Shame on US? Academics, cultural transfer, and the cold war - A critical review

Diplomatic History

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 465-494

  Gienow Hecht, Jessica C E ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0000191222     PISSN: 01452096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/0145-2096.00227     Document Type: Article

References (291)

1. Vincent Canby, "Is 'The Gods Must Be Crazy' Only a Comedy?" New York Times, 28 October 1984.
2. The term "culture" in this essay follows for the most part Akira Iriye's definition of culture as a shared system of beliefs, artifacts, ideology, customs, and a way of life. Akira Iriye, "Culture and Power: International Relations and Intercultural Relations," Diplomatic History 10 (Spring 1979): 115-28; idem, "Culture," Journal of American History 77 (June 1990): 99-107; idem, Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941-1945 (Cambridge, MA, 1981), viif.
3. The term "culture" in this essay follows for the most part Akira Iriye's definition of culture as a shared system of beliefs, artifacts, ideology, customs, and a way of life. Akira Iriye, "Culture and Power: International Relations and Intercultural Relations," Diplomatic History 10 (Spring 1979): 115-28; idem, "Culture," Journal of American History 77 (June 1990): 99-107; idem, Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941-1945 (Cambridge, MA, 1981), viif.
4. The term "culture" in this essay follows for the most part Akira Iriye's definition of culture as a shared system of beliefs, artifacts, ideology, customs, and a way of life. Akira Iriye, "Culture and Power: International Relations and Intercultural Relations," Diplomatic History 10 (Spring 1979): 115-28; idem, "Culture," Journal of American History 77 (June 1990): 99-107; idem, Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941-1945 (Cambridge, MA, 1981), viif.
5. Nonetheless, in the early twentieth century, U.S. culture and technologies were widely admired and modeled. Already around the turn of the century, foreign contemporaries were struck by the appeal of American technologies, popular culture, and goods. After World War I, exchange programs and the far-reaching spread of American consumer products, movies, and literature created an international American cultural climate. The motion picture and the radio linked Europe and America together in ways hitherto unimaginable. The American car, the American woman, and American mass production formed the core of intensive debates at conferences, public lectures, in literature, and in newspapers. As Mary Nolan notes, America's present contributed tremendously to Weimar Germans' vision of their own industrial, social, and cultural future. Akira Iriye, The Globalizing of America, 1913-1945 (New York, 1993), 103-15; Mary Nolan, Visions of Modernity: American Business and the Modernization of Germany (New York, 1994), 3-6, 30-57, 108-27.
6. Nonetheless, in the early twentieth century, U.S. culture and technologies were widely admired and modeled. Already around the turn of the century, foreign contemporaries were struck by the appeal of American technologies, popular culture, and goods. After World War I, exchange programs and the far-reaching spread of American consumer products, movies, and literature created an international American cultural climate. The motion picture and the radio linked Europe and America together in ways hitherto unimaginable. The American car, the American woman, and American mass production formed the core of intensive debates at conferences, public lectures, in literature, and in newspapers. As Mary Nolan notes, America's present contributed tremendously to Weimar Germans' vision of their own industrial, social, and cultural future. Akira Iriye, The Globalizing of America, 1913-1945 (New York, 1993), 103-15; Mary Nolan, Visions of Modernity: American Business and the Modernization of Germany (New York, 1994), 3-6, 30-57, 108-27.
7. Maurice Brueziere, L'alliance française: Histoire d'une institution [The French alliance: History of an institution] (Paris,1983).
8. J. M. Mitchell, International Cultural Relations (London, 1986), 22-27. The meager initiative to "export" America came mostly from private business operations, missionaries, and by chance. Early attempts to transform American cultural features, such as language programs, into Latin America or the Caribbean had not proven successful. J. Manuel Espinosa, Inter-American Beginnings of U.S. Cultural Diplomacy, 1936-1948 (Washington, 1976), 3f, 4, 18, 25; Hans Schmidt, The United States Occupation of Haiti, 1915-1934 (New Brunswick, 1971), 6, 14, 135; Bruce J. Calder, The Impact of Intervention: The Dominican Republic during the U.S. Occupation of 1916-1924 (Austin, 1984), 24 off, 252; Robert D. Johnson, "The Transformation of Pan-Americanism," in On Cultural Grounds: Essays in International History, ed. Robert D. Johnson (Chicago, 1994), 173-96.
9. J. M. Mitchell, International Cultural Relations (London, 1986), 22-27. The meager initiative to "export" America came mostly from private business operations, missionaries, and by chance. Early attempts to transform American cultural features, such as language programs, into Latin America or the Caribbean had not proven successful. J. Manuel Espinosa, Inter-American Beginnings of U.S. Cultural Diplomacy, 1936-1948 (Washington, 1976), 3f, 4, 18, 25; Hans Schmidt, The United States Occupation of Haiti, 1915-1934 (New Brunswick, 1971), 6, 14, 135; Bruce J. Calder, The Impact of Intervention: The Dominican Republic during the U.S. Occupation of 1916-1924 (Austin, 1984), 24 off, 252; Robert D. Johnson, "The Transformation of Pan-Americanism," in On Cultural Grounds: Essays in International History, ed. Robert D. Johnson (Chicago, 1994), 173-96.
10. J. M. Mitchell, International Cultural Relations (London, 1986), 22-27. The meager initiative to "export" America came mostly from private business operations, missionaries, and by chance. Early attempts to transform American cultural features, such as language programs, into Latin America or the Caribbean had not proven successful. J. Manuel Espinosa, Inter-American Beginnings of U.S. Cultural Diplomacy, 1936-1948 (Washington, 1976), 3f, 4, 18, 25; Hans Schmidt, The United States Occupation of Haiti, 1915-1934 (New Brunswick, 1971), 6, 14, 135; Bruce J. Calder, The Impact of Intervention: The Dominican Republic during the U.S. Occupation of 1916-1924 (Austin, 1984), 24 off, 252; Robert D. Johnson, "The Transformation of Pan-Americanism," in On Cultural Grounds: Essays in International History, ed. Robert D. Johnson (Chicago, 1994), 173-96.
11. J. M. Mitchell, International Cultural Relations (London, 1986), 22-27. The meager initiative to "export" America came mostly from private business operations, missionaries, and by chance. Early attempts to transform American cultural features, such as language programs, into Latin America or the Caribbean had not proven successful. J. Manuel Espinosa, Inter-American Beginnings of U.S. Cultural Diplomacy, 1936-1948 (Washington, 1976), 3f, 4, 18, 25; Hans Schmidt, The United States Occupation of Haiti, 1915-1934 (New Brunswick, 1971), 6, 14, 135; Bruce J. Calder, The Impact of Intervention: The Dominican Republic during the U.S. Occupation of 1916-1924 (Austin, 1984), 24 off, 252; Robert D. Johnson, "The Transformation of Pan-Americanism," in On Cultural Grounds: Essays in International History, ed. Robert D. Johnson (Chicago, 1994), 173-96.
12. J. M. Mitchell, International Cultural Relations (London, 1986), 22-27. The meager initiative to "export" America came mostly from private business operations, missionaries, and by chance. Early attempts to transform American cultural features, such as language programs, into Latin America or the Caribbean had not proven successful. J. Manuel Espinosa, Inter-American Beginnings of U.S. Cultural Diplomacy, 1936-1948 (Washington, 1976), 3f, 4, 18, 25; Hans Schmidt, The United States Occupation of Haiti, 1915-1934 (New Brunswick, 1971), 6, 14, 135; Bruce J. Calder, The Impact of Intervention: The Dominican Republic during the U.S. Occupation of 1916-1924 (Austin, 1984), 24 off, 252; Robert D. Johnson, "The Transformation of Pan-Americanism," in On Cultural Grounds: Essays in International History, ed. Robert D. Johnson (Chicago, 1994), 173-96.
13. Frank Ninkovich, "The Currents of Cultural Diplomacy: Art and the State Department, 1938-1947," Diplomatic History 1 (Summer 1977): 217, 219.
14. Arthur W. Macmahon, Memorandum on the Postwar International Information Program of the United States (New York, 1972), 2; Henry R. Luce, The American Century (New York, 1941), 23; Benjamin Floyd Pittenger, Indoctrination for American Democracy (New York, 1941).
15. Arthur W. Macmahon, Memorandum on the Postwar International Information Program of the United States (New York, 1972), 2; Henry R. Luce, The American Century (New York, 1941), 23; Benjamin Floyd Pittenger, Indoctrination for American Democracy (New York, 1941).
16. Arthur W. Macmahon, Memorandum on the Postwar International Information Program of the United States (New York, 1972), 2; Henry R. Luce, The American Century (New York, 1941), 23; Benjamin Floyd Pittenger, Indoctrination for American Democracy (New York, 1941).
17. Howland H. Sargant, "Information and Cultural Representation Overseas," in The Representation of the United States Abroad, ed. Vincent M. Barnett, Jr. (New York, 1965), 73f; Hansjörg Gehring, Amerikanische Literaturpolitik in Deutschland 1945-1953. Ein Aspekt des Re-Education-Programms [American literary policy in Germany, 1945-1953: One aspect of the reeducation program] (Stuttgart, 1976), 93, 112; Gary E. Kraske, Missionaries of the Book: The American Library Profession and the Origins of United States Cultural Diplomacy (Westport, 1985), 246-49; Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1945-1961 (New York, 1997), 1-27.
18. Howland H. Sargant, "Information and Cultural Representation Overseas," in The Representation of the United States Abroad, ed. Vincent M. Barnett, Jr. (New York, 1965), 73f; Hansjörg Gehring, Amerikanische Literaturpolitik in Deutschland 1945-1953. Ein Aspekt des Re-Education-Programms [American literary policy in Germany, 1945-1953: One aspect of the reeducation program] (Stuttgart, 1976), 93, 112; Gary E. Kraske, Missionaries of the Book: The American Library Profession and the Origins of United States Cultural Diplomacy (Westport, 1985), 246-49; Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1945-1961 (New York, 1997), 1-27.
19. Howland H. Sargant, "Information and Cultural Representation Overseas," in The Representation of the United States Abroad, ed. Vincent M. Barnett, Jr. (New York, 1965), 73f; Hansjörg Gehring, Amerikanische Literaturpolitik in Deutschland 1945-1953. Ein Aspekt des Re-Education-Programms [American literary policy in Germany, 1945-1953: One aspect of the reeducation program] (Stuttgart, 1976), 93, 112; Gary E. Kraske, Missionaries of the Book: The American Library Profession and the Origins of United States Cultural Diplomacy (Westport, 1985), 246-49; Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1945-1961 (New York, 1997), 1-27.
20. Howland H. Sargant, "Information and Cultural Representation Overseas," in The Representation of the United States Abroad, ed. Vincent M. Barnett, Jr. (New York, 1965), 73f; Hansjörg Gehring, Amerikanische Literaturpolitik in Deutschland 1945-1953. Ein Aspekt des Re-Education-Programms [American literary policy in Germany, 1945-1953: One aspect of the reeducation program] (Stuttgart, 1976), 93, 112; Gary E. Kraske, Missionaries of the Book: The American Library Profession and the Origins of United States Cultural Diplomacy (Westport, 1985), 246-49; Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1945-1961 (New York, 1997), 1-27.
21. Daniel J. Boorstin, America and the Image of Europe: Reflections on American Thought (Gloucester, MA, 1976).
22. A series of books published by the Department of State in the 1970S covering the cultural relations programs of the U.S. Department of State in China, Latin America, and Germany still reflected this attitude of the 1950s, mostly because the authors themselves were all at some point involved in the very programs they described. For example, Henry kellermann's 1978 study of the Education Exchange Program between the United States and Germany concluded that at the end of their stint in the United States, exchangees were distinctly "more democratic and more pro-American." Henry J. Kellermann, Cultural Relations as an Instrument of U.S. Foreign Policy: The Educational Exchange Program between the United States and Germany, 1945-1954 (Washington, 1978), 209, 212, 216ff. See also Wilma Fairbank, America's Cultural Experiment in China, 1942-1949 (Washington, 1976); and Espinosa, Inter-American Beginnings of U.S. Cultural Diplomacy.
23. A series of books published by the Department of State in the 1970S covering the cultural relations programs of the U.S. Department of State in China, Latin America, and Germany still reflected this attitude of the 1950s, mostly because the authors themselves were all at some point involved in the very programs they described. For example, Henry kellermann's 1978 study of the Education Exchange Program between the United States and Germany concluded that at the end of their stint in the United States, exchangees were distinctly "more democratic and more pro-American." Henry J. Kellermann, Cultural Relations as an Instrument of U.S. Foreign Policy: The Educational Exchange Program between the United States and Germany, 1945-1954 (Washington, 1978), 209, 212, 216ff. See also Wilma Fairbank, America's Cultural Experiment in China, 1942-1949 (Washington, 1976); and Espinosa, Inter-American Beginnings of U.S. Cultural Diplomacy.
24. A series of books published by the Department of State in the 1970S covering the cultural relations programs of the U.S. Department of State in China, Latin America, and Germany still reflected this attitude of the 1950s, mostly because the authors themselves were all at some point involved in the very programs they described. For example, Henry kellermann's 1978 study of the Education Exchange Program between the United States and Germany concluded that at the end of their stint in the United States, exchangees were distinctly "more democratic and more pro-American." Henry J. Kellermann, Cultural Relations as an Instrument of U.S. Foreign Policy: The Educational Exchange Program between the United States and Germany, 1945-1954 (Washington, 1978), 209, 212, 216ff. See also Wilma Fairbank, America's Cultural Experiment in China, 1942-1949 (Washington, 1976); and Espinosa, Inter-American Beginnings of U.S. Cultural Diplomacy.
25. D. G. White, U.S. Military Government in Germany: Radio Reorientation (Karlsruhe, 1950), 114-17. For an extensive analysis of Soviet cultural policy in occupied Germany see David Pike, The Politics of Culture in Soviet-Occupied Germany, 1945-1949 (Stanford, 1992).
26. D. G. White, U.S. Military Government in Germany: Radio Reorientation (Karlsruhe, 1950), 114-17. For an extensive analysis of Soviet cultural policy in occupied Germany see David Pike, The Politics of Culture in Soviet-Occupied Germany, 1945-1949 (Stanford, 1992).
27. .Although recent studies by Laura Belmonte, Walter Hixson, Reinhold Wagnleiter, and others have argued that foreign audiences around the world increasingly identified American consumer goods and the United States with liberty and freedom of choice, American intellectuals in the 1950s and early 1960s focused their concerns on negative reactions to American life abroad. Belmonte, "Defending a Way of Life: American Propaganda and the Cold War, 1945-1959" (Ph.D. diss., University of Virginia, 1996); Hixson, Parting the Curtain; Wagnleitner, Coca-Colanization and the Cold War The Cultural Mission of the United States in Austria after the Second World War (Chapel Hill, 1994).
28. .Although recent studies by Laura Belmonte, Walter Hixson, Reinhold Wagnleiter, and others have argued that foreign audiences around the world increasingly identified American consumer goods and the United States with liberty and freedom of choice, American intellectuals in the 1950s and early 1960s focused their concerns on negative reactions to American life abroad. Belmonte, "Defending a Way of Life: American Propaganda and the Cold War, 1945-1959" (Ph.D. diss., University of Virginia, 1996); Hixson, Parting the Curtain; Wagnleitner, Coca-Colanization and the Cold War The Cultural Mission of the United States in Austria after the Second World War (Chapel Hill, 1994).
29. .Although recent studies by Laura Belmonte, Walter Hixson, Reinhold Wagnleiter, and others have argued that foreign audiences around the world increasingly identified American consumer goods and the United States with liberty and freedom of choice, American intellectuals in the 1950s and early 1960s focused their concerns on negative reactions to American life abroad. Belmonte, "Defending a Way of Life: American Propaganda and the Cold War, 1945-1959" (Ph.D. diss., University of Virginia, 1996); Hixson, Parting the Curtain; Wagnleitner, Coca-Colanization and the Cold War The Cultural Mission of the United States in Austria after the Second World War (Chapel Hill, 1994).
30. Franz M. Joseph and Raymond Aron, eds., As Others See Us: The United States through Foreign Eyes (Princeton, 1959), 65, 101, 112-23, 260, 346-53; William J. Lederer and Eugene Burdick, The Ugly American (New York, 1958), 271-85.
31. Franz M. Joseph and Raymond Aron, eds., As Others See Us: The United States through Foreign Eyes (Princeton, 1959), 65, 101, 112-23, 260, 346-53; William J. Lederer and Eugene Burdick, The Ugly American (New York, 1958), 271-85.
32. Peter Grothe, To Win the Minds of Men: The Story of the Communist Propaganda in East Germany (Palo Alto, 1958), 191-241, quote on 234; Thomas C. Sorensen, The Word War: The Story of American Propaganda (New York, 1968).
33. Peter Grothe, To Win the Minds of Men: The Story of the Communist Propaganda in East Germany (Palo Alto, 1958), 191-241, quote on 234; Thomas C. Sorensen, The Word War: The Story of American Propaganda (New York, 1968).
34. At a 1962 symposium, American academics extensively discussed the question of information policy abroad in the Cold War, what special responsibilities the American information industry should assume, and how this could better serve the cause of world security and peace. John Boardman Whitton, ed., Propaganda and the Cold War. A Princeton University Symposium (Washington, 1963). See also Robert E. Elder, The Foreign Leader Program: Operations in the United States (Westport, 1974); Herbert Passin, China's Cultural Diplomacy (New York, 1963); W. Phillips Davison, International Political Communication (New York, 1965); and idem, Mass Communication and Conflict Resolution: The Role of the Information Media in the Advancement of International Understanding (New York, 1974).
