1962); Development of Tourism in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
141. "Puerto Rican Travel Newsletter" (San Juan, September 1956), Oficina del Gobernador, box 2037; "Puerto Rican Travel Newsletter" (San Juan, December 1956), Oficina del Gobernador, box 2037; Tourist Information from a Postcard Survey of Hotel Guests (San Juan, 1962); Development of Tourism in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
142. "Report on Nevada Legalized Gambling," 14 May 1950, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2038.
143. Hanson, Transformation, 203; Development of Tourism in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico 2:106-9; Bruce Rogers Carpenter, "Puerto Rico's Planned Development of Tourism" (Ph.D. diss., American University 1964), 145-48. On the concerns of smaller hoteliers see El Imparcial, 15 de Agoste 1949.
144. Hanson, Transformation, 203; Development of Tourism in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico 2:106-9; Bruce Rogers Carpenter, "Puerto Rico's Planned Development of Tourism" (Ph.D. diss., American University 1964), 145-48. On the concerns of smaller hoteliers see El Imparcial, 15 de Agoste 1949.
145. Hanson, Transformation, 203; Development of Tourism in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico 2:106-9; Bruce Rogers Carpenter, "Puerto Rico's Planned Development of Tourism" (Ph.D. diss., American University 1964), 145-48. On the concerns of smaller hoteliers see El Imparcial, 15 de Agoste 1949.
146. Hanson, Transformation, 203; Development of Tourism in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico 2:106-9; Bruce Rogers Carpenter, "Puerto Rico's Planned Development of Tourism" (Ph.D. diss., American University 1964), 145-48. On the concerns of smaller hoteliers see El Imparcial, 15 de Agoste 1949.
147. Carrión Puerto Rico, 269-313; Sánchez Korrol, From Colonia to Community, 3-4, 132; Maldonado, Moscoso, 106-7; Knight, The Caribbean, 271-73; Bonnie Urciuoli, Exposing Prejudice: Puerto Rican Experiences of Language, Race, and Class (Boulder, 1996).
148. Carrión Puerto Rico, 269-313; Sánchez Korrol, From Colonia to Community, 3-4, 132; Maldonado, Moscoso, 106-7; Knight, The Caribbean, 271-73; Bonnie Urciuoli, Exposing Prejudice: Puerto Rican Experiences of Language, Race, and Class (Boulder, 1996).
149. Carrión Puerto Rico, 269-313; Sánchez Korrol, From Colonia to Community, 3-4, 132; Maldonado, Moscoso, 106-7; Knight, The Caribbean, 271-73; Bonnie Urciuoli, Exposing Prejudice: Puerto Rican Experiences of Language, Race, and Class (Boulder, 1996).
150. Carrión Puerto Rico, 269-313; Sánchez Korrol, From Colonia to Community, 3-4, 132; Maldonado, Moscoso, 106-7; Knight, The Caribbean, 271-73; Bonnie Urciuoli, Exposing Prejudice: Puerto Rican Experiences of Language, Race, and Class (Boulder, 1996).
151. Carrión Puerto Rico, 269-313; Sánchez Korrol, From Colonia to Community, 3-4, 132; Maldonado, Moscoso, 106-7; Knight, The Caribbean, 271-73; Bonnie Urciuoli, Exposing Prejudice: Puerto Rican Experiences of Language, Race, and Class (Boulder, 1996).
152. Hamilton Wright to Governor Piñero, 7 May 1948, Oficina del Gobernador, box 1456; Hamilton Wright to Governor Piñero, 17 May 1948, Oficina del Gobernador, box 1436.
153. Hamilton Wright to Arthur Hays Sulzburger, 30 November 1950, Oficina del Gobernador, box 1435; Hamilton Wright to Teodoro Moscoso, 6 December 1948, Oficina del Gobernador, box 1436.
154. William Ludlow to Rafael Picó, 1 enero 1947, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2003; Fiftieth Annual Report of the Governor of Puerto Rico, Fiscal Year 1949-1950, 90, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2037.
155. Fiftieth Annual Report of the Governor of Puerto Rico, Fiscal Year 1949-1950, 90, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2037.
156. Teodoro Moscoso to Governor Piñero, 20 November 1947, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2003; Teodoro Moscoso to Fomento Board, 14 October 1946, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2003; "Puerto Rico: Showcase for Development," Moscoso Papers, box 9.
157. Teodoro Moscoso to Junta de Directores, Compañia de Fomento Industrial de Puerto Rico, 16 Octubre de 1946, Oficina de Gobernador, box 2003; Caribe News, 9 December, 1949, Hilton Hotel Corporation Collection (HCC), box 17, Conrad N. Hilton Archives, University of Houston, Houston, Texas. Also see Maldonado, Moscoso, 121-22.
158. Teodoro Moscoso to Junta de Directores, Compañia de Fomento Industrial de Puerto Rico, 16 Octubre de 1946, Oficina de Gobernador, box 2003; Caribe News, 9 December, 1949, Hilton Hotel Corporation Collection (HCC), box 17, Conrad N. Hilton Archives, University of Houston, Houston, Texas. Also see Maldonado, Moscoso, 121-22.