35. At a 1962 symposium, American academics extensively discussed the question of information policy abroad in the Cold War, what special responsibilities the American information industry should assume, and how this could better serve the cause of world security and peace. John Boardman Whitton, ed., Propaganda and the Cold War. A Princeton University Symposium (Washington, 1963). See also Robert E. Elder, The Foreign Leader Program: Operations in the United States (Westport, 1974); Herbert Passin, China's Cultural Diplomacy (New York, 1963); W. Phillips Davison, International Political Communication (New York, 1965); and idem, Mass Communication and Conflict Resolution: The Role of the Information Media in the Advancement of International Understanding (New York, 1974).
36. At a 1962 symposium, American academics extensively discussed the question of information policy abroad in the Cold War, what special responsibilities the American information industry should assume, and how this could better serve the cause of world security and peace. John Boardman Whitton, ed., Propaganda and the Cold War. A Princeton University Symposium (Washington, 1963). See also Robert E. Elder, The Foreign Leader Program: Operations in the United States (Westport, 1974); Herbert Passin, China's Cultural Diplomacy (New York, 1963); W. Phillips Davison, International Political Communication (New York, 1965); and idem, Mass Communication and Conflict Resolution: The Role of the Information Media in the Advancement of International Understanding (New York, 1974).
37. At a 1962 symposium, American academics extensively discussed the question of information policy abroad in the Cold War, what special responsibilities the American information industry should assume, and how this could better serve the cause of world security and peace. John Boardman Whitton, ed., Propaganda and the Cold War. A Princeton University Symposium (Washington, 1963). See also Robert E. Elder, The Foreign Leader Program: Operations in the United States (Westport, 1974); Herbert Passin, China's Cultural Diplomacy (New York, 1963); W. Phillips Davison, International Political Communication (New York, 1965); and idem, Mass Communication and Conflict Resolution: The Role of the Information Media in the Advancement of International Understanding (New York, 1974).
38. At a 1962 symposium, American academics extensively discussed the question of information policy abroad in the Cold War, what special responsibilities the American information industry should assume, and how this could better serve the cause of world security and peace. John Boardman Whitton, ed., Propaganda and the Cold War. A Princeton University Symposium (Washington, 1963). See also Robert E. Elder, The Foreign Leader Program: Operations in the United States (Westport, 1974); Herbert Passin, China's Cultural Diplomacy (New York, 1963); W. Phillips Davison, International Political Communication (New York, 1965); and idem, Mass Communication and Conflict Resolution: The Role of the Information Media in the Advancement of International Understanding (New York, 1974).
39. Belmonte, "Defending a Way of Life"; Hixson, Parting the Curtain; Thomas Klöckner, Public Diplomacy Auswärtige Informations- und Kulturpolitik der USA. Strukturanalyse der Organsiation und Strategien der United States Information Agency und des United States Information Service [Foreign information and cultural policy: A structural analysis of the organization and the strategies of the United States Information Agency and the United States Information Service] (Baden-Baden, 1993), 82-89; Sorensen, The Word War, 47; Michael L. krenn, "'Unfinished Business': Segregation and U.S. Diplomacy at the 1958 World's Fair," Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 591-612.
40. Belmonte, "Defending a Way of Life"; Hixson, Parting the Curtain; Thomas Klöckner, Public Diplomacy Auswärtige Informations- und Kulturpolitik der USA. Strukturanalyse der Organsiation und Strategien der United States Information Agency und des United States Information Service [Foreign information and cultural policy: A structural analysis of the organization and the strategies of the United States Information Agency and the United States Information Service] (Baden-Baden, 1993), 82-89; Sorensen, The Word War, 47; Michael L. krenn, "'Unfinished Business': Segregation and U.S. Diplomacy at the 1958 World's Fair," Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 591-612.
41. Belmonte, "Defending a Way of Life"; Hixson, Parting the Curtain; Thomas Klöckner, Public Diplomacy Auswärtige Informations- und Kulturpolitik der USA. Strukturanalyse der Organsiation und Strategien der United States Information Agency und des United States Information Service [Foreign information and cultural policy: A structural analysis of the organization and the strategies of the United States Information Agency and the United States Information Service] (Baden-Baden, 1993), 82-89; Sorensen, The Word War, 47; Michael L. krenn, "'Unfinished Business': Segregation and U.S. Diplomacy at the 1958 World's Fair," Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 591-612.
42. Belmonte, "Defending a Way of Life"; Hixson, Parting the Curtain; Thomas Klöckner, Public Diplomacy Auswärtige Informations- und Kulturpolitik der USA. Strukturanalyse der Organsiation und Strategien der United States Information Agency und des United States Information Service [Foreign information and cultural policy: A structural analysis of the organization and the strategies of the United States Information Agency and the United States Information Service] (Baden-Baden, 1993), 82-89; Sorensen, The Word War, 47; Michael L. krenn, "'Unfinished Business': Segregation and U.S. Diplomacy at the 1958 World's Fair," Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 591-612.
43. Belmonte, "Defending a Way of Life"; Hixson, Parting the Curtain; Thomas Klöckner, Public Diplomacy Auswärtige Informations- und Kulturpolitik der USA. Strukturanalyse der Organsiation und Strategien der United States Information Agency und des United States Information Service [Foreign information and cultural policy: A structural analysis of the organization and the strategies of the United States Information Agency and the United States Information Service] (Baden-Baden, 1993), 82-89; Sorensen, The Word War, 47; Michael L. krenn, "'Unfinished Business': Segregation and U.S. Diplomacy at the 1958 World's Fair," Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 591-612.
44. Paul Hollander, Anti-Americanism: Critiques at Home and Abroad, 1965-1999 (New York, 1992), 54-57, 337, 339.
45. D. H. Lawrence, Studies in Classic American Literature (New York, 1923), 9-21; Adolf Halfeld, Amerika und der Amerikanismus. Kritische Betrachtungen eines Deutschen und Europäers [America and Americanism: Critical observations of a German and a European] (Jena, 1927); Nolan, Visions of Modernity, 26, 113-14; Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984), 19ff, 167-83, 264ff; Alexander Schmidt, Reisen in die Moderne. Der Amerika-Diskurs des deutschen Bürgertums vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg im europäischen Vergleich [Traveling into modernity: The middle classes' discourse on America before World War One. A European comparison] (Berlin, 1997), 163-69.
46. D. H. Lawrence, Studies in Classic American Literature (New York, 1923), 9-21; Adolf Halfeld, Amerika und der Amerikanismus. Kritische Betrachtungen eines Deutschen und Europäers [America and Americanism: Critical observations of a German and a European] (Jena, 1927); Nolan, Visions of Modernity, 26, 113-14; Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984), 19ff, 167-83, 264ff; Alexander Schmidt, Reisen in die Moderne. Der Amerika-Diskurs des deutschen Bürgertums vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg im europäischen Vergleich [Traveling into modernity: The middle classes' discourse on America before World War One. A European comparison] (Berlin, 1997), 163-69.
47. D. H. Lawrence, Studies in Classic American Literature (New York, 1923), 9-21; Adolf Halfeld, Amerika und der Amerikanismus. Kritische Betrachtungen eines Deutschen und Europäers [America and Americanism: Critical observations of a German and a European] (Jena, 1927); Nolan, Visions of Modernity, 26, 113-14; Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984), 19ff, 167-83, 264ff; Alexander Schmidt, Reisen in die Moderne. Der Amerika-Diskurs des deutschen Bürgertums vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg im europäischen Vergleich [Traveling into modernity: The middle classes' discourse on America before World War One. A European comparison] (Berlin, 1997), 163-69.
48. D. H. Lawrence, Studies in Classic American Literature (New York, 1923), 9-21; Adolf Halfeld, Amerika und der Amerikanismus. Kritische Betrachtungen eines Deutschen und Europäers [America and Americanism: Critical observations of a German and a European] (Jena, 1927); Nolan, Visions of Modernity, 26, 113-14; Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984), 19ff, 167-83, 264ff; Alexander Schmidt, Reisen in die Moderne. Der Amerika-Diskurs des deutschen Bürgertums vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg im europäischen Vergleich [Traveling into modernity: The middle classes' discourse on America before World War One. A European comparison] (Berlin, 1997), 163-69.
49. D. H. Lawrence, Studies in Classic American Literature (New York, 1923), 9-21; Adolf Halfeld, Amerika und der Amerikanismus. Kritische Betrachtungen eines Deutschen und Europäers [America and Americanism: Critical observations of a German and a European] (Jena, 1927); Nolan, Visions of Modernity, 26, 113-14; Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984), 19ff, 167-83, 264ff; Alexander Schmidt, Reisen in die Moderne. Der Amerika-Diskurs des deutschen Bürgertums vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg im europäischen Vergleich [Traveling into modernity: The middle classes' discourse on America before World War One. A European comparison] (Berlin, 1997), 163-69.
50. Herben Marcuse, Der eindimensionale Mensch. Studien zur Ideologie der fortgeschrittenen Industriegesellschaft [One-dimensional man: Studies in the ideology of advanced industrial society] (Neuwied, 1970), 19; Nolan, Visions of Modernity, 114; Adolf Augustus Berle and Gardiner C. Means, The Modern Corporation and Private Property (New York, 1948).
51. Herben Marcuse, Der eindimensionale Mensch. Studien zur Ideologie der fortgeschrittenen Industriegesellschaft [One-dimensional man: Studies in the ideology of advanced industrial society] (Neuwied, 1970), 19; Nolan, Visions of Modernity, 114; Adolf Augustus Berle and Gardiner C. Means, The Modern Corporation and Private Property (New York, 1948).
52. Herben Marcuse, Der eindimensionale Mensch. Studien zur Ideologie der fortgeschrittenen Industriegesellschaft [One-dimensional man: Studies in the ideology of advanced industrial society] (Neuwied, 1970), 19; Nolan, Visions of Modernity, 114; Adolf Augustus Berle and Gardiner C. Means, The Modern Corporation and Private Property (New York, 1948).
53. For an excellent debate over mass media and their impact see Daniel J. Czitrom, Media and the American Mind: From Morse to McLuhan (Chapel Hill, 1982), 136-44; and Marcuse, Der eindimensionale Mensch, 24, 76-78.
54. For an excellent debate over mass media and their impact see Daniel J. Czitrom, Media and the American Mind: From Morse to McLuhan (Chapel Hill, 1982), 136-44; and Marcuse, Der eindimensionale Mensch, 24, 76-78.
55. C. Wright Mills, White Collar. The American Middle Classes (New York, 1951); Vance O. Packard, The Hidden Persuaders (New York, 1957); idem, The Status Seekers: An Exploration of Class Behavior in America and the Hidden Barriers that Affect You, Your Community, Your Future (New York, 1959); idem. The Waste Makers (New York, 1960); David Riesman, The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American Character (New Haven, 1950); William H. Whyte, Jr., The Organization Man (New York, 1956); Paul Lazarsfeld, "Mass Culture Today," in Culture For the Millions? ed. Norman Jacobs (Princeton, 1961), ix-xxv; Joseph M. Siracusa, New Left Diplomatic Histories and Historians: The American Revisionists (Port Washington, 1973), 4; Paul R. Gorman, Left Intellectuals and Popular Culture in the Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill, 1996), 108-85.
56. C. Wright Mills, White Collar The American Middle Classes (New York, 1951); Vance O. Packard, The Hidden Persuaders (New York, 1957); idem, The Status Seekers: An Exploration of Class Behavior in America and the Hidden Barriers that Affect You, Your Community, Your Future (New York, 1959); idem. The Waste Makers (New York, 1960); David Riesman, The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American Character (New Haven, 1950); William H. Whyte, Jr., The Organization Man (New York, 1956); Paul Lazarsfeld, "Mass Culture Today," in Culture For the Millions? ed. Norman Jacobs (Princeton, 1961), ix-xxv; Joseph M. Siracusa, New Left Diplomatic Histories and Historians: The American Revisionists (Port Washington, 1973), 4; Paul R. Gorman, Left Intellectuals and Popular Culture in the Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill, 1996), 108-85.
57. C. Wright Mills, White Collar The American Middle Classes (New York, 1951); Vance O. Packard, The Hidden Persuaders (New York, 1957); idem, The Status Seekers: An Exploration of Class Behavior in America and the Hidden Barriers that Affect You, Your Community, Your Future (New York, 1959); idem. The Waste Makers (New York, 1960); David Riesman, The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American Character (New Haven, 1950); William H. Whyte, Jr., The Organization Man (New York, 1956); Paul Lazarsfeld, "Mass Culture Today," in Culture For the Millions? ed. Norman Jacobs (Princeton, 1961), ix-xxv; Joseph M. Siracusa, New Left Diplomatic Histories and Historians: The American Revisionists (Port Washington, 1973), 4; Paul R. Gorman, Left Intellectuals and Popular Culture in the Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill, 1996), 108-85.
58. C. Wright Mills, White Collar The American Middle Classes (New York, 1951); Vance O. Packard, The Hidden Persuaders (New York, 1957); idem, The Status Seekers: An Exploration of Class Behavior in America and the Hidden Barriers that Affect You, Your Community, Your Future (New York, 1959); idem. The Waste Makers (New York, 1960); David Riesman, The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American Character (New Haven, 1950); William H. Whyte, Jr., The Organization Man (New York, 1956); Paul Lazarsfeld, "Mass Culture Today," in Culture For the Millions? ed. Norman Jacobs (Princeton, 1961), ix-xxv; Joseph M. Siracusa, New Left Diplomatic Histories and Historians: The American Revisionists (Port Washington, 1973), 4; Paul R. Gorman, Left Intellectuals and Popular Culture in the Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill, 1996), 108-85.
59. C. Wright Mills, White Collar The American Middle Classes (New York, 1951); Vance O. Packard, The Hidden Persuaders (New York, 1957); idem, The Status Seekers: An Exploration of Class Behavior in America and the Hidden Barriers that Affect You, Your Community, Your Future (New York, 1959); idem. The Waste Makers (New York, 1960); David Riesman, The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American Character (New Haven, 1950); William H. Whyte, Jr., The Organization Man (New York, 1956); Paul Lazarsfeld, "Mass Culture Today," in Culture For the Millions? ed. Norman Jacobs (Princeton, 1961), ix-xxv; Joseph M. Siracusa, New Left Diplomatic Histories and Historians: The American Revisionists (Port Washington, 1973), 4; Paul R. Gorman, Left Intellectuals and Popular Culture in the Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill, 1996), 108-85.
60. C. Wright Mills, White Collar The American Middle Classes (New York, 1951); Vance O. Packard, The Hidden Persuaders (New York, 1957); idem, The Status Seekers: An Exploration of Class Behavior in America and the Hidden Barriers that Affect You, Your Community, Your Future (New York, 1959); idem. The Waste Makers (New York, 1960); David Riesman, The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American Character (New Haven, 1950); William H. Whyte, Jr., The Organization Man (New York, 1956); Paul Lazarsfeld, "Mass Culture Today," in Culture For the Millions? ed. Norman Jacobs (Princeton, 1961), ix-xxv; Joseph M. Siracusa, New Left Diplomatic Histories and Historians: The American Revisionists (Port Washington, 1973), 4; Paul R. Gorman, Left Intellectuals and Popular Culture in the Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill, 1996), 108-85.
61. C. Wright Mills, White Collar The American Middle Classes (New York, 1951); Vance O. Packard, The Hidden Persuaders (New York, 1957); idem, The Status Seekers: An Exploration of Class Behavior in America and the Hidden Barriers that Affect You, Your Community, Your Future (New York, 1959); idem. The Waste Makers (New York, 1960); David Riesman, The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American Character (New Haven, 1950); William H. Whyte, Jr., The Organization Man (New York, 1956); Paul Lazarsfeld, "Mass Culture Today," in Culture For the Millions? ed. Norman Jacobs (Princeton, 1961), ix-xxv; Joseph M. Siracusa, New Left Diplomatic Histories and Historians: The American Revisionists (Port Washington, 1973), 4; Paul R. Gorman, Left Intellectuals and Popular Culture in the Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill, 1996), 108-85.
62. C. Wright Mills, White Collar The American Middle Classes (New York, 1951); Vance O. Packard, The Hidden Persuaders (New York, 1957); idem, The Status Seekers: An Exploration of Class Behavior in America and the Hidden Barriers that Affect You, Your Community, Your Future (New York, 1959); idem. The Waste Makers (New York, 1960); David Riesman, The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American Character (New Haven, 1950); William H. Whyte, Jr., The Organization Man (New York, 1956); Paul Lazarsfeld, "Mass Culture Today," in Culture For the Millions? ed. Norman Jacobs (Princeton, 1961), ix-xxv; Joseph M. Siracusa, New Left Diplomatic Histories and Historians: The American Revisionists (Port Washington, 1973), 4; Paul R. Gorman, Left Intellectuals and Popular Culture in the Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill, 1996), 108-85.
63. C. Wright Mills, White Collar The American Middle Classes (New York, 1951); Vance O. Packard, The Hidden Persuaders (New York, 1957); idem, The Status Seekers: An Exploration of Class Behavior in America and the Hidden Barriers that Affect You, Your Community, Your Future (New York, 1959); idem. The Waste Makers (New York, 1960); David Riesman, The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American Character (New Haven, 1950); William H. Whyte, Jr., The Organization Man (New York, 1956); Paul Lazarsfeld, "Mass Culture Today," in Culture For the Millions? ed. Norman Jacobs (Princeton, 1961), ix-xxv; Joseph M. Siracusa, New Left Diplomatic Histories and Historians: The American Revisionists (Port Washington, 1973), 4; Paul R. Gorman, Left Intellectuals and Popular Culture in the Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill, 1996), 108-85.
64. Hollander, Anti-Americanism, 54-56; Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Patterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1991); Howard Zinn, "The Politics of History in the Era of the Cold War: Repression and Resistance," in The Cold War and the University: Toward an Intellectual History of the Postwar Years, ed. Noam Chomsky et al. (New York, 1997), 35-72.
65. Hollander, Anti-Americanism, 54-56; Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Patterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1991); Howard Zinn, "The Politics of History in the Era of the Cold War: Repression and Resistance," in The Cold War and the University: Toward an Intellectual History of the Postwar Years, ed. Noam Chomsky et al. (New York, 1997), 35-72.
66. Hollander, Anti-Americanism, 54-56; Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Patterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1991); Howard Zinn, "The Politics of History in the Era of the Cold War: Repression and Resistance," in The Cold War and the University: Toward an Intellectual History of the Postwar Years, ed. Noam Chomsky et al. (New York, 1997), 35-72.
67. Siracusa, New Left Diplomatic Histories, 16-17, 23-49; William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (Cleveland, 1959); Hollander, Anti-Americanism, 47; John Paul Diggins, Rise and Fall of the American Left (New York, 1992), 306-41. To be sure, the core of the revisionist argument, capitalism's thirst for foreign markets, dates back to turn-of-the-century British sociologist John Atkinson Hobson and his widely read book, Imperialism: A Study (London, 1902).
68. Siracusa, New Left Diplomatic Histories, 16-17, 23-49; William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (Cleveland, 1959); Hollander, Anti-Americanism, 47; John Paul Diggins, Rise and Fall of the American Left (New York, 1992), 306-41. To be sure, the core of the revisionist argument, capitalism's thirst for foreign markets, dates back to turn-of-the-century British sociologist John Atkinson Hobson and his widely read book, Imperialism: A Study (London, 1902).
69. Siracusa, New Left Diplomatic Histories, 16-17, 23-49; William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (Cleveland, 1959); Hollander, Anti-Americanism, 47; John Paul Diggins, Rise and Fall of the American Left (New York, 1992), 306-41. To be sure, the core of the revisionist argument, capitalism's thirst for foreign markets, dates back to turn-of-the-century British sociologist John Atkinson Hobson and his widely read book, Imperialism: A Study (London, 1902).
70. Siracusa, New Left Diplomatic Histories, 16-17, 23-49; William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (Cleveland, 1959); Hollander, Anti-Americanism, 47; John Paul Diggins, Rise and Fall of the American Left (New York, 1992), 306-41. To be sure, the core of the revisionist argument, capitalism's thirst for foreign markets, dates back to turn-of-the-century British sociologist John Atkinson Hobson and his widely read book, Imperialism: A Study (London, 1902).
71. Siracusa, New Left Diplomatic Histories, 16-17, 23-49; William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (Cleveland, 1959); Hollander, Anti-Americanism, 47; John Paul Diggins, Rise and Fall of the American Left (New York, 1992), 306-41. To be sure, the core of the revisionist argument, capitalism's thirst for foreign markets, dates back to turn-of-the-century British sociologist John Atkinson Hobson and his widely read book, Imperialism: A Study (London, 1902).
72. Allan Bullock and Oliver Stallybrass, eds., The Harper Dictionary of Modern Thought (New York, 1977), 303, quoted in Philanthropy and Cultural Imperialism: The Foundations at Home and Abroad, Robert F. Arnove (Bloomington, 1982), 2.
73. Allan Bullock and Oliver Stallybrass, eds., The Harper Dictionary of Modern Thought (New York, 1977), 303, quoted in Philanthropy and Cultural Imperialism: The Foundations at Home and Abroad, Robert F. Arnove (Bloomington, 1982), 2.
74. Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, 47; idem, The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and on the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into the Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), 41-42.
75. Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, 47; idem, The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and on the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into the Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), 41-42.
76. Siracusa, New Left Diplomatic Histories, 115, 118; John Tomlinson, Cultural Imperialism: A Critical Introduction (Baltimore, 1991), 7.
77. Siracusa, New Left Diplomatic Histories, 115, 118; John Tomlinson, Cultural Imperialism: A Critical Introduction (Baltimore, 1991), 7.
78. To be sure, the reason for U.S. withdrawal was more complex than just the right to communication which, however, served as a catalyst. Other reasons included the fact that the United States was paying 25 percent of the budget of UNESCO and could not exert the influence it desired. Moreover, the allegations of corruption and cronyism against the then Director-General M'Bow furthered American, British, and Singapore concerns. Eventually, all left at the same time.
79. For an excellent account of the concept's origins mong communication researchers see Emily G. McAnany and Kenton T. Wilkinson, "From Cultural Imperialists to Takeover Victims? Questions on Hollywood's Buyouts from the Critical Tradition." Communication Research 19, no. 6 (December 1992): 724-30; William H. Meyer, "Global News Flows: Dependency and Neoimperialism," Comparative Political Studies 22, no. 3 (October 1989): 243-64.
80. For an excellent account of the concept's origins mong communication researchers see Emily G. McAnany and Kenton T. Wilkinson, "From Cultural Imperialists to Takeover Victims? Questions on Hollywood's Buyouts from the Critical Tradition." Communication Research 19, no. 6 (December 1992): 724-30; William H. Meyer, "Global News Flows: Dependency and Neoimperialism," Comparative Political Studies 22, no. 3 (October 1989): 243-64.
81. Robert A. Packenham, The Dependency Movement: Scholarship and Politics in Devepolment Studies (Cambridge, MA, 1992), 7-32, 199, 202-3.
82. Armand Mattelart and Ariel Dorfman, Para leer al pato Donald (La Habana, 1971) (translated edition: How To Read Donald Duck: Imperialist Ideology in Disney Comic [New York, 1975], 10, 95).
83. Armand Mattelart and Ariel Dorfman, Para leer al pato Donald (La Habana, 1971) (translated edition: How To Read Donald Duck: Imperialist Ideology in Disney Comic [New York, 1975], 10, 95).
84. Herbert I. Schiller, Mass Communications and American Empire (New York, 1969), 14; idem, The Mind Managers (Boston, 1973); idem, Communication and Cultural Domination (White Plains, 1976), 1, 24-45; idem, Information and the Crisis Economy (New York, 1986), 55, 77-93; idem, Culture Inc.: The Corporate Takeover of Public Expression (New York, 1989).
85. Herbert I. Schiller, Mass Communications and American Empire (New York, 1969), 14; idem, The Mind Managers (Boston, 1973); idem, Communication and Cultural Domination (White Plains, 1976), 1, 24-45; idem, Information and the Crisis Economy (New York, 1986), 55, 77-93; idem, Culture Inc.: The Corporate Takeover of Public Expression (New York, 1989).
86. Herbert I. Schiller, Mass Communications and American Empire (New York, 1969), 14; idem, The Mind Managers (Boston, 1973); idem, Communication and Cultural Domination (White Plains, 1976), 1, 24-45; idem, Information and the Crisis Economy (New York, 1986), 55, 77-93; idem, Culture Inc.: The Corporate Takeover of Public Expression (New York, 1989).
87. Herbert I. Schiller, Mass Communications and American Empire (New York, 1969), 14; idem, The Mind Managers (Boston, 1973); idem, Communication and Cultural Domination (White Plains, 1976), 1, 24-45; idem, Information and the Crisis Economy (New York, 1986), 55, 77-93; idem, Culture Inc.: The Corporate Takeover of Public Expression (New York, 1989).
88. Herbert I. Schiller, Mass Communications and American Empire (New York, 1969), 14; idem, The Mind Managers (Boston, 1973); idem, Communication and Cultural Domination (White Plains, 1976), 1, 24-45; idem, Information and the Crisis Economy (New York, 1986), 55, 77-93; idem, Culture Inc.: The Corporate Takeover of Public Expression (New York, 1989).
89. Tomlinson, Cultural Imperialism, 70-75; Benedict Anderson, Imagined Community: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London, 1983); Arnove, Philanthropy and Cultural Imperialism, 2-3.
90. Tomlinson, Cultural Imperialism, 70-75; Benedict Anderson, Imagined Community: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London, 1983); Arnove, Philanthropy and Cultural Imperialism, 2-3.
91. Tomlinson, Cultural Imperialism, 70-75; Benedict Anderson, Imagined Community: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London, 1983); Arnove, Philanthropy and Cultural Imperialism, 2-3.
92. Ninkovich, "The Currents of Cultural Diplomacy," 221.
93. Confusing culture with intellecrualism, American cultural ambassadors had regarded culture not as a unique facet of each country but as the last hurdle the United States had to jump over in order to achieve global and universal understanding and containment. "What passed for universalism," Ninkovich concluded cynically, "was only a projection of America's self-images and a distorted one at that." Frank Ninkovich, The Diplomacy of Ideas: U.S. Foreign Policy and Cultural Relations, 1938-1950 (New York, 1981), 4, 6, 74f, 165ff, 181-83.
94. Samuel Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge, MA, 1981), 239-45.
95. Ralph Willet, The Americanization of Germany, 1945-1949 (London, 1989), 21f, 27; Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963); Emily S. Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890-1945 (New York, 1982); Paul Gurevich, Dialogue of Culture or Cultural Expansion? (Moscow, 1990).
96. Ralph Willet, The Americanization of Germany, 1945-1949 (London, 1989), 21f, 27; Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963); Emily S. Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890-1945 (New York, 1982); Paul Gurevich, Dialogue of Culture or Cultural Expansion? (Moscow, 1990).
97. Ralph Willet, The Americanization of Germany, 1945-1949 (London, 1989), 21f, 27; Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963); Emily S. Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890-1945 (New York, 1982); Paul Gurevich, Dialogue of Culture or Cultural Expansion? (Moscow, 1990).
98. Ralph Willet, The Americanization of Germany, 1945-1949 (London, 1989), 21f, 27; Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963); Emily S. Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890-1945 (New York, 1982); Paul Gurevich, Dialogue of Culture or Cultural Expansion? (Moscow, 1990).
99. E. Richard Brown, "Rockefeller Medicine in China: Professionalism and Imperialism," in Arnove, ed., Philanthropy and Cultural Imperialism, 123-46, particularly 130, 139, 142, (emphasis in original); Andrew Metcalfe, "Living in a Clinic: The Power of Public Health Promotions," Australian Journal of Anthropology 4 (1993): 31-61.
100. E. Richard Brown, "Rockefeller Medicine in China: Professionalism and Imperialism," in Arnove, ed., Philanthropy and Cultural Imperialism, 123-46, particularly 130, 139, 142, (emphasis in original); Andrew Metcalfe, "Living in a Clinic: The Power of Public Health Promotions," Australian Journal of Anthropology 4 (1993): 31-61.
101. Victoria de Grazia, "Mass Culture and Sovereignty: The American Challenge to European Cinemas, 1920-1960," Journal of Modern History 61 (March 1989): 53-87, quote 86-87; William Appleman Williams, Empire as a Way of Life: An Essay on the Causes and Character of America's Present Predicament, along with a Few Thoughts about an Alternative (New York, 1980), 220.
102. Victoria de Grazia, "Mass Culture and Sovereignty: The American Challenge to European Cinemas, 1920-1960," Journal of Modern History 61 (March 1989): 53-87, quote 86-87; William Appleman Williams, Empire as a Way of Life: An Essay on the Causes and Character of America's Present Predicament, along with a Few Thoughts about an Alternative (New York, 1980), 220.
103. Jürgen Habermas, The Theory of the Communicative Action (Boston, 1984); Marshall Berman, All That Is Solid Melts into Air The Experience of Modernity (London, 1983).
104. Jürgen Habermas, The Theory of the Communicative Action (Boston, 1984); Marshall Berman, All That Is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity (London, 1983).
105. Tomlinson, Cultural Imperialism, 140-72.
106. Ibid., 27.
107. Alan J. Bishop, "Western Mathematics: The Secret Weapon of Cultural Imperialism," Race and Class 32 (October-December 1992): 50-65.
108. See, for example. Allen Guttman, "Sports Diffusion: A Response to Maguire and the americanization Commentaries," Sociology of Sport Journal 8 (June 1991): 185-90; and Barrie Houlihan, "Homogenization, Americanization, and Creolization of Sport: Varieties of Globalization," ibid. 11 (December 1994): 356-75.
109. See, for example. Allen Guttman, "Sports Diffusion: A Response to Maguire and the americanization Commentaries," Sociology of Sport Journal 8 (June 1991): 185-90; and Barrie Houlihan, "Homogenization, Americanization, and Creolization of Sport: Varieties of Globalization," ibid. 11 (December 1994): 356-75.
110. Hollander, Anti-Americanism, 4, 38.
111. See, for example, "Uncle Sam Is Pop Culture to the World," U.S. News & World Report 107 (August 1989): 9; Gerald Utting, "More Friend than Foe?" World Press Review 37 (June 1990): 26-27; J. Richard Munro, "Good-bye to Hollywood," Vital Speeches of the Day 56 (15 June) 1990): 524-27; John O'Sullivan, "Home Thoughts from Abroad (European Campaign against U.S. Cultural Imperialism)," National Review 44 (20 January 1992): 6; Christian Tenbrock, "Kühl kalkulierte Kinderwelt" [Coolly calculated kids' world], Die Zeit, 30 September 1994; Dieter E. Zimmer, "Sonst stirbt die deutsche Sprache" [Otherwise the German language will die], ibid., 23 June 1995; Kraft Wetzel, "Mogule gegen Buchhalter" [Moguls versus accountants], ibid., 19 August 1994; Christian W. Thomsen, ed., Cultural Transfer or Electronic Imperialism? The Impact of American Television Programs on European Television (Heidelberg, 1989); and George Ritzer, The McDonaldization of Society: An Investigation into the Changing Character of Contemporary Social Life (Newbury Park, CA, 1993), 187f.
112. See, for example, "Uncle Sam Is Pop Culture to the World," U.S. News & World Report 107 (August 1989): 9; Gerald Utting, "More Friend than Foe?" World Press Review 37 (June 1990): 26-27; J. Richard Munro, "Good-bye to Hollywood," Vital Speeches of the Day 56 (15 June) 1990): 524-27; John O'Sullivan, "Home Thoughts from Abroad (European Campaign against U.S. Cultural Imperialism)," National Review 44 (20 January 1992):
113. See, for example, "Uncle Sam Is Pop Culture to the World," U.S. News & World Report 107 (August 1989): 9; Gerald Utting, "More Friend than Foe?" World Press Review 37 (June 1990): 26-27; J. Richard Munro, "Good-bye to Hollywood," Vital Speeches of the Day 56 (15 June) 1990): 524-27; John O'Sullivan, "Home Thoughts from Abroad (European Campaign against U.S. Cultural Imperialism)," National Review 44 (20 January 1992): 6; Christian Tenbrock, "Kühl kalkulierte Kinderwelt" [Coolly calculated kids' world], Die Zeit, 30 September 1994; Dieter E. Zimmer, "Sonst stirbt die deutsche Sprache" [Otherwise the German language will die], ibid., 23 June 1995; Kraft Wetzel, "Mogule gegen Buchhalter" [Moguls versus accountants], ibid., 19 August 1994; Christian W. Thomsen, ed., Cultural Transfer or Electronic Imperialism? The Impact of American Television Programs on European Television (Heidelberg, 1989); and George Ritzer, The McDonaldization of Society: An Investigation into the Changing Character of Contemporary Social Life (Newbury Park, CA, 1993), 187f.
114. See, for example, "Uncle Sam Is Pop Culture to the World," U.S. News & World Report 107 (August 1989): 9; Gerald Utting, "More Friend than Foe?" World Press Review 37 (June 1990): 26-27; J. Richard Munro, "Good-bye to Hollywood," Vital Speeches of the Day 56 (15 June) 1990): 524-27; John O'Sullivan, "Home Thoughts from Abroad (European Campaign against U.S. Cultural Imperialism)," National Review 44 (20 January 1992): 6; Christian Tenbrock, "Kühl kalkulierte Kinderwelt" [Coolly calculated kids' world], Die Zeit, 30 September 1994; Dieter E. Zimmer, "Sonst stirbt die deutsche Sprache" [Otherwise the German language will die], ibid., 23 June 1995; Kraft Wetzel, "Mogule gegen Buchhalter" [Moguls versus accountants], ibid., 19 August 1994; Christian W. Thomsen, ed., Cultural Transfer or Electronic Imperialism? The Impact of American Television Programs on European Television (Heidelberg, 1989); and George Ritzer, The McDonaldization of Society: An Investigation into the Changing Character of Contemporary Social Life (Newbury Park, CA, 1993), 187f.
115. See, for example, "Uncle Sam Is Pop Culture to the World," U.S. News & World Report 107 (August 1989): 9; Gerald Utting, "More Friend than Foe?" World Press Review 37 (June 1990): 26-27; J. Richard Munro, "Good-bye to Hollywood," Vital Speeches of the Day 56 (15 June) 1990): 524-27; John O'Sullivan, "Home Thoughts from Abroad (European Campaign against U.S. Cultural Imperialism)," National Review 44 (20 January 1992): 6; Christian Tenbrock, "Kühl kalkulierte Kinderwelt" [Coolly calculated kids' world], Die Zeit, 30 September 1994; Dieter E. Zimmer, "Sonst stirbt die deutsche Sprache" [Otherwise the German language will die], ibid., 23 June 1995; Kraft Wetzel, "Mogule gegen Buchhalter" [Moguls versus accountants], ibid., 19 August 1994; Christian W. Thomsen, ed., Cultural Transfer or Electronic Imperialism? The Impact of American Television Programs on European Television (Heidelberg, 1989); and George Ritzer, The McDonaldization of Society: An Investigation into the Changing Character of Contemporary Social Life (Newbury Park, CA, 1993), 187f.