159. The Hotel Monthly, February 1950; Time, 12 December 1949, 87-95; Life, 26 December 1949, 72-74; Caribe News, 9 December 1949, HHC, box 17.
160. The Hotel Monthly, February 1950; Time, 12 December 1949, 87-95; Life, 26 December 1949, 72-74; Caribe News, 9 December 1949, HHC, box 17.
161. The Hotel Monthly, February 1950; Time, 12 December 1949, 87-95; Life, 26 December 1949, 72-74; Caribe News, 9 December 1949, HHC, box 17.
162. The Hotel Monthly, February 1950; Time, 12 December 1949, 87-95; Life, 26 December 1949, 72-74; Caribe News, 9 December 1949, HHC, box 17.
163. Luis Muñoz Marín to Vice President Alben Barkely, 28 October 1949, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2039.
164. Life, 26 December 1949, 72-74.
165. Fiftieth Annual Report of the Governor of Puerto Rico, 90; on the Condado Beach Hotel see National Geographic, April 1951, 423.
166. Fiftieth Annual Report of the Governor of Puerto Rico, 90; on the Condado Beach Hotel see National Geographic, April 1951, 423.
167. Saturday Review, 18 October 1952, 48-51.
168. Conrad Hilton, Be My Guest (New York, 1957), 267, 265, 262.
169. Oral history interview with Frank G. Wangeman, conducted by Director and Archivist Cathleen D. Baird, 28 October 1993, and 27-28 April 1996, 222, HHC.
170. V. R. Esteves to Roberto Sanchez Vilella (executive secretary, governor's staff), 25 February 1949, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2036; Maldonado, Moscoso, 128-32.
171. Maldonado, Moscoso, 121.
172. El Mundo, 8, 9, 16, 17 Octubre 1952.
173. Maldonado, Moscoso, 123-24.
174. Architectural Forum, March 1950, 97.
175. Maldonado, Moscoso, 124. To identify the local contractors on the Caribe Hilton examine the daily El Mundo, especially for the week of 20 December 1949.
176. Maldonado, Moscoso, 124. To identify the local contractors on the Caribe Hilton examine the daily El Mundo, especially for the week of 20 December 1949.
177. On "authenticity" see MacCannell, The Tourist, 156.
178. For an excellent discussion of 1950s social criticism and its intersection with U.S. foreign relations see Elizabeth Cobbs Hoffman, All You Need Is Love: The Peace Corps and the Spirit of the 1960s (Cambridge, MA, 1998), 16-23.
179. Frank T. Martocci to Carlos M. Passalacqua (president, Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company), 22 July 1954, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2038; H.C. Barton to Teodoro Moscoso and attached report, 15 February 1955, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2036.
180. Travel, November 1967, 52-57; Saturday Review, 12 May 1962, 52.
181. Travel, November 1967, 52-57; Saturday Review, 12 May 1962, 52.
182. Saturday Review, 2 February 1963, 25.
183. J. Stanton Robbins to Roberto Sanchez Vilella, 26 April 1949, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2036.
184. J. Stanton Robbins to Roberto Sanchez Vilella, 26 April 1949, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2036. On the intersection of history, memory, and commerce at Williamsburg see Richard Handler and Eric Gable, The New History in an Old Museum: Creating the Past at Colonial Williamsburg (Durham, 1997); and Michael Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory: The Transformation of Tradition in American Culture (New York, 1991), 356-58.
185. J. Stanton Robbins to Roberto Sanchez Vilella, 26 April 1949, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2036. On the intersection of history, memory, and commerce at Williamsburg see Richard Handler and Eric Gable, The New History in an Old Museum: Creating the Past at Colonial Williamsburg (Durham, 1997); and Michael Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory: The Transformation of Tradition in American Culture (New York, 1991), 356-58.
186. Hanson, Transformation, 206.
187. Island Times, 1 January 1960; Island Times, 15 January 1960; Island Times, 29 January 1960; Island Times, 26 February 1960; Island Times, 3 March 1960; New York Times, 3 December 1961; Saturday Review, 14 September 1968, 50; Travel, April 1969, 30; Carrión, Puerto Rico, 339-41; Gruber, Island of Promise, 145-60.
188. Island Times, 1 January 1960; Island Times, 15 January 1960; Island Times, 29 January 1960; Island Times, 26 February 1960; Island Times, 3 March 1960; New York Times, 3 December 1961; Saturday Review, 14 September 1968, 50; Travel, April 1969, 30; Carrión, Puerto Rico, 339-41; Gruber, Island of Promise, 145-60.
189. Island Times, 1 January 1960; Island Times, 15 January 1960; Island Times, 29 January 1960; Island Times, 26 February 1960; Island Times, 3 March 1960; New York Times, 3 December 1961; Saturday Review, 14 September 1968, 50; Travel, April 1969, 30; Carrión, Puerto Rico, 339-41; Gruber, Island of Promise, 145-60.