116. See, for example, "Uncle Sam Is Pop Culture to the World," U.S. News & World Report 107 (August 1989): 9; Gerald Utting, "More Friend than Foe?" World Press Review 37 (June 1990): 26-27; J. Richard Munro, "Good-bye to Hollywood," Vital Speeches of the Day 56 (15 June) 1990): 524-27; John O'Sullivan, "Home Thoughts from Abroad (European Campaign against U.S. Cultural Imperialism)," National Review 44 (20 January 1992): 6; Christian Tenbrock, "Kühl kalkulierte Kinderwelt" [Coolly calculated kids' world], Die Zeit, 30 September 1994; Dieter E. Zimmer, "Sonst stirbt die deutsche Sprache" [Otherwise the German language will die], ibid., 23 June 1995; Kraft Wetzel, "Mogule gegen Buchhalter" [Moguls versus accountants], ibid., 19 August 1994; Christian W. Thomsen, ed., Cultural Transfer or Electronic Imperialism? The Impact of American Television Programs on European Television (Heidelberg, 1989); and George Ritzer, The McDonaldization of Society: An Investigation into the Changing Character of Contemporary Social Life (Newbury Park, CA, 1993), 187f.
117. See, for example, "Uncle Sam Is Pop Culture to the World," U.S. News & World Report 107 (August 1989): 9; Gerald Utting, "More Friend than Foe?" World Press Review 37 (June 1990): 26-27; J. Richard Munro, "Good-bye to Hollywood," Vital Speeches of the Day 56 (15 June) 1990): 524-27; John O'Sullivan, "Home Thoughts from Abroad (European Campaign against U.S. Cultural Imperialism)," National Review 44 (20 January 1992): 6; Christian Tenbrock, "Kühl kalkulierte Kinderwelt" [Coolly calculated kids' world], Die Zeit, 30 September 1994; Dieter E. Zimmer, "Sonst stirbt die deutsche Sprache" [Otherwise the German language will die], ibid., 23 June 1995; Kraft Wetzel, "Mogule gegen Buchhalter" [Moguls versus accountants], ibid., 19 August 1994; Christian W. Thomsen, ed., Cultural Transfer or Electronic Imperialism? The Impact of American Television Programs on European Television (Heidelberg, 1989); and George Ritzer, The McDonaldization of Society: An Investigation into the Changing Character of Contemporary Social Life (Newbury Park, CA, 1993), 187f.
118. See, for example, "Uncle Sam Is Pop Culture to the World," U.S. News & World Report 107 (August 1989): 9; Gerald Utting, "More Friend than Foe?" World Press Review 37 (June 1990): 26-27; J. Richard Munro, "Good-bye to Hollywood," Vital Speeches of the Day 56 (15 June) 1990): 524-27; John O'Sullivan, "Home Thoughts from Abroad (European Campaign against U.S. Cultural Imperialism)," National Review 44 (20 January 1992): 6; Christian Tenbrock, "Kühl kalkulierte Kinderwelt" [Coolly calculated kids' world], Die Zeit, 30 September 1994; Dieter E. Zimmer, "Sonst stirbt die deutsche Sprache" [Otherwise the German language will die], ibid., 23 June 1995; Kraft Wetzel, "Mogule gegen Buchhalter" [Moguls versus accountants], ibid., 19 August 1994; Christian W. Thomsen, ed., Cultural Transfer or Electronic Imperialism? The Impact of American Television Programs on European Television (Heidelberg, 1989); and George Ritzer, The McDonaldization of Society: An Investigation into the Changing Character of Contemporary Social Life (Newbury Park, CA, 1993), 187f.
119. See, for example, "Uncle Sam Is Pop Culture to the World," U.S. News & World Report 107 (August 1989): 9; Gerald Utting, "More Friend than Foe?" World Press Review 37 (June 1990): 26-27; J. Richard Munro, "Good-bye to Hollywood," Vital Speeches of the Day 56 (15 June) 1990): 524-27; John O'Sullivan, "Home Thoughts from Abroad (European Campaign against U.S. Cultural Imperialism)," National Review 44 (20 January 1992): 6; Christian Tenbrock, "Kühl kalkulierte Kinderwelt" [Coolly calculated kids' world], Die Zeit, 30 September 1994; Dieter E. Zimmer, "Sonst stirbt die deutsche Sprache" [Otherwise the German language will die], ibid., 23 June 1995; Kraft Wetzel, "Mogule gegen Buchhalter" [Moguls versus accountants], ibid., 19 August 1994; Christian W. Thomsen, ed., Cultural Transfer or Electronic Imperialism? The Impact of American Television Programs on European Television (Heidelberg, 1989); and George Ritzer, The McDonaldization of Society: An Investigation into the Changing Character of Contemporary Social Life (Newbury Park, CA, 1993), 187f.
120. In the summer of 1994, his successor passed the so-called loi Toubon (Toubon law) that forbade the use of foreign vocabulary in advertising, scholarship, and television in order to defend the "language of liberty" against a debased "commercial English." Violators supposedly faced fines of up to $10,000 or six months in jail. The law was later dismissed. Jack Lang, "The Higher the Satellite, the Lower the Culture," New Perspectives Quarterly 8 (Fall 1991): 42-44; Joachim Fritz-Vannahme, "Von Racine zur Rockmusik" [From Racine to rock music], Die Zeit, 14 April 1995; "Dix ans de culture avec Jack Lang" [Ten years of culture with Jack Lang], Ecoute (January 1994): 55.
121. In the summer of 1994, his successor passed the so-called loi Toubon (Toubon law) that forbade the use of foreign vocabulary in advertising, scholarship, and television in order to defend the "language of liberty" against a debased "commercial English." Violators supposedly faced fines of up to $10,000 or six months in jail. The law was later dismissed. Jack Lang, "The Higher the Satellite, the Lower the Culture," New Perspectives Quarterly 8 (Fall 1991): 42-44; Joachim Fritz-Vannahme, "Von Racine zur Rockmusik" [From Racine to rock music], Die Zeit, 14 April 1995; "Dix ans de culture avec Jack Lang" [Ten years of culture with Jack Lang], Ecoute (January 1994): 55.
122. In the summer of 1994, his successor passed the so-called loi Toubon (Toubon law) that forbade the use of foreign vocabulary in advertising, scholarship, and television in order to defend the "language of liberty" against a debased "commercial English." Violators supposedly faced fines of up to $10,000 or six months in jail. The law was later dismissed. Jack Lang, "The Higher the Satellite, the Lower the Culture," New Perspectives Quarterly 8 (Fall 1991): 42-44; Joachim Fritz-Vannahme, "Von Racine zur Rockmusik" [From Racine to rock music], Die Zeit, 14 April 1995; "Dix ans de culture avec Jack Lang" [Ten years of culture with Jack Lang], Ecoute (January 1994): 55.
123. Brad Leithauser, "A Nonesuch People," The Atlantic 260 (4 September 1987): 32-34; George Klay Keih, Jr., "The Roots of Western Influence in Africa: An Analysis of the Conditioning Process," Social Science Journal 29 (1992): 7-19; Pat Aufderheide, "Journals: Sharp Edges," Film Comment 24 (March 1988): 2-6; Meg Greenfield, "An Asian Notebook," Newsweek 107 (10 February 1986): 83-84; James Petras, "Culture Imperialism in the Late 20th Century," Journal of Contemporary Asia 23 (1993): 139-48; E. San Juan, Jr., "Die Behinderung der 'boondocks': US Kulturimperialismus auf den Philippinen" [The discrimination of the 'boondocks': U.S. cultural imperialism in the Philippines], Peripherie 8 (1988): 24-44; Fredy Gsteiger, "Mariannes Sprachpolizei" [Marianne's language police], Die Zeit, 15 July 1994; "Books and Arts in France: The American Connection," Economist, 7 November 1987, 101-2.
124. Brad Leithauser, "A Nonesuch People," The Atlantic 260 (4 September 1987): 32-34; George Klay Keih, Jr., "The Roots of Western Influence in Africa: An Analysis of the Conditioning Process," Social Science Journal 29 (1992): 7-19; Pat Aufderheide, "Journals: Sharp Edges," Film Comment 24 (March 1988): 2-6; Meg Greenfield, "An Asian Notebook," Newsweek 107 (10 February 1986): 83-84; James Petras, "Culture Imperialism in the Late 20th Century," Journal of Contemporary Asia 23 (1993): 139-48; E. San Juan, Jr., "Die Behinderung der 'boondocks': US Kulturimperialismus auf den Philippinen" [The discrimination of the 'boondocks': U.S. cultural imperialism in the Philippines], Peripherie 8 (1988): 24-44; Fredy Gsteiger, "Mariannes Sprachpolizei" [Marianne's language police], Die Zeit, 15 July 1994; "Books and Arts in France: The American Connection," Economist, 7 November 1987, 101-2.
125. Brad Leithauser, "A Nonesuch People," The Atlantic 260 (4 September 1987): 32-34; George Klay Keih, Jr., "The Roots of Western Influence in Africa: An Analysis of the Conditioning Process," Social Science Journal 29 (1992): 7-19; Pat Aufderheide, "Journals: Sharp Edges," Film Comment 24 (March 1988): 2-6; Meg Greenfield, "An Asian Notebook," Newsweek 107 (10 February 1986): 83-84; James Petras, "Culture Imperialism in the Late 20th Century," Journal of Contemporary Asia 23 (1993): 139-48; E. San Juan, Jr., "Die Behinderung der 'boondocks': US Kulturimperialismus auf den Philippinen" [The discrimination of the 'boondocks': U.S. cultural imperialism in the Philippines], Peripherie 8 (1988): 24-44; Fredy Gsteiger, "Mariannes Sprachpolizei" [Marianne's language police], Die Zeit, 15 July 1994; "Books and Arts in France: The American Connection," Economist, 7 November 1987, 101-2.
126. Brad Leithauser, "A Nonesuch People," The Atlantic 260 (4 September 1987): 32-34; George Klay Keih, Jr., "The Roots of Western Influence in Africa: An Analysis of the Conditioning Process," Social Science Journal 29 (1992): 7-19; Pat Aufderheide, "Journals: Sharp Edges," Film Comment 24 (March 1988): 2-6; Meg Greenfield, "An Asian Notebook," Newsweek 107 (10 February 1986): 83-84; James Petras, "Culture Imperialism in the Late 20th Century," Journal of Contemporary Asia 23 (1993): 139-48; E. San Juan, Jr., "Die Behinderung der 'boondocks': US Kulturimperialismus auf den Philippinen" [The discrimination of the 'boondocks': U.S. cultural imperialism in the Philippines], Peripherie 8 (1988): 24-44; Fredy Gsteiger, "Mariannes Sprachpolizei" [Marianne's language police], Die Zeit, 15 July 1994; "Books and Arts in France: The American Connection," Economist, 7 November 1987, 101-2.
127. Brad Leithauser, "A Nonesuch People," The Atlantic 260 (4 September 1987): 32-34; George Klay Keih, Jr., "The Roots of Western Influence in Africa: An Analysis of the Conditioning Process," Social Science Journal 29 (1992): 7-19; Pat Aufderheide, "Journals: Sharp Edges," Film Comment 24 (March 1988): 2-6; Meg Greenfield, "An Asian Notebook," Newsweek 107 (10 February 1986): 83-84; James Petras, "Culture Imperialism in the Late 20th Century," Journal of Contemporary Asia 23 (1993): 139-48; E. San Juan, Jr., "Die Behinderung der 'boondocks': US Kulturimperialismus auf den Philippinen" [The discrimination of the 'boondocks': U.S. cultural imperialism in the Philippines], Peripherie 8 (1988): 24-44; Fredy Gsteiger, "Mariannes Sprachpolizei" [Marianne's language police], Die Zeit, 15 July 1994; "Books and Arts in France: The American Connection," Economist, 7 November 1987, 101-2.
128. Brad Leithauser, "A Nonesuch People," The Atlantic 260 (4 September 1987): 32-34; George Klay Keih, Jr., "The Roots of Western Influence in Africa: An Analysis of the Conditioning Process," Social Science Journal 29 (1992): 7-19; Pat Aufderheide, "Journals: Sharp Edges," Film Comment 24 (March 1988): 2-6; Meg Greenfield, "An Asian Notebook," Newsweek 107 (10 February 1986): 83-84; James Petras, "Culture Imperialism in the Late 20th Century," Journal of Contemporary Asia 23 (1993): 139-48; E. San Juan, Jr., "Die Behinderung der 'boondocks': US Kulturimperialismus auf den Philippinen" [The discrimination of the 'boondocks': U.S. cultural imperialism in the Philippines], Peripherie 8 (1988): 24-44; Fredy Gsteiger, "Mariannes Sprachpolizei" [Marianne's language police], Die Zeit, 15 July 1994; "Books and Arts in France: The American Connection," Economist, 7 November 1987, 101-2.
129. Brad Leithauser, "A Nonesuch People," The Atlantic 260 (4 September 1987): 32-34; George Klay Keih, Jr., "The Roots of Western Influence in Africa: An Analysis of the Conditioning Process," Social Science Journal 29 (1992): 7-19; Pat Aufderheide, "Journals: Sharp Edges," Film Comment 24 (March 1988): 2-6; Meg Greenfield, "An Asian Notebook," Newsweek 107 (10 February 1986): 83-84; James Petras, "Culture Imperialism in the Late 20th Century," Journal of Contemporary Asia 23 (1993): 139-48; E. San Juan, Jr., "Die Behinderung der 'boondocks': US Kulturimperialismus auf den Philippinen" [The discrimination of the 'boondocks': U.S. cultural imperialism in the Philippines], Peripherie 8 (1988): 24-44; Fredy Gsteiger, "Mariannes Sprachpolizei" [Marianne's language police], Die Zeit, 15 July 1994; "Books and Arts in France: The American Connection," Economist, 7 November 1987, 101-2.
130. Brad Leithauser, "A Nonesuch People," The Atlantic 260 (4 September 1987): 32-34; George Klay Keih, Jr., "The Roots of Western Influence in Africa: An Analysis of the Conditioning Process," Social Science Journal 29 (1992): 7-19; Pat Aufderheide, "Journals: Sharp Edges," Film Comment 24 (March 1988): 2-6; Meg Greenfield, "An Asian Notebook," Newsweek 107 (10 February 1986): 83-84; James Petras, "Culture Imperialism in the Late 20th Century," Journal of Contemporary Asia 23 (1993): 139-48; E. San Juan, Jr., "Die Behinderung der 'boondocks': US Kulturimperialismus auf den Philippinen" [The discrimination of the 'boondocks': U.S. cultural imperialism in the Philippines], Peripherie 8 (1988): 24-44; Fredy Gsteiger, "Mariannes Sprachpolizei" [Marianne's language police], Die Zeit, 15 July 1994; "Books and Arts in France: The American Connection," Economist, 7 November 1987, 101-2.
131. Jürgen Krönig, "Die globale Hirnwäsche" [The global brainwashing], Die Zeit, 17 February 1995.
132. Already in 1977, the media scholar Jeremy Tunstall stated that lingual diversity often accounts for the internal rivalry of many competing local cultures; while, for example, ruling elites often pose as the most active consumers of imported media, rural dwellers with little income represent the primary consumers of traditional culture. Jeremy Tunstall, The Media Are American: Anglo-American Media in the World (New York, 1977), 58-59, 115.
133. Frederick Buell, National Culture and the New Global System (Baltimore, 1994), 1-3. For a discussion of "global culture" see Theory, Culture and Society 7 (June 1990).
134. Frederick Buell, National Culture and the New Global System (Baltimore, 1994), 1-3. For a discussion of "global culture" see Theory, Culture and Society 7 (June 1990).
135. Gunnar Sorelius and Michael Srigley, eds., CulturalExchange between European Nations during the Renaissance (Uppsala, 1994); Kurt Düwell, Deutschlands auswärtige Kulturpolitik 1918-1932. Grundlinien und Dokumente [Germany's foreign cultural policy, 1918-1932: Basic structures and documents] (Cologne, 1976); Kurt Düwell and Werner Link, eds., Deutsche auswärtige Kulturpolitik seit 1871 [German foreign cultural policy since 1871] (Cologne, 1981); Rüdiger vom Bruch, Weltpolitik als Kulturmission. Auswärtige Kulturpolitik und Bildungsbürgertum in Deutschland am Vorabend des Ersten Weltkrieges [World policy as a cultural mission: Foreign cultural policy and the middle class in Germany on the eve of World War I] (Paderborn, 1982).
136. Gunnar Sorelius and Michael Srigley, eds., CulturalExchange between European Nations during the Renaissance (Uppsala, 1994); Kurt Düwell, Deutschlands auswärtige Kulturpolitik 1918-1932. Grundlinien und Dokumente [Germany's foreign cultural policy, 1918-1932: Basic structures and documents] (Cologne, 1976); Kurt Düwell and Werner Link, eds., Deutsche auswärtige Kulturpolitik seit 1871 [German foreign cultural policy since 1871] (Cologne, 1981); Rüdiger vom Bruch, Weltpolitik als Kulturmission. Auswärtige Kulturpolitik und Bildungsbürgertum in Deutschland am Vorabend des Ersten Weltkrieges [World policy as a cultural mission: Foreign cultural policy and the middle class in Germany on the eve of World War I] (Paderborn, 1982).
137. Gunnar Sorelius and Michael Srigley, eds., CulturalExchange between European Nations during the Renaissance (Uppsala, 1994); Kurt Düwell, Deutschlands auswärtige Kulturpolitik 1918-1932. Grundlinien und Dokumente [Germany's foreign cultural policy, 1918-1932: Basic structures and documents] (Cologne, 1976); Kurt Düwell and Werner Link, eds., Deutsche auswärtige Kulturpolitik seit 1871 [German foreign cultural policy since 1871] (Cologne, 1981); Rüdiger vom Bruch, Weltpolitik als Kulturmission. Auswärtige Kulturpolitik und Bildungsbürgertum in Deutschland am Vorabend des Ersten Weltkrieges [World policy as a cultural mission: Foreign cultural policy and the middle class in Germany on the eve of World War I] (Paderborn, 1982).