190. Island Times, 1 January 1960; Island Times, 15 January 1960; Island Times, 29 January 1960; Island Times, 26 February 1960; Island Times, 3 March 1960; New York Times, 3 December 1961; Saturday Review, 14 September 1968, 50; Travel, April 1969, 30; Carrión, Puerto Rico, 339-41; Gruber, Island of Promise, 145-60.
191. Island Times, 1 January 1960; Island Times, 15 January 1960; Island Times, 29 January 1960; Island Times, 26 February 1960; Island Times, 3 March 1960; New York Times, 3 December 1961; Saturday Review, 14 September 1968, 50; Travel, April 1969, 30; Carrión, Puerto Rico, 339-41; Gruber, Island of Promise, 145-60.
192. Island Times, 1 January 1960; Island Times, 15 January 1960; Island Times, 29 January 1960; Island Times, 26 February 1960; Island Times, 3 March 1960; New York Times, 3 December 1961; Saturday Review, 14 September 1968, 50; Travel, April 1969, 30; Carrión, Puerto Rico, 339-41; Gruber, Island of Promise, 145-60.
193. Island Times, 1 January 1960; Island Times, 15 January 1960; Island Times, 29 January 1960; Island Times, 26 February 1960; Island Times, 3 March 1960; New York Times, 3 December 1961; Saturday Review, 14 September 1968, 50; Travel, April 1969, 30; Carrión, Puerto Rico, 339-41; Gruber, Island of Promise, 145-60.
194. Island Times, 1 January 1960; Island Times, 15 January 1960; Island Times, 29 January 1960; Island Times, 26 February 1960; Island Times, 3 March 1960; New York Times, 3 December 1961; Saturday Review, 14 September 1968, 50; Travel, April 1969, 30; Carrión, Puerto Rico, 339-41; Gruber, Island of Promise, 145-60.
195. Island Times, 1 January 1960; Island Times, 15 January 1960; Island Times, 29 January 1960; Island Times, 26 February 1960; Island Times, 3 March 1960; New York Times, 3 December 1961; Saturday Review, 14 September 1968, 50; Travel, April 1969, 30; Carrión, Puerto Rico, 339-41; Gruber, Island of Promise, 145-60.
196. Island Times, 1 January 1960; Island Times, 15 January 1960; Island Times, 29 January 1960; Island Times, 26 February 1960; Island Times, 3 March 1960; New York Times, 3 December 1961; Saturday Review, 14 September 1968, 50; Travel, April 1969, 30; Carrión, Puerto Rico, 339-41; Gruber, Island of Promise, 145-60.
197. T. Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920 (New York, 1981).
198. MacCannell, The Tourist, 8.
199. David Ogilvy, Confessions of an Advertising Man (New York, 1963).
200. Maldonado, Moscoso, 117-18
201. "Puerto Rican Travel Newsletter" (San Juan, September 1956), Oficina del Gobernador, box 2037.
202. For an introduction to the history of Cuban tourism see Schwartz, Pleasure Island. An excellent discussion of the history of Cuban tourism can be found in Pérez, On Becoming Cuban, 165-218. Also see New York Times, 12 June 1960; and Michael M. Lafever and Cathleen Baird, "The Expropriation of the Habana Hilton: A Timely Reminder," Hospitality Industry Hall of Honor and Archives, Conrad N. Hilton College of Hotel and Restaurant Management.
203. For an introduction to the history of Cuban tourism see Schwartz, Pleasure Island. An excellent discussion of the history of Cuban tourism can be found in Pérez, On Becoming Cuban, 165-218. Also see New York Times, 12 June 1960; and Michael M. Lafever and Cathleen Baird, "The Expropriation of the Habana Hilton: A Timely Reminder," Hospitality Industry Hall of Honor and Archives, Conrad N. Hilton College of Hotel and Restaurant Management.
204. For an introduction to the history of Cuban tourism see Schwartz, Pleasure Island. An excellent discussion of the history of Cuban tourism can be found in Pérez, On Becoming Cuban, 165-218. Also see New York Times, 12 June 1960; and Michael M. Lafever and Cathleen Baird, "The Expropriation of the Habana Hilton: A Timely Reminder," Hospitality Industry Hall of Honor and Archives, Conrad N. Hilton College of Hotel and Restaurant Management.
205. For an introduction to the history of Cuban tourism see Schwartz, Pleasure Island. An excellent discussion of the history of Cuban tourism can be found in Pérez, On Becoming Cuban, 165-218. Also see New York Times, 12 June 1960; and Michael M. Lafever and Cathleen Baird, "The Expropriation of the Habana Hilton: A Timely Reminder," Hospitality Industry Hall of Honor and Archives, Conrad N. Hilton College of Hotel and Restaurant Management.
206. Saturday Review, 13 October 1962.
207. US News and World Report, 28 March 1960, 55; Time, 23 June 1958, 34.
208. US News and World Report, 28 March 1960, 55; Time, 23 June 1958, 34.
209. Time, 2 May 1949; Time, 23 June 1958.
210. Time, 2 May 1949; Time, 23 June 1958.
211. Travel, April 1961, 22-25; Hanson, Transformation; Hancock, Puerto Rico; Aitken, Poet in the Fortress; Adolph Berle, "Polity By the Sea," Saturday Review, 17 October 1964, 40-41; Gruber, Island of Promise, 205-14, Gruber's book, published as both a journalistic account and a travel guide, articulated as well as any Puerto Rico's special attraction. The Herald Tribune writer described Puerto Rico as a nation with which the United States shared a spiritual bond. Its political system was based on constitutional principles and a respect for human dignity. Its social programs, such as the rural housing program where the government provided materials and the recipients the labor, were based on self-help. One chapter drew analogies between Puerto Rico and Israel: "new democracies on old soil, pulling themselves up by their bootstraps, with strong and emotional ties to the United States."
212. Travel, April 1961, 22-25; Hanson, Transformation; Hancock, Puerto Rico; Aitken, Poet in the Fortress; Adolph Berle, "Polity By the Sea," Saturday Review, 17 October 1964, 40-41; Gruber, Island of Promise, 205-14, Gruber's book, published as both a journalistic account and a travel guide, articulated as well as any Puerto Rico's special attraction. The Herald Tribune writer described Puerto Rico as a nation with which the United States shared a spiritual bond. Its political system was based on constitutional principles and a respect for human dignity. Its social programs, such as the rural housing program where the government provided materials and the recipients the labor, were based on self-help. One chapter drew analogies between Puerto Rico and Israel: "new democracies on old soil, pulling themselves up by their bootstraps, with strong and emotional ties to the United States."
213. Travel, April 1961, 22-25; Hanson, Transformation; Hancock, Puerto Rico; Aitken, Poet in the Fortress; Adolph Berle, "Polity By the Sea," Saturday Review, 17 October 1964, 40-41; Gruber, Island of Promise, 205-14, Gruber's book, published as both a journalistic account and a travel guide, articulated as well as any Puerto Rico's special attraction. The Herald Tribune writer described Puerto Rico as a nation with which the United States shared a spiritual bond. Its political system was based on constitutional principles and a respect for human dignity. Its social programs, such as the rural housing program where the government provided materials and the recipients the labor, were based on self-help. One chapter drew analogies between Puerto Rico and Israel: "new democracies on old soil, pulling themselves up by their bootstraps, with strong and emotional ties to the United States."
214. Travel, April 1961, 22-25; Hanson, Transformation; Hancock, Puerto Rico; Aitken, Poet in the Fortress; Adolph Berle, "Polity By the Sea," Saturday Review, 17 October 1964, 40-41; Gruber, Island of Promise, 205-14, Gruber's book, published as both a journalistic account and a travel guide, articulated as well as any Puerto Rico's special attraction. The Herald Tribune writer described Puerto Rico as a nation with which the United States shared a spiritual bond. Its political system was based on constitutional principles and a respect for human dignity. Its social programs, such as the rural housing program where the government provided materials and the recipients the labor, were based on self-help. One chapter drew analogies between Puerto Rico and Israel: "new democracies on old soil, pulling themselves up by their bootstraps, with strong and emotional ties to the United States."
215. Travel, April 1961, 22-25; Hanson, Transformation; Hancock, Puerto Rico; Aitken, Poet in the Fortress; Adolph Berle, "Polity By the Sea," Saturday Review, 17 October 1964, 40-41; Gruber, Island of Promise, 205-14, Gruber's book, published as both a journalistic account and a travel guide, articulated as well as any Puerto Rico's special attraction. The Herald Tribune writer described Puerto Rico as a nation with which the United States shared a spiritual bond. Its political system was based on constitutional principles and a respect for human dignity. Its social programs, such as the rural housing program where the government provided materials and the recipients the labor, were based on self-help. One chapter drew analogies between Puerto Rico and Israel: "new democracies on old soil, pulling themselves up by their bootstraps, with strong and emotional ties to the United States."
216. Travel, April 1961, 22-25; Hanson, Transformation; Hancock, Puerto Rico; Aitken, Poet in the Fortress; Adolph Berle, "Polity By the Sea," Saturday Review, 17 October 1964, 40-41; Gruber, Island of Promise, 205-14, Gruber's book, published as both a journalistic account and a travel guide, articulated as well as any Puerto Rico's special attraction. The Herald Tribune writer described Puerto Rico as a nation with which the United States shared a spiritual bond. Its political system was based on constitutional principles and a respect for human dignity. Its social programs, such as the rural housing program where the government provided materials and the recipients the labor, were based on self-help. One chapter drew analogies between Puerto Rico and Israel: "new democracies on old soil, pulling themselves up by their bootstraps, with strong and emotional ties to the United States."
217. Saturday Review, 13 October 1962; "The Executive Life in Puerto Rico," Moscoso Papers, box 7; Harold Underhill, "New U.S Envoy to Venezuela is Man of Vision and Vigor," June 1961, Moscoso Papers, box 8.