138. Gunnar Sorelius and Michael Srigley, eds., CulturalExchange between European Nations during the Renaissance (Uppsala, 1994); Kurt Düwell, Deutschlands auswärtige Kulturpolitik 1918-1932. Grundlinien und Dokumente [Germany's foreign cultural policy, 1918-1932: Basic structures and documents] (Cologne, 1976); Kurt Düwell and Werner Link, eds., Deutsche auswärtige Kulturpolitik seit 1871 [German foreign cultural policy since 1871] (Cologne, 1981); Rüdiger vom Bruch, Weltpolitik als Kulturmission. Auswärtige Kulturpolitik und Bildungsbürgertum in Deutschland am Vorabend des Ersten Weltkrieges [World policy as a cultural mission: Foreign cultural policy and the middle class in Germany on the eve of World War I] (Paderborn, 1982).
139. Edward Graham Norris, Die Umerziehung des Afrikaners: Togo 1895-1938 [The reeducation of the African: Togo, 1895-1938] (Munich, 1993); Donald Malcolm Reid, "Cultural Imperialism and Nationalism: The Struggle to Define and Control the Heritage of Arab Art in Egypt," International Journal of Middle East Studies 24 (February 1992): 57-76; Ian C. Campbell, "European-Polynesian Encounters: A Critique of the Pearson Thesis," Journal of Pacific History 29 (December 1994): 222-31; Lawrence James, "'The White Man's Burden'? Imperial Wars in the 1890's," History Today 42 (August 1992): 45-51; Brian Stoddart, "Sport, Cultural Imperialism, and Colonial Response in the British Empire," Comparative Studies in Society and History 30 (October 1988): 649-73; John M. Mackenzie, ed., Imperialism and Popular Culture (Manchester, England, 1986).
140. Edward Graham Norris, Die Umerziehung des Afrikaners: Togo 1895-1938 [The reeducation of the African: Togo, 1895-1938] (Munich, 1993); Donald Malcolm Reid, "Cultural Imperialism and Nationalism: The Struggle to Define and Control the Heritage of Arab Art in Egypt," International Journal of Middle East Studies 24 (February 1992): 57-76; Ian C. Campbell, "European-Polynesian Encounters: A Critique of the Pearson Thesis," Journal of Pacific History 29 (December 1994): 222-31; Lawrence James, "'The White Man's Burden'? Imperial Wars in the 1890's," History Today 42 (August 1992): 45-51; Brian Stoddart, "Sport, Cultural Imperialism, and Colonial Response in the British Empire," Comparative Studies in Society and History 30 (October 1988): 649-73; John M. Mackenzie, ed., Imperialism and Popular Culture (Manchester, England, 1986).
141. Edward Graham Norris, Die Umerziehung des Afrikaners: Togo 1895-1938 [The reeducation of the African: Togo, 1895-1938] (Munich, 1993); Donald Malcolm Reid, "Cultural Imperialism and Nationalism: The Struggle to Define and Control the Heritage of Arab Art in Egypt," International Journal of Middle East Studies 24 (February 1992): 57-76; Ian C. Campbell, "European-Polynesian Encounters: A Critique of the Pearson Thesis," Journal of Pacific History 29 (December 1994): 222-31; Lawrence James, "'The White Man's Burden'? Imperial Wars in the 1890's," History Today 42 (August 1992): 45-51; Brian Stoddart, "Sport, Cultural Imperialism, and Colonial Response in the British Empire," Comparative Studies in Society and History 30 (October 1988): 649-73; John M. Mackenzie, ed., Imperialism and Popular Culture (Manchester, England, 1986).
142. Edward Graham Norris, Die Umerziehung des Afrikaners: Togo 1895-1938 [The reeducation of the African: Togo, 1895-1938] (Munich, 1993); Donald Malcolm Reid, "Cultural Imperialism and Nationalism: The Struggle to Define and Control the Heritage of Arab Art in Egypt," International Journal of Middle East Studies 24 (February 1992): 57-76; Ian C. Campbell, "European-Polynesian Encounters: A Critique of the Pearson Thesis," Journal of Pacific History 29 (December 1994): 222-31; Lawrence James, "'The White Man's Burden'? Imperial Wars in the 1890's," History Today 42 (August 1992): 45-51; Brian Stoddart, "Sport, Cultural Imperialism, and Colonial Response in the British Empire," Comparative Studies in Society and History 30 (October 1988): 649-73; John M. Mackenzie, ed., Imperialism and Popular Culture (Manchester, England, 1986).
143. Edward Graham Norris, Die Umerziehung des Afrikaners: Togo 1895-1938 [The reeducation of the African: Togo, 1895-1938] (Munich, 1993); Donald Malcolm Reid, "Cultural Imperialism and Nationalism: The Struggle to Define and Control the Heritage of Arab Art in Egypt," International Journal of Middle East Studies 24 (February 1992): 57-76; Ian C. Campbell, "European-Polynesian Encounters: A Critique of the Pearson Thesis," Journal of Pacific History 29 (December 1994): 222-31; Lawrence James, "'The White Man's Burden'? Imperial Wars in the 1890's," History Today 42 (August 1992): 45-51; Brian Stoddart, "Sport, Cultural Imperialism, and Colonial Response in the British Empire," Comparative Studies in Society and History 30 (October 1988): 649-73; John M. Mackenzie, ed., Imperialism and Popular Culture (Manchester, England, 1986).
144. Edward Graham Norris, Die Umerziehung des Afrikaners: Togo 1895-1938 [The reeducation of the African: Togo, 1895-1938] (Munich, 1993); Donald Malcolm Reid, "Cultural Imperialism and Nationalism: The Struggle to Define and Control the Heritage of Arab Art in Egypt," International Journal of Middle East Studies 24 (February 1992): 57-76; Ian C. Campbell, "European-Polynesian Encounters: A Critique of the Pearson Thesis," Journal of Pacific History 29 (December 1994): 222-31; Lawrence James, "'The White Man's Burden'? Imperial Wars in the 1890's," History Today 42 (August 1992): 45-51; Brian Stoddart, "Sport, Cultural Imperialism, and Colonial Response in the British Empire," Comparative Studies in Society and History 30 (October 1988): 649-73; John M. Mackenzie, ed., Imperialism and Popular Culture (Manchester, England, 1986).
145. Lewis Pyenson, Cultural Imperialism and Exact Sciences: German Expansion Overseas, 1900-1930 (New York, 1985); Daniel Headrick, Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1981); Jürgen Kloosterhuis, Friedliche Imperialisten. Deutsche Auslandsvereine und auswärtige Kulturpolitik 1906-1918 [Peaceful imperialists: German foreign associations and foreign cultural policy, 1906-1918] (New York, 1994).
146. Lewis Pyenson, Cultural Imperialism and Exact Sciences: German Expansion Overseas, 1900-1930 (New York, 1985); Daniel Headrick, Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1981); Jürgen Kloosterhuis, Friedliche Imperialisten. Deutsche Auslandsvereine und auswärtige Kulturpolitik 1906-1918 [Peaceful imperialists: German foreign associations and foreign cultural policy, 1906-1918] (New York, 1994).
147. Lewis Pyenson, Cultural Imperialism and Exact Sciences: German Expansion Overseas, 1900-1930 (New York, 1985); Daniel Headrick, Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1981); Jürgen Kloosterhuis, Friedliche Imperialisten. Deutsche Auslandsvereine und auswärtige Kulturpolitik 1906-1918 [Peaceful imperialists: German foreign associations and foreign cultural policy, 1906-1918] (New York, 1994).
148. Corine Defrance, La politique culturelle de la France sur la rive gauche du Rhin: 1945-1955 [French cultural policy left of the Rhine, 1945-1955] (Strasbourg, 1994); Gabriele Clemens, Britische Kulturpolitik in Deutschland (1945-1949). Literatur, Film, Musik und Theater [British cultural policy in Germany, 1945-1949: Literature, film, music, and theater] (Stuttgart, 1997).
149. Corine Defrance, La politique culturelle de la France sur la rive gauche du Rhin: 1945-1955 [French cultural policy left of the Rhine, 1945-1955] (Strasbourg, 1994); Gabriele Clemens, Britische Kulturpolitik in Deutschland (1945-1949). Literatur, Film, Musik und Theater [British cultural policy in Germany, 1945-1949: Literature, film, music, and theater] (Stuttgart, 1997).
150. Philip H. Coombs, The Fourth Dimension of Foreign Policy: Educational and Cultural Affairs (New York, 1964), 77.
151. For cultural diplomacy within Europe see Anthony Haigh, Cultural Diplomacy in Europe (Strasbourg, 1974); "Diplomacy and Culture: Putting a Price on Shakespeare," Economist, 4 July 1987, 60-61; Chris Hedges, "BBC's Worldwide Cultural Lifeline," New York Times, 31 May 1995; Cultural Life in the Federal Republic of Germany (Bonn, 1989); Patrick J. Boylan, "Europe without Frontiers," Museums Journal 94 (July 1994): 38; Antonio Perotti, The Case for Intercultural Education (Strasbourg, 1994); Pascal Fontaine, A Citizen's Europe (Luxembourg, 1994); Commission of the European Communities, Tourism Unit, Eurotourism: Culture and Countryside: 48 Projects Cofinanced by the European Commission in 1992 (Luxembourg, 1994); and European Economic Community, Staffan Zetterholm, National Cultures and European Integration: Exploratory Essays on Cultural Diversity and Common Policies (Oxford, England, 1994).
152. For cultural diplomacy within Europe see Anthony Haigh, Cultural Diplomacy in Europe (Strasbourg, 1974); "Diplomacy and Culture: Putting a Price on Shakespeare," Economist, 4 July 1987, 60-61; Chris Hedges, "BBC's Worldwide Cultural Lifeline," New York Times, 31 May 1995; Cultural Life in the Federal Republic of Germany (Bonn, 1989); Patrick J. Boylan, "Europe without Frontiers," Museums Journal 94 (July 1994): 38; Antonio Perotti, The Case for Intercultural Education (Strasbourg, 1994); Pascal Fontaine, A Citizen's Europe (Luxembourg, 1994); Commission of the European Communities, Tourism Unit, Eurotourism: Culture and Countryside: 48 Projects Cofinanced by the European Commission in 1992 (Luxembourg, 1994); and European Economic Community, Staffan Zetterholm, National Cultures and European Integration: Exploratory Essays on Cultural Diversity and Common Policies (Oxford, England, 1994).
153. For cultural diplomacy within Europe see Anthony Haigh, Cultural Diplomacy in Europe (Strasbourg, 1974); "Diplomacy and Culture: Putting a Price on Shakespeare," Economist, 4 July 1987, 60-61; Chris Hedges, "BBC's Worldwide Cultural Lifeline," New York Times, 31 May 1995; Cultural Life in the Federal Republic of Germany (Bonn, 1989); Patrick J. Boylan, "Europe without Frontiers," Museums Journal 94 (July 1994): 38; Antonio Perotti, The Case for Intercultural Education (Strasbourg, 1994); Pascal Fontaine, A Citizen's Europe (Luxembourg, 1994); Commission of the European Communities, Tourism Unit, Eurotourism: Culture and Countryside: 48 Projects Cofinanced by the European Commission in 1992 (Luxembourg, 1994); and European Economic Community, Staffan Zetterholm, National Cultures and European Integration: Exploratory Essays on Cultural Diversity and Common Policies (Oxford, England, 1994).
154. For cultural diplomacy within Europe see Anthony Haigh, Cultural Diplomacy in Europe (Strasbourg, 1974); "Diplomacy and Culture: Putting a Price on Shakespeare," Economist, 4 July 1987, 60-61; Chris Hedges, "BBC's Worldwide Cultural Lifeline," New York Times, 31 May 1995; Cultural Life in the Federal Republic of Germany (Bonn, 1989); Patrick J. Boylan, "Europe without Frontiers," Museums Journal 94 (July 1994): 38; Antonio Perotti, The Case for Intercultural Education (Strasbourg, 1994); Pascal Fontaine, A Citizen's Europe (Luxembourg, 1994); Commission of the European Communities, Tourism Unit, Eurotourism: Culture and Countryside: 48 Projects Cofinanced by the European Commission in 1992 (Luxembourg, 1994); and European Economic Community, Staffan Zetterholm, National Cultures and European Integration: Exploratory Essays on Cultural Diversity and Common Policies (Oxford, England, 1994).
155. For cultural diplomacy within Europe see Anthony Haigh, Cultural Diplomacy in Europe (Strasbourg, 1974); "Diplomacy and Culture: Putting a Price on Shakespeare," Economist, 4 July 1987, 60-61; Chris Hedges, "BBC's Worldwide Cultural Lifeline," New York Times, 31 May 1995; Cultural Life in the Federal Republic of Germany (Bonn, 1989); Patrick J. Boylan, "Europe without Frontiers," Museums Journal 94 (July 1994): 38; Antonio Perotti, The Case for Intercultural Education (Strasbourg, 1994); Pascal Fontaine, A Citizen's Europe (Luxembourg, 1994); Commission of the European Communities, Tourism Unit, Eurotourism: Culture and Countryside: 48 Projects Cofinanced by the European Commission in 1992 (Luxembourg, 1994); and European Economic Community, Staffan Zetterholm, National Cultures and European Integration: Exploratory Essays on Cultural Diversity and Common Policies (Oxford, England, 1994).
156. For cultural diplomacy within Europe see Anthony Haigh, Cultural Diplomacy in Europe (Strasbourg, 1974); "Diplomacy and Culture: Putting a Price on Shakespeare," Economist, 4 July 1987, 60-61; Chris Hedges, "BBC's Worldwide Cultural Lifeline," New York Times, 31 May 1995; Cultural Life in the Federal Republic of Germany (Bonn, 1989); Patrick J. Boylan, "Europe without Frontiers," Museums Journal 94 (July 1994): 38; Antonio Perotti, The Case for Intercultural Education (Strasbourg, 1994); Pascal Fontaine, A Citizen's Europe (Luxembourg, 1994); Commission of the European Communities, Tourism Unit, Eurotourism: Culture and Countryside: 48 Projects Cofinanced by the European Commission in 1992 (Luxembourg, 1994); and European Economic Community, Staffan Zetterholm, National Cultures and European Integration: Exploratory Essays on Cultural Diversity and Common Policies (Oxford, England, 1994).
157. For cultural diplomacy within Europe see Anthony Haigh, Cultural Diplomacy in Europe (Strasbourg, 1974); "Diplomacy and Culture: Putting a Price on Shakespeare," Economist, 4 July 1987, 60-61; Chris Hedges, "BBC's Worldwide Cultural Lifeline," New York Times, 31 May 1995; Cultural Life in the Federal Republic of Germany (Bonn, 1989); Patrick J. Boylan, "Europe without Frontiers," Museums Journal 94 (July 1994): 38; Antonio Perotti, The Case for Intercultural Education (Strasbourg, 1994); Pascal Fontaine, A Citizen's Europe (Luxembourg, 1994); Commission of the European Communities, Tourism Unit, Eurotourism: Culture and Countryside: 48 Projects Cofinanced by the European Commission in 1992 (Luxembourg, 1994); and European Economic Community, Staffan Zetterholm, National Cultures and European Integration: Exploratory Essays on Cultural Diversity and Common Policies (Oxford, England, 1994).
158. For cultural diplomacy within Europe see Anthony Haigh, Cultural Diplomacy in Europe (Strasbourg, 1974); "Diplomacy and Culture: Putting a Price on Shakespeare," Economist, 4 July 1987, 60-61; Chris Hedges, "BBC's Worldwide Cultural Lifeline," New York Times, 31 May 1995; Cultural Life in the Federal Republic of Germany (Bonn, 1989); Patrick J. Boylan, "Europe without Frontiers," Museums Journal 94 (July 1994): 38; Antonio Perotti, The Case for Intercultural Education (Strasbourg, 1994); Pascal Fontaine, A Citizen's Europe (Luxembourg, 1994); Commission of the European Communities, Tourism Unit, Eurotourism: Culture and Countryside: 48 Projects Cofinanced by the European Commission in 1992 (Luxembourg, 1994); and European Economic Community, Staffan Zetterholm, National Cultures and European Integration: Exploratory Essays on Cultural Diversity and Common Policies (Oxford, England, 1994).
159. For cultural diplomacy within Europe see Anthony Haigh, Cultural Diplomacy in Europe (Strasbourg, 1974); "Diplomacy and Culture: Putting a Price on Shakespeare," Economist, 4 July 1987, 60-61; Chris Hedges, "BBC's Worldwide Cultural Lifeline," New York Times, 31 May 1995; Cultural Life in the Federal Republic of Germany (Bonn, 1989); Patrick J. Boylan, "Europe without Frontiers," Museums Journal 94 (July 1994): 38; Antonio Perotti, The Case for Intercultural Education (Strasbourg, 1994); Pascal Fontaine, A Citizen's Europe (Luxembourg, 1994); Commission of the European Communities, Tourism Unit, Eurotourism: Culture and Countryside: 48 Projects Cofinanced by the European Commission in 1992 (Luxembourg, 1994); and European Economic Community, Staffan Zetterholm, National Cultures and European Integration: Exploratory Essays on Cultural Diversity and Common Policies (Oxford, England, 1994).
160. Tunstall, The Media Are American, 62.
161. Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Doctrine, and the Cold War (Stanford, 1992), 13-14, passim; idem, "Negotiating from Strength: Acheson, the Russians, and American Power," in Dean Acheson and the Making of U.S. Foreign Policy, ed. by Douglas Brinkley (New York, 1993), 176-210.
162. Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Doctrine, and the Cold War (Stanford, 1992), 13-14, passim; idem, "Negotiating from Strength: Acheson, the Russians, and American Power," in Dean Acheson and the Making of U.S. Foreign Policy, ed. by Douglas Brinkley (New York, 1993), 176-210.
163. Arnove, Philanthropy and Cultural Imperialism; Kraske, Missionaries of the Book; Margaret Blanchard, Exporting the First Amendment: The Press-Government Crusade of 1945-1952 (New York, 1985), 5, 40, 68ff, 168, 402; Hermann-Josef Rupieper, Die Wurzeln der Westdeutschen Nachkriegsdemokratie. Der amerikanische Beitrag 1945-1952 [The roots of West German postwar democracy: The American contribution, 1945-1952] (Opladen, 1993).
164. Arnove, Philanthropy and Cultural Imperialism; Kraske, Missionaries of the Book; Margaret Blanchard, Exporting the First Amendment: The Press-Government Crusade of 1945-1952 (New York, 1985), 5, 40, 68ff, 168, 402; Hermann-Josef Rupieper, Die Wurzeln der Westdeutschen Nachkriegsdemokratie. Der amerikanische Beitrag 1945-1952 [The roots of West German postwar democracy: The American contribution, 1945-1952] (Opladen, 1993).
165. Arnove, Philanthropy and Cultural Imperialism; Kraske, Missionaries of the Book; Margaret Blanchard, Exporting the First Amendment: The Press-Government Crusade of 1945-1952 (New York, 1985), 5, 40, 68ff, 168, 402; Hermann-Josef Rupieper, Die Wurzeln der Westdeutschen Nachkriegsdemokratie. Der amerikanische Beitrag 1945-1952 [The roots of West German postwar democracy: The American contribution, 1945-1952] (Opladen, 1993).
166. Arnove, Philanthropy and Cultural Imperialism; Kraske, Missionaries of the Book; Margaret Blanchard, Exporting the First Amendment: The Press-Government Crusade of 1945-1952 (New York, 1985), 5, 40, 68ff, 168, 402; Hermann-Josef Rupieper, Die Wurzeln der Westdeutschen Nachkriegsdemokratie. Der amerikanische Beitrag 1945-1952 [The roots of West German postwar democracy: The American contribution, 1945-1952] (Opladen, 1993).
167. Emile G. McAnany and Kenton T. Wilkinson, "From Cultural Imperialists to Takeover Victims?" Communication Research 19 (December 1992): 724-48; Daniel Harris, "Make My Rainy Day," Nation 254 (8 June 1992): 790-93; Bernard Weinraub, "Dole Lashes Out at Hollywood for Undermining Social Values," New York Times, 1 June 1995; Ritzer, The McDonaldization of Society, 160ff; Hans Habe, "Europäisches Hollywood" [European Hollywood], Neue Zeitung, 4 November 1946, Feuilleton. For one thing, much of Hollywood's fame was founded by European émigrés. And how do we categorize the continuous criticism of Hollywood movies on the part of many U.S. conservatives such as William Buckley in the 1950s, Barry Goldwater in the 1960s, Richard Nixon in the early 1970s, and Robert Dole in the 1990s - if these movies presumably represent one of America's key instruments for cultural manipulation abroad?
168. Emile G. McAnany and Kenton T. Wilkinson, "From Cultural Imperialists to Takeover Victims?" Communication Research 19 (December 1992): 724-48; Daniel Harris, "Make My Rainy Day," Nation 254 (8 June 1992): 790-93; Bernard Weinraub, "Dole Lashes Out at Hollywood for Undermining Social Values," New York Times, 1 June 1995; Ritzer, The McDonaldization of Society, 160ff; Hans Habe, "Europäisches Hollywood" [European Hollywood], Neue Zeitung, 4 November 1946, Feuilleton. For one thing, much of Hollywood's fame was founded by European émigrés. And how do we categorize the continuous criticism of Hollywood movies on the part of many U.S. conservatives such as William Buckley in the 1950s, Barry Goldwater in the 1960s, Richard Nixon in the early 1970s, and Robert Dole in the 1990s - if these movies presumably represent one of America's key instruments for cultural manipulation abroad?
169. Emile G. McAnany and Kenton T. Wilkinson, "From Cultural Imperialists to Takeover Victims?" Communication Research 19 (December 1992): 724-48; Daniel Harris, "Make My Rainy Day," Nation 254 (8 June 1992): 790-93; Bernard Weinraub, "Dole Lashes Out at Hollywood for Undermining Social Values," New York Times, 1 June 1995; Ritzer, The McDonaldization of Society, 160ff; Hans Habe, "Europäisches Hollywood" [European Hollywood], Neue Zeitung, 4 November 1946, Feuilleton. For one thing, much of Hollywood's fame was founded by European émigrés. And how do we categorize the continuous criticism of Hollywood movies on the part of many U.S. conservatives such as William Buckley in the 1950s, Barry Goldwater in the 1960s, Richard Nixon in the early 1970s, and Robert Dole in the 1990s - if these movies presumably represent one of America's key instruments for cultural manipulation abroad?
170. Emile G. McAnany and Kenton T. Wilkinson, "From Cultural Imperialists to Takeover Victims?" Communication Research 19 (December 1992): 724-48; Daniel Harris, "Make My Rainy Day," Nation 254 (8 June 1992): 790-93; Bernard Weinraub, "Dole Lashes Out at Hollywood for Undermining Social Values," New York Times, 1 June 1995; Ritzer, The McDonaldization of Society, 160ff; Hans Habe, "Europäisches Hollywood" [European Hollywood], Neue Zeitung, 4 November 1946, Feuilleton. For one thing, much of Hollywood's fame was founded by European émigrés. And how do we categorize the continuous criticism of Hollywood movies on the part of many U.S. conservatives such as William Buckley in the 1950s, Barry Goldwater in the 1960s, Richard Nixon in the early 1970s, and Robert Dole in the 1990s - if these movies presumably represent one of America's key instruments for cultural manipulation abroad?
171. Emile G. McAnany and Kenton T. Wilkinson, "From Cultural Imperialists to Takeover Victims?" Communication Research 19 (December 1992): 724-48; Daniel Harris, "Make My Rainy Day," Nation 254 (8 June 1992): 790-93; Bernard Weinraub, "Dole Lashes Out at Hollywood for Undermining Social Values," New York Times, 1 June 1995; Ritzer, The McDonaldization of Society, 160ff; Hans Habe, "Europäisches Hollywood" [European Hollywood], Neue Zeitung, 4 November 1946, Feuilleton. For one thing, much of Hollywood's fame was founded by European émigrés. And how do we categorize the continuous criticism of Hollywood movies on the part of many U.S. conservatives such as William Buckley in the 1950s, Barry Goldwater in the 1960s, Richard Nixon in the early 1970s, and Robert Dole in the 1990s - if these movies presumably represent one of America's key instruments for cultural manipulation abroad?
172. Ito Youichi, "Mass Communication Theories from a Japanese Perspective," Media Culture and Society 12 (October 1990): 423-64.
173. Tomlinson, Cultural Imperialism, 8, 19-28, 84, 140-69, 174ff; Tunstall, The Media Are American, 262; Buell, National Culture, 2-3, 8.
174. Tomlinson, Cultural Imperialism, 8, 19-28, 84, 140-69, 174ff; Tunstall, The Media Are American, 262; Buell, National Culture, 2-3, 8.
175. Tomlinson, Cultural Imperialism, 8, 19-28, 84, 140-69, 174ff; Tunstall, The Media Are American, 262; Buell, National Culture, 2-3, 8.
176. Tomlinson, Cultural Imperialism, 175; Tunstall, The Media Are American, 262, 274-75; Buell, National Culture, 8, 11.
177. Tomlinson, Cultural Imperialism, 175; Tunstall, The Media Are American, 262, 274-75; Buell, National Culture, 8, 11.
178. Tomlinson, Cultural Imperialism, 175; Tunstall, The Media Are American, 262, 274-75; Buell, National Culture, 8, 11.
179. Richard Rorry, "The Intellectuals at the End of Socialism," Yale Review 80 (1992): 1-16; Diggins, The Rise and Fall of the American Left, 364-71; Patricia O'Brien, "Michel Foucault's History of Culture," in The New Cultural History, ed. Lynn Hunt (Berkeley, 1989), 34-40; Robert Buzzanco, "What Happened to the New Left? Toward a Radical Reading of American Foreign Relations, Diplomatic History 23 (Fall 1999): 575-607.
180. Richard Rorry, "The Intellectuals at the End of Socialism," Yale Review 80 (1992): 1-16; Diggins, The Rise and Fall of the American Left, 364-71; Patricia O'Brien, "Michel Foucault's History of Culture," in The New Cultural History, ed. Lynn Hunt (Berkeley, 1989), 34-40; Robert Buzzanco, "What Happened to the New Left? Toward a Radical Reading of American Foreign Relations, Diplomatic History 23 (Fall 1999): 575-607.
181. Richard Rorry, "The Intellectuals at the End of Socialism," Yale Review 80 (1992): 1-16; Diggins, The Rise and Fall of the American Left, 364-71; Patricia O'Brien, "Michel Foucault's History of Culture," in The New Cultural History, ed. Lynn Hunt (Berkeley, 1989), 34-40; Robert Buzzanco, "What Happened to the New Left? Toward a Radical Reading of American Foreign Relations, Diplomatic History 23 (Fall 1999): 575-607.
182. Richard Rorry, "The Intellectuals at the End of Socialism," Yale Review 80 (1992): 1-16; Diggins, The Rise and Fall of the American Left, 364-71; Patricia O'Brien, "Michel Foucault's History of Culture," in The New Cultural History, ed. Lynn Hunt (Berkeley, 1989), 34-40; Robert Buzzanco, "What Happened to the New Left? Toward a Radical Reading of American Foreign Relations, Diplomatic History 23 (Fall 1999): 575-607.
183. Note that German social historians, too, have (re)discovered "Kulturgeschichte" as a cure-all against the curse of structuralism, although in a different fashion. Based on Pierre Bourdieu's notion of the Habitus, social historians increasingly rely on the notion of "culture" as an entity of human "capital," thereby replacing economics with culture. See, for example, the essays in Wolfgang Hardtwig and Hans-Ulrich Wehler, eds., Kulturgeschichte Heute [Cultural history today] (Goettingen, 1996).
184. Pardoxically, this extension of the history to formerly non-historical people, designed to end the times of paradigms, reveals a new paradigm in the understanding of cultural history: the principal refusal to tell one story and to offer one frame of reference. Thomas Mergel, "Kulturgeschichte - die neue 'große Erzählung'?" [Cultural history - The new "great Narrative"?] in Hardtwig and Wehler, eds., Kulturgeschichte Heute, 74.
185. Bill Ashcroft, The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-colonial Literatures (London, 1989); Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman, eds., Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial Theory: A Reader (New York, 1994). Martin W. Sampson III, "Cultural Influences on Foreign Policy," in New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy, ed., Charles F. Hermann, Charles W. Kegley, Jr., and James N. Rosenau (Boston, 1987), 384-405; Jongsuk Chay, ed., Culture and International Relations (New York, 1990); Reinhold Wagnleitner, "The Irony of American Culture Abroad: Austria and the Cold War," in Recasting America: Culture and Politics in the Age of the Cold War, ed. Lary May (Chicago, 1989), 285-301; Wagnleitner, Coca-Colanization and the Cold War, 3.
186. Bill Ashcroft, The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-colonial Literatures (London, 1989); Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman, eds., Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial Theory: A Reader (New York, 1994). Martin W. Sampson III, "Cultural Influences on Foreign Policy," in New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy, ed., Charles F. Hermann, Charles W. Kegley, Jr., and James N. Rosenau (Boston, 1987), 384-405; Jongsuk Chay, ed., Culture and International Relations (New York, 1990); Reinhold Wagnleitner, "The Irony of American Culture Abroad: Austria and the Cold War," in Recasting America: Culture and Politics in the Age of the Cold War, ed. Lary May (Chicago, 1989), 285-301; Wagnleitner, Coca-Colanization and the Cold War, 3.
187. Bill Ashcroft, The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-colonial Literatures (London, 1989); Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman, eds., Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial Theory: A Reader (New York, 1994). Martin W. Sampson III, "Cultural Influences on Foreign Policy," in New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy, ed., Charles F. Hermann, Charles W. Kegley, Jr., and James N. Rosenau (Boston, 1987), 384-405; Jongsuk Chay, ed., Culture and International Relations (New York, 1990); Reinhold Wagnleitner, "The Irony of American Culture Abroad: Austria and the Cold War," in Recasting America: Culture and Politics in the Age of the Cold War, ed. Lary May (Chicago, 1989), 285-301; Wagnleitner, Coca-Colanization and the Cold War, 3.
188. Bill Ashcroft, The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-colonial Literatures (London, 1989); Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman, eds., Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial Theory: A Reader (New York, 1994). Martin W. Sampson III, "Cultural Influences on Foreign Policy," in New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy, ed., Charles F. Hermann, Charles W. Kegley, Jr., and James N. Rosenau (Boston, 1987), 384-405; Jongsuk Chay, ed., Culture and International Relations (New York, 1990); Reinhold Wagnleitner, "The Irony of American Culture Abroad: Austria and the Cold War," in Recasting America: Culture and Politics in the Age of the Cold War, ed. Lary May (Chicago, 1989), 285-301; Wagnleitner, Coca-Colanization and the Cold War, 3.
189. Bill Ashcroft, The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-colonial Literatures (London, 1989); Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman, eds., Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial Theory: A Reader (New York, 1994). Martin W. Sampson III, "Cultural Influences on Foreign Policy," in New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy, ed., Charles F. Hermann, Charles W. Kegley, Jr., and James N. Rosenau (Boston, 1987), 384-405; Jongsuk Chay, ed., Culture and International Relations (New York, 1990); Reinhold Wagnleitner, "The Irony of American Culture Abroad: Austria and the Cold War," in Recasting America: Culture and Politics in the Age of the Cold War, ed. Lary May (Chicago, 1989), 285-301; Wagnleitner, Coca-Colanization and the Cold War, 3.
190. Bill Ashcroft, The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-colonial Literatures (London, 1989); Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman, eds., Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial Theory: A Reader (New York, 1994). Martin W. Sampson III, "Cultural Influences on Foreign Policy," in New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy, ed., Charles F. Hermann, Charles W. Kegley, Jr., and James N. Rosenau (Boston, 1987), 384-405; Jongsuk Chay, ed., Culture and International Relations (New York, 1990); Reinhold Wagnleitner, "The Irony of American Culture Abroad: Austria and the Cold War," in Recasting America: Culture and Politics in the Age of the Cold War, ed. Lary May (Chicago, 1989), 285-301; Wagnleitner, Coca-Colanization and the Cold War, 3.
191. Christine Mangala Frost, for example, has shown that since the 1750s, inhabitants of India welcomed Shakespeare plays in their own theaters but changed the performance according to their own taste and conceptions. Colonial Indians, Frost explained, "were anxious to preserve their cultural identity and yet aware that Westernization was not only inevitable but necessary if India was to emerge from a moribund, feudal world." Christine Mangala Frost, "30 Rupees for Shakespeare: A Consideration of Imperial Theatre in India," Modern Drama 35 (1992): 90-100.
192. According to Boyd's sources, in 1986, 60 percent of the Argentina market, 90 percent of the Singapore market, 85 percent of the Brazilian and thejordan market, and 75 percent of the Egyptian market consisted of pirated tapes. Douglas A. Boyd, "Third World Pirating of U.S. Films and Television Programs from Satellites," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 32 (Spring 1988): 149-61.
193. Ronald V. Bettig, "Extending the Law of Intellectual Property: Hollywood's International Anti-Videocassette Piracy Campaign," Journal of Communication Inquiry 14 (Summer 1990): 55-70.
194. Victoria de Grazia, "Nationalizing Women: The Competition between Fascist Commercial Cultural Models in Mussolini's Italy," in The Sex of Things: Gender and Consumption in Historical Perspective, ed. de Grazia (Berkeley, 1996), 337-58. See also Hans-Dieter Schäfer, Das gespaltene Bewußtsein. Über deutsche Kultur und Lebenswirklichkeit 1933-1945 [The divided consciousness: German culture and the reality of Life], 3d ed. (Munich, 1983); Philipp Gassert, Amerika im Dritten Reich: Ideologie, Propaganda und Volksmeinung [America in the Third Reich: Ideology, propaganda, and public opinion] (Stuttgart, 1997).
195. Victoria de Grazia, "Nationalizing Women: The Competition between Fascist Commercial Cultural Models in Mussolini's Italy," in The Sex of
196. Victoria de Grazia, "Nationalizing Women: The Competition between Fascist Commercial Cultural Models in Mussolini's Italy," in The Sex of Things: Gender and Consumption in Historical Perspective, ed. de Grazia (Berkeley, 1996), 337-58. See also Hans-Dieter Schäfer, Das gespaltene Bewußtsein. Über deutsche Kultur und Lebenswirklichkeit 1933-1945 [The divided consciousness: German culture and the reality of Life], 3d ed. (Munich, 1983); Philipp Gassert, Amerika im Dritten Reich: Ideologie, Propaganda und Volksmeinung [America in the Third Reich: Ideology, propaganda, and public opinion] (Stuttgart, 1997).
197. James S. Ettema and D. Charles Whitney, eds., Audiencemaking: How the Media Create the Audience (Thousand Oaks, CA, 1994); James Lull, World Families Watch Television (Beverly Hills, 1988); idem, Inside Family Viewing Ethnographic Research On Television's Audiences (London, 1990); Munro, "Goodbye to Hollywood"; O'Sullivan, "Home Thoughts from Abroad."