218. Saturday Review, 13 October 1962; "The Executive Life in Puerto Rico," Moscoso Papers, box 7; Harold Underhill, "New U.S Envoy to Venezuela is Man of Vision and Vigor," June 1961, Moscoso Papers, box 8.
219. Saturday Review, 13 October 1962; "The Executive Life in Puerto Rico," Moscoso Papers, box 7; Harold Underhill, "New U.S Envoy to Venezuela is Man of Vision and Vigor," June 1961, Moscoso Papers, box 8.
220. New York Times, 3 December 1959.
221. New York Times, 3 March 1960; Island Times, 3 March 1960.
222. New York Times, 3 March 1960; Island Times, 3 March 1960.
223. Report of the Task Force on Immediate Latin American Problems, Moscoso Papers, box 9; Carrión, Puerto Rico, 299; Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Boston, 1965), 195, 764-65, 790-91; Jerome Levinson and Juan de Onís, The Alliance That Lost Its Way: A Critical Report on the Alliance for Progress (Chicago, 1970); Latham, Modernization as Ideology; Stephen G. Rabe, "The Caribbean Triangle," Diplomatic History 20 (Winter 1996): 55-78; idem, The Most Dangerous Area in the World.
224. Report of the Task Force on Immediate Latin American Problems, Moscoso Papers, box 9; Carrión, Puerto Rico, 299; Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Boston, 1965), 195, 764-65, 790-91; Jerome Levinson and Juan de Onís, The Alliance That Lost Its Way: A Critical Report on the Alliance for Progress (Chicago, 1970); Latham, Modernization as Ideology; Stephen G. Rabe, "The Caribbean Triangle," Diplomatic History 20 (Winter 1996): 55-78; idem, The Most Dangerous Area in the World.
225. Report of the Task Force on Immediate Latin American Problems, Moscoso Papers, box 9; Carrión, Puerto Rico, 299; Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Boston, 1965), 195, 764-65, 790-91; Jerome Levinson and Juan de Onís, The Alliance That Lost Its Way: A Critical Report on the Alliance for Progress (Chicago, 1970); Latham, Modernization as Ideology; Stephen G. Rabe, "The Caribbean Triangle," Diplomatic History 20 (Winter 1996): 55-78; idem, The Most Dangerous Area in the World.
226. Report of the Task Force on Immediate Latin American Problems, Moscoso Papers, box 9; Carrión, Puerto Rico, 299; Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Boston, 1965), 195, 764-65, 790-91; Jerome Levinson and Juan de Onís, The Alliance That Lost Its Way: A Critical Report on the Alliance for Progress (Chicago, 1970); Latham, Modernization as Ideology; Stephen G. Rabe, "The Caribbean Triangle," Diplomatic History 20 (Winter 1996): 55-78; idem, The Most Dangerous Area in the World.
227. Report of the Task Force on Immediate Latin American Problems, Moscoso Papers, box 9; Carrión, Puerto Rico, 299; Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Boston, 1965), 195, 764-65, 790-91; Jerome Levinson and Juan de Onís, The Alliance That Lost Its Way: A Critical Report on the Alliance for Progress (Chicago, 1970); Latham, Modernization as Ideology; Stephen G. Rabe, "The Caribbean Triangle," Diplomatic History 20 (Winter 1996): 55-78; idem, The Most Dangerous Area in the World.
228. Report of the Task Force on Immediate Latin American Problems, Moscoso Papers, box 9; Carrión, Puerto Rico, 299; Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Boston, 1965), 195, 764-65, 790-91; Jerome Levinson and Juan de Onís, The Alliance That Lost Its Way: A Critical Report on the Alliance for Progress (Chicago, 1970); Latham, Modernization as Ideology; Stephen G. Rabe, "The Caribbean Triangle," Diplomatic History 20 (Winter 1996): 55-78; idem, The Most Dangerous Area in the World.
229. Report of the Task Force on Immediate Latin American Problems, Moscoso Papers, box 9; Carrión, Puerto Rico, 299; Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Boston, 1965), 195, 764-65, 790-91; Jerome Levinson and Juan de Onís, The Alliance That Lost Its Way: A Critical Report on the Alliance for Progress (Chicago, 1970); Latham, Modernization as Ideology; Stephen G. Rabe, "The Caribbean Triangle," Diplomatic History 20 (Winter 1996): 55-78; idem, The Most Dangerous Area in the World.
230. "President's Talking Papers for his Meeting with Governor Muñoz Marín, December 1961, National Security File, box 235, Kennedy Library.
231. Luis Muñoz Marín, oral history interview, 15, Kennedy Library.
232. On the La Concha see Time, 23 June 1958; and on the El San Juan see Puerto Rico World Journal, 17 July 1956, 1 August 1956. On hotel building outside of San Juan see Puerto Rican Economic Development Administration, Selected Statistics on the Visitors and Hotel Industry in Puerto Rico, October 1963, 13-14.
233. On the La Concha see Time, 23 June 1958; and on the El San Juan see Puerto Rico World Journal, 17 July 1956, 1 August 1956. On hotel building outside of San Juan see Puerto Rican Economic Development Administration, Selected Statistics on the Visitors and Hotel Industry in Puerto Rico, October 1963, 13-14.
234. On the La Concha see Time, 23 June 1958; and on the El San Juan see Puerto Rico World Journal, 17 July 1956, 1 August 1956. On hotel building outside of San Juan see Puerto Rican Economic Development Administration, Selected Statistics on the Visitors and Hotel Industry in Puerto Rico, October 1963, 13-14.
235. Time, 1 December 1958, 31.
236. US News and World Report, 28 March 1960, 56.
237. Time, 8 January 1965, 24; San Juan Star, 27 June 1971; Development of Tourism in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico 2:13-21; Krause and Jud, International Tourism, 6.
238. Time, 8 January 1965, 24; San Juan Star, 27 June 1971; Development of Tourism in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico 2:13-21; Krause and Jud, International Tourism, 6.
239. Time, 8 January 1965, 24; San Juan Star, 27 June 1971; Development of Tourism in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico 2:13-21; Krause and Jud, International Tourism, 6.
240. Time, 8 January 1965, 24; San Juan Star, 27 June 1971; Development of Tourism in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico 2:13-21; Krause and Jud, International Tourism, 6.
241. Compelling critiques of Operation Bootstrap can be found in Dietz, Economic History, 340-410; Morley, "Dependence and Development in Puerto Rico," in López, ed., The Puerto Ricans, 171-211; and Weisskoff, Factories and Foodstamps. On the incomes of the U.S. tourists see Marco A. Rigau (Ayudante Ejecutivo del Gobernador) a Sra. Belen C. Brown (Fomento), 10 Febrero 1953, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2037, APGR; "The Effectiveness of Travel Advertising," The Puerto Rican Visitor's Bureau, 31 January 1952, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2038; and "The Tourism Industry of Puerto Rico: Selected Statistics, 1977-1978," Tourism Company of Puerto Rico, 1978, box 143.
242. Compelling critiques of Operation Bootstrap can be found in Dietz, Economic History, 340-410; Morley, "Dependence and Development in Puerto Rico," in López, ed., The Puerto Ricans, 171-211; and Weisskoff, Factories and Foodstamps. On the incomes of the U.S. tourists see Marco A. Rigau (Ayudante Ejecutivo del Gobernador) a Sra. Belen C. Brown (Fomento), 10 Febrero 1953, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2037, APGR; "The Effectiveness of Travel Advertising," The Puerto Rican Visitor's Bureau, 31 January 1952, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2038; and "The Tourism Industry of Puerto Rico: Selected Statistics, 1977-1978," Tourism Company of Puerto Rico, 1978, box 143.
243. Compelling critiques of Operation Bootstrap can be found in Dietz, Economic History, 340-410; Morley, "Dependence and Development in Puerto Rico," in López, ed., The Puerto Ricans, 171-211; and Weisskoff, Factories and Foodstamps. On the incomes of the U.S. tourists see Marco A. Rigau (Ayudante Ejecutivo del Gobernador) a Sra. Belen C. Brown (Fomento), 10 Febrero 1953, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2037, APGR; "The Effectiveness of Travel Advertising," The Puerto Rican Visitor's Bureau, 31 January 1952, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2038; and "The Tourism Industry of Puerto Rico: Selected Statistics, 1977-1978," Tourism Company of Puerto Rico, 1978, box 143.
244. Compelling critiques of Operation Bootstrap can be found in Dietz, Economic History, 340-410; Morley, "Dependence and Development in Puerto Rico," in López, ed., The Puerto Ricans, 171-211; and Weisskoff, Factories and Foodstamps. On the incomes of the U.S. tourists see Marco A. Rigau (Ayudante Ejecutivo del Gobernador) a Sra. Belen C. Brown (Fomento), 10 Febrero 1953, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2037, APGR; "The Effectiveness of Travel Advertising," The Puerto Rican Visitor's Bureau, 31 January 1952, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2038; and "The Tourism Industry of Puerto Rico: Selected Statistics, 1977-1978," Tourism Company of Puerto Rico, 1978, box 143.
245. Compelling critiques of Operation Bootstrap can be found in Dietz, Economic History, 340-410; Morley, "Dependence and Development in Puerto Rico," in López, ed., The Puerto Ricans, 171-211; and Weisskoff, Factories and Foodstamps. On the incomes of the U.S. tourists see Marco A. Rigau (Ayudante Ejecutivo del Gobernador) a Sra. Belen C. Brown (Fomento), 10 Febrero 1953, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2037, APGR; "The Effectiveness of Travel Advertising," The Puerto Rican Visitor's Bureau, 31 January 1952, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2038; and "The Tourism Industry of Puerto Rico: Selected Statistics, 1977-1978," Tourism Company of Puerto Rico, 1978, box 143.