198. James S. Ettema and D. Charles Whitney, eds., Audiencemaking: How the Media Create the Audience (Thousand Oaks, CA, 1994); James Lull, World Families Watch Television (Beverly Hills, 1988); idem, Inside Family Viewing Ethnographic Research On Television's Audiences (London, 1990); Munro, "Goodbye to Hollywood"; O'Sullivan, "Home Thoughts from Abroad."
199. James S. Ettema and D. Charles Whitney, eds., Audiencemaking: How the Media Create the Audience (Thousand Oaks, CA, 1994); James Lull, World Families Watch Television (Beverly Hills, 1988); idem, Inside Family Viewing Ethnographic Research On Television's Audiences (London, 1990); Munro, "Goodbye to Hollywood"; O'Sullivan, "Home Thoughts from Abroad."
200. James S. Ettema and D. Charles Whitney, eds., Audiencemaking: How the Media Create the Audience (Thousand Oaks, CA, 1994); James Lull, World Families Watch Television (Beverly Hills, 1988); idem, Inside Family Viewing Ethnographic Research On Television's Audiences (London, 1990); Munro, "Goodbye to Hollywood"; O'Sullivan, "Home Thoughts from Abroad."
201. James S. Ettema and D. Charles Whitney, eds., Audiencemaking: How the Media Create the Audience (Thousand Oaks, CA, 1994); James Lull, World Families Watch Television (Beverly Hills, 1988); idem, Inside Family Viewing Ethnographic Research On Television's Audiences (London, 1990); Munro, "Goodbye to Hollywood"; O'Sullivan, "Home Thoughts from Abroad."
202. James Lull, China Turned On: Television, Reform, and Resistance (London, 1991); Will Hermes, "Imperialism: Just Part of the Mix?" Utne Reader 66 (November/December 1994): 19-20.
203. James Lull, China Turned On: Television, Reform, and Resistance (London, 1991); Will Hermes, "Imperialism: Just Part of the Mix?" Utne Reader 66 (November/December 1994): 19-20.
204. William H. Meyer, Transnational Media and Third World Development: The Structure and Impact of Imperialism (New York, 1988); David W. Ellwood and Rob Kroes, eds., Hollywood in Europe: Experiences of a Cultural Hegemony (Amsterdam, 1994), 213-301.
205. William H. Meyer, Transnational Media and Third World Development: The Structure and Impact of Imperialism (New York, 1988); David W. Ellwood and Rob Kroes, eds., Hollywood in Europe: Experiences of a Cultural Hegemony (Amsterdam, 1994), 213-301.
206. Bassam Tibi, "Culture and Knowledge: The Politics of Islamization of Knowledge as a Postmodern Project? The Fundamentalist Claim to De-Westernization," Theory, Culture & Society 12 (1995): 1-24.
207. George Klay Kieh, Jr., "The Roots of Western Influence in Africa: An Analysis of the Conditioning Process," Social Science Journal 29 (1992): 7-19; Rakesh Solomon, "Culture, Imperialism, and Nationalist Resistance: Performance in Colonial India," Theatre Journal 46 (October 1994): 323-47; Wimal Dissanayake, ed., Colonialism and Nationalism in Asian Cinema (Bloomington, 1994).
208. George Klay Kieh, Jr., "The Roots of Western Influence in Africa: An Analysis of the Conditioning Process," Social Science Journal 29 (1992): 7-19; Rakesh Solomon, "Culture, Imperialism, and Nationalist Resistance: Performance in Colonial India," Theatre Journal 46 (October 1994): 323-47; Wimal Dissanayake, ed., Colonialism and Nationalism in Asian Cinema (Bloomington, 1994).
209. George Klay Kieh, Jr., "The Roots of Western Influence in Africa: An Analysis of the Conditioning Process," Social Science Journal 29 (1992): 7-19; Rakesh Solomon, "Culture, Imperialism, and Nationalist Resistance: Performance in Colonial India," Theatre Journal 46 (October 1994): 323-47; Wimal Dissanayake, ed., Colonialism and Nationalism in Asian Cinema (Bloomington, 1994).
210. For an incisive collection of essays dealing with this love-hate-relationship see Rob Kroes, ed., Within the U.S. Orbit: Small National Cultures vis-à-vis the United States (Amsterdam, 1991).
211. Claudia Kluckhuhn, "Die Reaktion Frankreichs auf die Amerikanisierung im Rahmen der Debatte um kulturelle Identität der 90er Jahre" [France's reaction to Americanization in the context of the debate on cultural identity in the 1990s], unpublished paper, Universität Bielefeld, 1996.
212. Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993), xi, xii; Irwin M. Wall, L'influence américaine sur la politique française, 1945-1954 [The American influence on French policy, 1945-1954] (Paris, 1989).
213. Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993), xi, xii; Irwin M. Wall, L'influence américaine sur la politique française, 1945-1954 [The American influence on French policy, 1945-1954] (Paris, 1989).
214. Kristin Ross, Fast Cars, Clean Bodies: Decolonization and the Reordering of French Culture (Cambridge, MA, 1995); Etienne Balibar, Les frontières de la démocratie [The borders of democracy] (Paris, 1992), translation of Balibar's quote in Ross, p. 196. See also Henri Astier, "France and anti-Americanism - Part Two," Contemporary Review 262 (June 1993): 295-301; "Books and Arts in France."
215. Kristin Ross, Fast Cars, Clean Bodies: Decolonization and the Reordering of French Culture (Cambridge, MA, 1995); Etienne Balibar, Les frontières de la démocratie [The borders of democracy] (Paris, 1992), translation of Balibar's quote in Ross, p. 196. See also Henri Astier, "France and anti-Americanism - Part Two," Contemporary Review 262 (June 1993): 295-301; "Books and Arts in France."
216. Kristin Ross, Fast Cars, Clean Bodies: Decolonization and the Reordering of French Culture (Cambridge, MA, 1995); Etienne Balibar, Les frontières de la démocratie [The borders of democracy] (Paris, 1992), translation of Balibar's quote in Ross, p. 196. See also Henri Astier, "France and anti-Americanism - Part Two," Contemporary Review 262 (June 1993): 295-301; "Books and Arts in France."
217. Kristin Ross, Fast Cars, Clean Bodies: Decolonization and the Reordering of French Culture (Cambridge, MA, 1995); Etienne Balibar, Les frontières de la démocratie [The borders of democracy] (Paris, 1992), translation of Balibar's quote in Ross, p. 196. See also Henri Astier, "France and anti-Americanism - Part Two," Contemporary Review 262 (June 1993): 295-301; "Books and Arts in France."
218. The concept only changed in the 1970s when intellectuals and cultural politicians began to turn their attention to mass and alternative culture. See, for example, Wolfgang Kaschuba, Volkskultur zwischen feudaler und bürgerlicher Gesellschaft. Zur Geschichte eines Begriffs und seiner gesellschaftlichen Wirklichkeit [Popular culture between feudal and middle class society: The history of a concept and its social reality] (Frankfurt a.M., 1988); Kaschuba, Lebenswelt und Kultur der unterbürgerlichen Schichten im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert [Life and culture of the lower classes in the nineteenth and twentieth century] (Munich, 1990).
219. The concept only changed in the 1970s when intellectuals and cultural politicians began to turn their attention to mass and alternative culture. See, for example, Wolfgang Kaschuba, Volkskultur zwischen feudaler und bürgerlicher Gesellschaft. Zur Geschichte eines Begriffs und seiner gesellschaftlichen Wirklichkeit [Popular culture between feudal and middle class society: The history of a concept and its social reality] (Frankfurt a.M., 1988); Kaschuba, Lebenswelt und Kultur der unterbürgerlichen Schichten im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert [Life and culture of the lower classes in the nineteenth and twentieth century] (Munich, 1990).
220. Jessica C. E. Gienow-Hecht, Transmission Impossible: American Journalism as Cultural Diplomacy in Postwar Germany, 1945-1955 (Baton Rouge, 1999), 10-11, 55-60, 65-68, 129.
221. "Mix" refers to a mixture of mutual cultural influences around the world. Hermes, "Just Part of the Mix?"
222. Krister Malm, "Music on the Move: Traditions and Mass Media," Ethnomusicology 37 (Fall 1993): 339-52; Amanda Swarr, "Kenyan Women: Struggling for Autonomy through Basketry," Off Our Backs 24 (August 1994): 18-19. For an earlier, German conceptual offer, see Urs Bitterli, Die "Wilden" und die "Zivilisierten". Grundzüge einer Geistes- und Kulturgeschichte der europäisch-überseeischen Begegnung [The "savages" and the "civilized": Basic structures of an intellectual and cultural history of the European-extra European encounter] (Munich, 1976); Mike Bal and Inge Boer, The Point of Theory: Practices of Cultural Analysis (New York, 1994); Verner Bickler, Parampil Puthen, and John Philip, Cultural Relationships in the Global Community: Problems and Prospects (New York, 1989); Paul Duncum, "Approaches to Cultural Analysis," Journal of American Culture 10 (Summer 1987): 1-15; Morris Freilich, ed., The Relevance of Culture (New York, 1981); Iriye, "Culture"; Melford E. Spiro, Culture and Human Nature, ed. Benjamin Kilborne and Lewis L. Langness (Chicago, 1987); Anders Stephanson, "Commentary: Considerations on Culture and Theory," Diplomatic History 18 (Winter 1994): 107-19; Anthony R. Welch and Peter Freebody, knowledge, Culture, and Power: International Perspectives on Literacy as Policy and Practice (Pittsburgh, 1993); William Zimmermann and Harold Karan Jacobson, Behavior, Culture, and Conflict in World Politics (Ann Arbor, 1993).
223. Krister Malm, "Music on the Move: Traditions and Mass Media," Ethnomusicology 37 (Fall 1993): 339-52; Amanda Swarr, "Kenyan Women: Struggling for Autonomy through Basketry," Off Our Backs 24 (August 1994): 18-19. For an earlier, German conceptual offer, see Urs Bitterli, Die "Wilden" und die "Zivilisierten". Grundzüge einer Geistes- und Kulturgeschichte der europäisch-überseeischen Begegnung [The "savages" and the "civilized": Basic structures of an intellectual and cultural history of the European-extra European encounter] (Munich, 1976); Mike Bal and Inge Boer, The Point of Theory: Practices of Cultural Analysis (New York, 1994); Verner Bickler, Parampil Puthen, and John Philip, Cultural Relationships in the Global Community: Problems and Prospects (New York, 1989); Paul Duncum, "Approaches to Cultural Analysis," Journal of American Culture 10 (Summer 1987): 1-15; Morris Freilich, ed., The Relevance of Culture (New York, 1981); Iriye, "Culture"; Melford E. Spiro, Culture and Human Nature, ed. Benjamin Kilborne and Lewis L. Langness (Chicago, 1987); Anders Stephanson, "Commentary: Considerations on Culture and Theory," Diplomatic History 18 (Winter 1994): 107-19; Anthony R. Welch and Peter Freebody, knowledge, Culture, and Power: International Perspectives on Literacy as Policy and Practice (Pittsburgh, 1993); William Zimmermann and Harold Karan Jacobson, Behavior, Culture, and Conflict in World Politics (Ann Arbor, 1993).
224. Krister Malm, "Music on the Move: Traditions and Mass Media," Ethnomusicology 37 (Fall 1993): 339-52; Amanda Swarr, "Kenyan Women: Struggling for Autonomy through Basketry," Off Our Backs 24 (August 1994): 18-19. For an earlier, German conceptual offer, see Urs Bitterli, Die "Wilden" und die "Zivilisierten". Grundzüge einer Geistes- und Kulturgeschichte der europäisch-überseeischen Begegnung [The "savages" and the "civilized": Basic structures of an intellectual and cultural history of the European-extra European encounter] (Munich, 1976); Mike Bal and Inge Boer, The Point of Theory: Practices of Cultural Analysis (New York, 1994); Verner Bickler, Parampil Puthen, and John Philip, Cultural Relationships in the Global Community: Problems and Prospects (New York, 1989); Paul Duncum, "Approaches to Cultural Analysis," Journal of American Culture 10 (Summer 1987): 1-15; Morris Freilich, ed., The Relevance of Culture (New York, 1981); Iriye, "Culture"; Melford E. Spiro, Culture and Human Nature, ed. Benjamin Kilborne and Lewis L. Langness (Chicago, 1987); Anders Stephanson, "Commentary: Considerations on Culture and Theory," Diplomatic History 18 (Winter 1994): 107-19; Anthony R. Welch and Peter Freebody, knowledge, Culture, and Power: International Perspectives on Literacy as Policy and Practice (Pittsburgh, 1993); William Zimmermann and Harold Karan Jacobson, Behavior, Culture, and Conflict in World Politics (Ann Arbor, 1993).
225. Krister Malm, "Music on the Move: Traditions and Mass Media," Ethnomusicology 37 (Fall 1993): 339-52; Amanda Swarr, "Kenyan Women: Struggling for Autonomy through Basketry," Off Our Backs 24 (August 1994): 18-19. For an earlier, German conceptual offer, see Urs Bitterli, Die "Wilden" und die "Zivilisierten". Grundzüge einer Geistes- und Kulturgeschichte der europäisch-überseeischen Begegnung [The "savages" and the "civilized": Basic structures of an intellectual and cultural history of the European-extra European encounter] (Munich, 1976); Mike Bal and Inge Boer, The Point of Theory: Practices of Cultural Analysis (New York, 1994); Verner Bickler, Parampil Puthen, and John Philip, Cultural Relationships in the Global Community: Problems and Prospects (New York, 1989); Paul Duncum, "Approaches to Cultural Analysis," Journal of American Culture 10 (Summer 1987): 1-15; Morris Freilich, ed., The Relevance of Culture (New York, 1981); Iriye, "Culture"; Melford E. Spiro, Culture and Human Nature, ed. Benjamin Kilborne and Lewis L. Langness (Chicago, 1987); Anders Stephanson, "Commentary: Considerations on Culture and Theory," Diplomatic History 18 (Winter 1994): 107-19; Anthony R. Welch and Peter Freebody, knowledge, Culture, and Power: International Perspectives on Literacy as Policy and Practice (Pittsburgh, 1993); William Zimmermann and Harold Karan Jacobson, Behavior, Culture, and Conflict in World Politics (Ann Arbor, 1993).
226. Krister Malm, "Music on the Move: Traditions and Mass Media," Ethnomusicology 37 (Fall 1993): 339-52; Amanda Swarr, "Kenyan Women: Struggling for Autonomy through Basketry," Off Our Backs 24 (August 1994): 18-19. For an earlier, German conceptual offer, see Urs Bitterli, Die "Wilden" und die "Zivilisierten". Grundzüge einer Geistes- und Kulturgeschichte der europäisch-überseeischen Begegnung [The "savages" and the "civilized": Basic structures of an intellectual and cultural history of the European-extra European encounter] (Munich, 1976); Mike Bal and Inge Boer, The Point of Theory: Practices of Cultural Analysis (New York, 1994); Verner Bickler, Parampil Puthen, and John Philip, Cultural Relationships in the Global Community: Problems and Prospects (New York, 1989); Paul Duncum, "Approaches to Cultural Analysis," Journal of American Culture 10 (Summer 1987): 1-15; Morris Freilich, ed., The Relevance of Culture (New York, 1981); Iriye, "Culture"; Melford E. Spiro, Culture and Human Nature, ed. Benjamin Kilborne and Lewis L. Langness (Chicago, 1987); Anders Stephanson, "Commentary: Considerations on Culture and Theory," Diplomatic History 18 (Winter 1994): 107-19; Anthony R. Welch and Peter Freebody, knowledge, Culture, and Power: International Perspectives on Literacy as Policy and Practice (Pittsburgh, 1993); William Zimmermann and Harold Karan Jacobson, Behavior, Culture, and Conflict in World Politics (Ann Arbor, 1993).
227. Krister Malm, "Music on the Move: Traditions and Mass Media," Ethnomusicology 37 (Fall 1993): 339-52; Amanda Swarr, "Kenyan Women: Struggling for Autonomy through Basketry," Off Our Backs 24 (August 1994): 18-19. For an earlier, German conceptual offer, see Urs Bitterli, Die "Wilden" und die "Zivilisierten". Grundzüge einer Geistes- und Kulturgeschichte der europäisch-überseeischen Begegnung [The "savages" and the "civilized": Basic structures of an intellectual and cultural history of the European-extra European encounter] (Munich, 1976); Mike Bal and Inge Boer, The Point of Theory: Practices of Cultural Analysis (New York, 1994); Verner Bickler, Parampil Puthen, and John Philip, Cultural Relationships in the Global Community: Problems and Prospects (New York, 1989); Paul Duncum, "Approaches to Cultural Analysis," Journal of American Culture 10 (Summer 1987): 1-15; Morris Freilich, ed., The Relevance of Culture (New York, 1981); Iriye, "Culture"; Melford E. Spiro, Culture and Human Nature, ed. Benjamin Kilborne and Lewis L. Langness (Chicago, 1987); Anders Stephanson, "Commentary: Considerations on Culture and Theory," Diplomatic History 18 (Winter 1994): 107-19; Anthony R. Welch and Peter Freebody, knowledge, Culture, and Power: International Perspectives on Literacy as Policy and Practice (Pittsburgh, 1993); William Zimmermann and Harold Karan Jacobson, Behavior, Culture, and Conflict in World Politics (Ann Arbor, 1993).