246. J. Stanton Robbins to Muñoz Marín, 8 July 1949, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2036; Island Times, 22 January 1960.
247. Oscar Lewis, La Vida: A Puerto Rican Family in the Culture of Poverty - San Juan and New York (New York, 1966), 183-88, 244.
248. El Mundo, 26 Avril 1960.
249. Saturday Review, 6 January 1968, 52-54.
250. For example, see Claridad, Enero 1959, March 1960, January 1960.
251. Puerto Rico World Journal, 12 May 1956.
252. Carlos M. Passalacqua (general manager, Fomento) to William Land (general manager, Caribe Hilton), 6 October 1955, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2039.
253. Puerto Rico World Journal, 16 May 1956.
254. Puerto Rico Libre, 31 enero de 1950.
255. Hanson, Transformation, 293.
256. Carl Hilton to Conrad Hilton, 16 January 1950, HHC, box 3.
257. Carlos M. Passalacqua (Fomento) to Laurence Rockefeller, 4 March 1954, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2039.
258. The Island Times, 26 February 1960; 8 July 1960.
259. The Island Times, 20 May 1960.
260. Development of Tourism in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico 2:108-9.
261. El Mundo, 9 de octubre de 1952.
262. The Island Times, 11 March 1960. Background on San Juan's gay subculture can be found in the tourist guidebook Access: Gay U.S.A. (New York, 1998). On the challenges facing the contemporary gay community in San Juan see Peggy Ann Bliss, "A Cloud over the Gayest Little Island," San Juan Star, 20 February 1995; and San Juan Star, 13 February, 5 June, 6 June 1995.
263. The Island Times, 11 March 1960. Background on San Juan's gay subculture can be found in the tourist guidebook Access: Gay U.S.A. (New York, 1998). On the challenges facing the contemporary gay community in San Juan see Peggy Ann Bliss, "A Cloud over the Gayest Little Island," San Juan Star, 20 February 1995; and San Juan Star, 13 February, 5 June, 6 June 1995.
264. The Island Times, 11 March 1960. Background on San Juan's gay subculture can be found in the tourist guidebook Access: Gay U.S.A. (New York, 1998). On the challenges facing the contemporary gay community in San Juan see Peggy Ann Bliss, "A Cloud over the Gayest Little Island," San Juan Star, 20 February 1995; and San Juan Star, 13 February, 5 June, 6 June 1995.
265. The Island Times, 11 March 1960. Background on San Juan's gay subculture can be found in the tourist guidebook Access: Gay U.S.A. (New York, 1998). On the challenges facing the contemporary gay community in San Juan see Peggy Ann Bliss, "A Cloud over the Gayest Little Island," San Juan Star, 20 February 1995; and San Juan Star, 13 February, 5 June, 6 June 1995.
266. Claridad, November 1960.
267. Tomlinson, Cultural Imperialism, 163-64.
268. José Raúl Cancío (legal consel) to Gustavo Agrait (executive assistant to the governor), 9 de enero de 1950, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2039.
269. Oral history interview with Frank G. Wangeman, 27, HHC; Conrad Hilton to Frank Wangeman, 7 May 1951, HHC, box 4; Conrad Hilton to Guillermo Rodriguez (Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company) 16 March 1951, HHC, box 4.
270. Esteban Bird to Teodoro Moscoso, 19 February 1954, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2039.
271. The strike was reported extensively in San Juan's newspapers including, El Mundo, 22, 24, 26, 29 de enero de 1955; Imparcial 25, 28, 29 de enero de 1955.
272. The strike was reported extensively in San Juan's newspapers including, El Mundo, 22, 24, 26, 29 de enero de 1955; Imparcial 25, 28, 29 de enero de 1955.
273. Memorandum to Gobernador Luis Muñoz Marín, 26 de enero de 1955, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2039; Teodoro Moscoso to Luis Muñoz Marín, 28 de enero de 1955, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2039.
274. Development of Tourism in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico 2:19, 6:106-27.
275. Development of Tourism in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico 2:19, 6:106-27.
276. The rising crime rate is lamented in Island Times, 8 April 1960; and Puerto Rico World Journal, 12 May 1956 and 16 May 1960.
277. The rising crime rate is lamented in Island Times, 8 April 1960; and Puerto Rico World Journal, 12 May 1956 and 16 May 1960.
278. Island Times, 5 February 1960.
279. T. Vidal a Gobernador, 23 de noviembre 1954, Oficina del Gobernador, box 2036.
280. Island Times, 16 February 1962; Island Times 30 March 1962; San Juan Star, 15 April 1996; New York Times, 3 December 1961.
281. Island Times, 16 February 1962; Island Times 30 March 1962; San Juan Star, 15 April 1996; New York Times, 3 December 1961.
282. Island Times, 16 February 1962; Island Times 30 March 1962; San Juan Star, 15 April 1996; New York Times, 3 December 1961.
283. Island Times, 16 February 1962; Island Times 30 March 1962; San Juan Star, 15 April 1996; New York Times, 3 December 1961.
284. Quoted in Gruber, Island of Promise, 167; Carrión, Puerto Rico, 338-43.
285. Quoted in Gruber, Island of Promise, 167; Carrión, Puerto Rico, 338-43.
286. Davila, Sponsored Identities, 41; Puerto Rico World Journal, 21 June 1956, 7 July 1956; interview with Ricardo Alegría.
287. Davila, Sponsored Identities, 41; Puerto Rico World Journal, 21 June 1956, 7 July 1956; interview with Ricardo Alegría.
288. Davila, Sponsored Identities, 40; Margarita Flores Collazo, "La Lucha For La Nación: El Debate En Torno A La Creación Del Institute De Cultura Puertorriqueña, 1955," Op. Cit., 10 (1998): 175-200; interview with Ricardo Alegría; Island Times, 16 February 1962; Island Times, 30 March 1962; San Juan Star, 15 April 1996; New York Times, 3 December 1961.
289. Davila, Sponsored Identities, 40; Margarita Flores Collazo, "La Lucha For La Nación: El Debate En Torno A La Creación Del Institute De Cultura Puertorriqueña, 1955," Op. Cit., 10 (1998): 175-200; interview with Ricardo Alegría; Island Times, 16 February 1962; Island Times, 30 March 1962; San Juan Star, 15 April 1996; New York Times, 3 December 1961.
290. Davila, Sponsored Identities, 40; Margarita Flores Collazo, "La Lucha For La Nación: El Debate En Torno A La Creación Del Institute De Cultura Puertorriqueña, 1955," Op. Cit., 10 (1998): 175-200; interview with Ricardo Alegría; Island Times, 16 February 1962; Island Times, 30 March 1962; San Juan Star, 15 April 1996; New York Times, 3 December 1961.
291. Davila, Sponsored Identities, 40; Margarita Flores Collazo, "La Lucha For La Nación: El Debate En Torno A La Creación Del Institute De Cultura Puertorriqueña, 1955," Op. Cit., 10 (1998): 175-200; interview with Ricardo Alegría; Island Times, 16 February 1962; Island Times, 30 March 1962; San Juan Star, 15 April 1996; New York Times, 3 December 1961.
292. Davila, Sponsored Identities, 40; Margarita Flores Collazo, "La Lucha For La Nación: El Debate En Torno A La Creación Del Institute De Cultura Puertorriqueña, 1955," Op. Cit., 10 (1998): 175-200; interview with Ricardo Alegría; Island Times, 16 February 1962; Island Times, 30 March 1962; San Juan Star, 15 April 1996; New York Times, 3 December 1961.
293. Davila, Sponsored Identities, 40; Margarita Flores Collazo, "La Lucha For La Nación: El Debate En Torno A La Creación Del Institute De Cultura Puertorriqueña, 1955," Op. Cit., 10 (1998): 175-200; interview with Ricardo Alegría; Island Times, 16 February 1962; Island Times, 30 March 1962; San Juan Star, 15 April 1996; New York Times, 3 December 1961.
294. Davila, Sponsored Identities, 42.
295. Time, 1 December 1958, 57.
296. Davila, Sponsored Identities, 220-32.
297. On GNP see "Puerto Rico, U.S.A.," Office of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Washington, DC, 1969. On job creation see "The Tourism Industry in Puerto Rico: Selected Statistics, 1977-1978," Tourism Company of Puerto Rico, box 143; and Carpenter, "Puerto Rico's Planned Development of Tourism," 5.
298. On GNP see "Puerto Rico, U.S.A.," Office of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Washington, DC, 1969. On job creation see "The Tourism Industry in Puerto Rico: Selected Statistics, 1977-1978," Tourism Company of Puerto Rico, box 143; and Carpenter, "Puerto Rico's Planned Development of Tourism," 5.
299. On GNP see "Puerto Rico, U.S.A.," Office of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Washington, DC, 1969. On job creation see "The Tourism Industry in Puerto Rico: Selected Statistics, 1977-1978," Tourism Company of Puerto Rico, box 143; and Carpenter, "Puerto Rico's Planned Development of Tourism," 5.
300. The Development of Tourism in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico 3:51-52; 7:49-53; San Juan Star, 12 May 1971; interview with Carlos Diago, former Puerto Rican Tourism Bureau official and Professor of Business at Sacred Heart University, Santurce, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 10 June 1999.
301. The Development of Tourism in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico 3:51-52; 7:49-53; San Juan Star, 12 May 1971; interview with Carlos Diago, former Puerto Rican Tourism Bureau official and Professor of Business at Sacred Heart University, Santurce, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 10 June 1999.
302. The Development of Tourism in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico 3:51-52; 7:49-53; San Juan Star, 12 May 1971; interview with Carlos Diago, former Puerto Rican Tourism Bureau official and Professor of Business at Sacred Heart University, Santurce, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 10 June 1999.
303. Teodoro Moscoso, "Industrial Development in Puerto Rico," April 1961, Speech before the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, Moscoso Papers.