228. Krister Malm, "Music on the Move: Traditions and Mass Media," Ethnomusicology 37 (Fall 1993): 339-52; Amanda Swarr, "Kenyan Women: Struggling for Autonomy through Basketry," Off Our Backs 24 (August 1994): 18-19. For an earlier, German conceptual offer, see Urs Bitterli, Die "Wilden" und die "Zivilisierten". Grundzüge einer Geistes- und Kulturgeschichte der europäisch-überseeischen Begegnung [The "savages" and the "civilized": Basic structures of an intellectual and cultural history of the European-extra European encounter] (Munich, 1976); Mike Bal and Inge Boer, The Point of Theory: Practices of Cultural Analysis (New York, 1994); Verner Bickler, Parampil Puthen, and John Philip, Cultural Relationships in the Global Community: Problems and Prospects (New York, 1989); Paul Duncum, "Approaches to Cultural Analysis," Journal of American Culture 10 (Summer 1987): 1-15; Morris Freilich, ed., The Relevance of Culture (New York, 1981); Iriye, "Culture"; Melford E. Spiro, Culture and Human Nature, ed. Benjamin Kilborne and Lewis L. Langness (Chicago, 1987); Anders Stephanson, "Commentary: Considerations on Culture and Theory," Diplomatic History 18 (Winter 1994): 107-19; Anthony R. Welch and Peter Freebody, knowledge, Culture, and Power: International Perspectives on Literacy as Policy and Practice (Pittsburgh, 1993); William Zimmermann and Harold Karan Jacobson, Behavior, Culture, and Conflict in World Politics (Ann Arbor, 1993).
229. Krister Malm, "Music on the Move: Traditions and Mass Media," Ethnomusicology 37 (Fall 1993): 339-52; Amanda Swarr, "Kenyan Women: Struggling for Autonomy through Basketry," Off Our Backs 24 (August 1994): 18-19. For an earlier, German conceptual offer, see Urs Bitterli, Die "Wilden" und die "Zivilisierten". Grundzüge einer Geistes- und Kulturgeschichte der europäisch-überseeischen Begegnung [The "savages" and the "civilized": Basic structures of an intellectual and cultural history of the European-extra European encounter] (Munich, 1976); Mike Bal and Inge Boer, The Point of Theory: Practices of Cultural Analysis (New York, 1994); Verner Bickler, Parampil Puthen, and John Philip, Cultural Relationships in the Global Community: Problems and Prospects (New York, 1989); Paul Duncum, "Approaches to Cultural Analysis," Journal of American Culture 10 (Summer 1987): 1-15; Morris Freilich, ed., The Relevance of Culture (New York, 1981); Iriye, "Culture"; Melford E. Spiro, Culture and Human Nature, ed. Benjamin Kilborne and Lewis L. Langness (Chicago, 1987); Anders Stephanson, "Commentary: Considerations on Culture and Theory," Diplomatic History 18 (Winter 1994): 107-19; Anthony R. Welch and Peter Freebody, knowledge, Culture, and Power: International Perspectives on Literacy as Policy and Practice (Pittsburgh, 1993); William Zimmermann and Harold Karan Jacobson, Behavior, Culture, and Conflict in World Politics (Ann Arbor, 1993).
230. Krister Malm, "Music on the Move: Traditions and Mass Media," Ethnomusicology 37 (Fall 1993): 339-52; Amanda Swarr, "Kenyan Women: Struggling for Autonomy through Basketry," Off Our Backs 24 (August 1994): 18-19. For an earlier, German conceptual offer, see Urs Bitterli, Die "Wilden" und die "Zivilisierten". Grundzüge einer Geistes- und Kulturgeschichte der europäisch-überseeischen Begegnung [The "savages" and the "civilized": Basic structures of an intellectual and cultural history of the European-extra European encounter] (Munich, 1976); Mike Bal and Inge Boer, The Point of Theory: Practices of Cultural Analysis (New York, 1994); Verner Bickler, Parampil Puthen, and John Philip, Cultural Relationships in the Global Community: Problems and Prospects (New York, 1989); Paul Duncum, "Approaches to Cultural Analysis," Journal of American Culture 10 (Summer 1987): 1-15; Morris Freilich, ed., The Relevance of Culture (New York, 1981); Iriye, "Culture"; Melford E. Spiro, Culture and Human Nature, ed. Benjamin Kilborne and Lewis L. Langness (Chicago, 1987); Anders Stephanson, "Commentary: Considerations on Culture and Theory," Diplomatic History 18 (Winter 1994): 107-19; Anthony R. Welch and Peter Freebody, knowledge, Culture, and Power: International Perspectives on Literacy as Policy and Practice (Pittsburgh, 1993); William Zimmermann and Harold Karan Jacobson, Behavior, Culture, and Conflict in World Politics (Ann Arbor, 1993).
231. Krister Malm, "Music on the Move: Traditions and Mass Media," Ethnomusicology 37 (Fall 1993): 339-52; Amanda Swarr, "Kenyan Women: Struggling for Autonomy through Basketry," Off Our Backs 24 (August 1994): 18-19. For an earlier, German conceptual offer, see Urs Bitterli, Die "Wilden" und die "Zivilisierten". Grundzüge einer Geistes- und Kulturgeschichte der europäisch-überseeischen Begegnung [The "savages" and the "civilized": Basic structures of an intellectual and cultural history of the European-extra European encounter] (Munich, 1976); Mike Bal and Inge Boer, The Point of Theory: Practices of Cultural Analysis (New York, 1994); Verner Bickler, Parampil Puthen, and John Philip, Cultural Relationships in the Global Community: Problems and Prospects (New York, 1989); Paul Duncum, "Approaches to Cultural Analysis," Journal of American Culture 10 (Summer 1987): 1-15; Morris Freilich, ed., The Relevance of Culture (New York, 1981); Iriye, "Culture"; Melford E. Spiro, Culture and Human Nature, ed. Benjamin Kilborne and Lewis L. Langness (Chicago, 1987); Anders Stephanson, "Commentary: Considerations on Culture and Theory," Diplomatic History 18 (Winter 1994): 107-19; Anthony R. Welch and Peter Freebody, knowledge, Culture, and Power: International Perspectives on Literacy as Policy and Practice (Pittsburgh, 1993); William Zimmermann and Harold Karan Jacobson, Behavior, Culture, and Conflict in World Politics (Ann Arbor, 1993).
232. Krister Malm, "Music on the Move: Traditions and Mass Media," Ethnomusicology 37 (Fall 1993): 339-52; Amanda Swarr, "Kenyan Women: Struggling for Autonomy through Basketry," Off Our Backs 24 (August 1994): 18-19. For an earlier, German conceptual offer, see Urs Bitterli, Die "Wilden" und die "Zivilisierten". Grundzüge einer Geistes- und Kulturgeschichte der europäisch-überseeischen Begegnung [The "savages" and the "civilized": Basic structures of an intellectual and cultural history of the European-extra European encounter] (Munich, 1976); Mike Bal and Inge Boer, The Point of Theory: Practices of Cultural Analysis (New York, 1994); Verner Bickler, Parampil Puthen, and John Philip, Cultural Relationships in the Global Community: Problems and Prospects (New York, 1989); Paul Duncum, "Approaches to Cultural Analysis," Journal of American Culture 10 (Summer 1987): 1-15; Morris Freilich, ed., The Relevance of Culture (New York, 1981); Iriye, "Culture"; Melford E. Spiro, Culture and Human Nature, ed. Benjamin Kilborne and Lewis L. Langness (Chicago, 1987); Anders Stephanson, "Commentary: Considerations on Culture and Theory," Diplomatic History 18 (Winter 1994): 107-19; Anthony R. Welch and Peter Freebody, knowledge, Culture, and Power: International Perspectives on Literacy as Policy and Practice (Pittsburgh, 1993); William Zimmermann and Harold Karan Jacobson, Behavior, Culture, and Conflict in World Politics (Ann Arbor, 1993).
233. Krister Malm, "Music on the Move: Traditions and Mass Media," Ethnomusicology 37 (Fall 1993): 339-52; Amanda Swarr, "Kenyan Women: Struggling for Autonomy through Basketry," Off Our Backs 24 (August 1994): 18-19. For an earlier, German conceptual offer, see Urs Bitterli, Die "Wilden" und die "Zivilisierten". Grundzüge einer Geistes- und Kulturgeschichte der europäisch-überseeischen Begegnung [The "savages" and the "civilized": Basic structures of an intellectual and cultural history of the European-extra European encounter] (Munich, 1976); Mike Bal and Inge Boer, The Point of Theory: Practices of Cultural Analysis (New York, 1994); Verner Bickler, Parampil Puthen, and John Philip, Cultural Relationships in the Global Community: Problems and Prospects (New York, 1989); Paul Duncum, "Approaches to Cultural Analysis," Journal of American Culture 10 (Summer 1987): 1-15; Morris Freilich, ed., The Relevance of Culture (New York, 1981); Iriye, "Culture"; Melford E. Spiro, Culture and Human Nature, ed. Benjamin Kilborne and Lewis L. Langness (Chicago, 1987); Anders Stephanson, "Commentary: Considerations on Culture and Theory," Diplomatic History 18 (Winter 1994): 107-19; Anthony R. Welch and Peter Freebody, knowledge, Culture, and Power: International Perspectives on Literacy as Policy and Practice (Pittsburgh, 1993); William Zimmermann and Harold Karan Jacobson, Behavior, Culture, and Conflict in World Politics (Ann Arbor, 1993).
234. See, for example, Marcus W. Feldman and Lev A. Zhivotovsky, "Gene-Culture Coevolution: Toward a General Theory of Vertical Transmission," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 89 (15 December 1992): 11935-38; Harvee Whitehouse, "Memorable Religions: Transmission, Codification and Change in Divergent Melanesian Contexts," Man 27 (December 1992): 777-97.
235. See, for example, Marcus W. Feldman and Lev A. Zhivotovsky, "Gene-Culture Coevolution: Toward a General Theory of Vertical Transmission," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 89 (15 December 1992): 11935-38; Harvee Whitehouse, "Memorable Religions: Transmission, Codification and Change in Divergent Melanesian Contexts," Man 27 (December 1992): 777-97.
236. Richard Pells, "American Culture Abroad: The European Experience since 1945," in Cultural Transmissions and Receptions: American Mass Culture in Europe, ed. Rob Kroes, Robert W. Rydell, and Doeko F. J. Bosscher (Amsterdam, 1993), 67-83, quote 82f. See also Pells, Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II (New York, 1997); Carol Gluck, "The Power of Culture," in The Occupation of Japan: Arts and Culture, ed. Thomas W. Burkman, (Norfolk, VA, 1988), 245-59; Sibylle Brändlei, "'Cultural Transmissions, Cultural Receptions': Der Konsum und seine Bedeutungen in der Schweiz der 1950er und 60er Jahre im Spiegel US-amerikanischer Einflüsse" ["'Cultural Transmissions, Cultural Receptions': Consumerism and its meaning in Switzerland in the 1950s and 1960s as reflected by U.S. images"] (Ph.D. diss., Universität Basel, 1997).
237. Richard Pells, "American Culture Abroad: The European Experience since 1945," in Cultural Transmissions and Receptions: American Mass Culture in Europe, ed. Rob Kroes, Robert W. Rydell, and Doeko F. J. Bosscher (Amsterdam, 1993), 67-83, quote 82f. See also Pells, Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II (New York, 1997); Carol Gluck, "The Power of Culture," in The Occupation of Japan: Arts and Culture, ed. Thomas W. Burkman, (Norfolk, VA, 1988), 245-59; Sibylle Brändlei, "'Cultural Transmissions, Cultural Receptions': Der Konsum und seine Bedeutungen in der Schweiz der 1950er und 60er Jahre im Spiegel US-amerikanischer Einflüsse" ["'Cultural Transmissions, Cultural Receptions': Consumerism and its meaning in Switzerland in the 1950s and 1960s as reflected by U.S. images"] (Ph.D. diss., Universität Basel, 1997).
238. Richard Pells, "American Culture Abroad: The European Experience since 1945," in Cultural Transmissions and Receptions: American Mass Culture in Europe, ed. Rob Kroes, Robert W. Rydell, and Doeko F. J. Bosscher (Amsterdam, 1993), 67-83, quote 82f. See also Pells, Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II (New York, 1997); Carol Gluck, "The Power of Culture," in The Occupation of Japan: Arts and Culture, ed. Thomas W. Burkman, (Norfolk, VA, 1988), 245-59; Sibylle Brändlei, "'Cultural Transmissions, Cultural Receptions': Der Konsum und seine Bedeutungen in der Schweiz der 1950er und 60er Jahre im Spiegel US-amerikanischer Einflüsse" ["'Cultural Transmissions, Cultural Receptions': Consumerism and its meaning in Switzerland in the 1950s and 1960s as reflected by U.S. images"] (Ph.D. diss., Universität Basel, 1997).
239. Richard Pells, "American Culture Abroad: The European Experience since 1945," in Cultural Transmissions and Receptions: American Mass Culture in Europe, ed. Rob Kroes, Robert W. Rydell, and Doeko F. J. Bosscher (Amsterdam, 1993), 67-83, quote 82f. See also Pells, Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II (New York, 1997); Carol Gluck, "The Power of Culture," in The Occupation of Japan: Arts and Culture, ed. Thomas W. Burkman, (Norfolk, VA, 1988), 245-59; Sibylle Brändlei, "'Cultural Transmissions, Cultural Receptions': Der Konsum und seine Bedeutungen in der Schweiz der 1950er und 60er Jahre im Spiegel US-amerikanischer Einflüsse" ["'Cultural Transmissions, Cultural Receptions': Consumerism and its meaning in Switzerland in the 1950s and 1960s as reflected by U.S. images"] (Ph.D. diss., Universität Basel, 1997).
240. Otto Gerhard Oexle, "Geschichte als Historische Kulturwissenschaft" [History as historical cultural studies], in Hardtwig and Wehler, eds., Kulturgeschichte Heute, 14-40; Nikolai Genov, "Internationalization of Sociology: The Unfinished Agenda," Current Sociology 39 (Spring 1991): 1-19; Frank Lechner, "Parsons' Action Theory and the Common Culture Thesis," Theory, Culture and Society 2 (1984): 71-83.
241. Otto Gerhard Oexle, "Geschichte als Historische Kulturwissenschaft" [History as historical cultural studies], in Hardtwig and Wehler, eds., Kulturgeschichte Heute, 14-40; Nikolai Genov, "Internationalization of Sociology: The Unfinished Agenda," Current Sociology 39 (Spring 1991): 1-19; Frank Lechner, "Parsons' Action Theory and the Common Culture Thesis," Theory, Culture and Society 2 (1984): 71-83.
242. Otto Gerhard Oexle, "Geschichte als Historische Kulturwissenschaft" [History as historical cultural studies], in Hardtwig and Wehler, eds., Kulturgeschichte Heute, 14-40; Nikolai Genov, "Internationalization of Sociology: The Unfinished Agenda," Current Sociology 39 (Spring 1991): 1-19; Frank Lechner, "Parsons' Action Theory and the Common Culture Thesis," Theory, Culture and Society 2 (1984): 71-83.
243. Georg Simmel, "Soziologie des Raumes" [Sociology of space] (1903), Gesamtausgabe, vol. 7 (Frankfurt a.M., 1995), 138-46; idem, Philosophie des Geldes [The philosophy of money] (1900), ibid., vol. 6 (Frankfurt/Main; 1989), 9ff. For a recent analysis of the cultural limits of expansionism see Jürgen Osterhammel, "Kulturelle Grenzen in der Expansion Europas" [The cultural limits of the European expansion], Saeculum 46 (1995): 101-38.
244. Georg Simmel, "Soziologie des Raumes" [Sociology of space] (1903), Gesamtausgabe, vol. 7 (Frankfurt a.M., 1995), 138-46; idem, Philosophie des Geldes [The philosophy of money] (1900), ibid., vol. 6 (Frankfurt/Main; 1989), 9ff. For a recent analysis of the cultural limits of expansionism see Jürgen Osterhammel, "Kulturelle Grenzen in der Expansion Europas" [The cultural limits of the European expansion], Saeculum 46 (1995): 101-38.
245. Georg Simmel, "Soziologie des Raumes" [Sociology of space] (1903), Gesamtausgabe, vol. 7 (Frankfurt a.M., 1995), 138-46; idem, Philosophie des Geldes [The philosophy of money] (1900), ibid., vol. 6 (Frankfurt/Main; 1989), 9ff. For a recent analysis of the cultural limits of expansionism see Jürgen Osterhammel, "Kulturelle Grenzen in der Expansion Europas" [The cultural limits of the European expansion], Saeculum 46 (1995): 101-38.
246. Georg Simmel, "Soziologie des Raumes" [Sociology of space] (1903), Gesamtausgabe, vol. 7 (Frankfurt a.M., 1995), 138-46; idem, Philosophie des Geldes [The philosophy of money] (1900), ibid., vol. 6 (Frankfurt/Main; 1989), 9ff. For a recent analysis of the cultural limits of expansionism see Jürgen Osterhammel, "Kulturelle Grenzen in der Expansion Europas" [The cultural limits of the European expansion], Saeculum 46 (1995): 101-38.
247. Georg Simmel, "Soziologie des Raumes" [Sociology of space] (1903), Gesamtausgabe, vol. 7 (Frankfurt a.M., 1995), 138-46; idem, Philosophie des Geldes [The philosophy of money] (1900), ibid., vol. 6 (Frankfurt/Main; 1989), 9ff. For a recent analysis of the cultural limits of expansionism see Jürgen Osterhammel, "Kulturelle Grenzen in der Expansion Europas" [The cultural limits of the European expansion], Saeculum 46 (1995): 101-38.
248. John Tomlinson, "A Phenomenology of Globalization? Giddens on Global Modernity," European Journal of Communication 9 (June 1994): 149-72; Barry Smart, "Sociology, Globalisation and Postmodernity: Comments on the 'Sociology for One World' Thesis," International Sociology 9 (June 1994): 149-59; Roland Axtmann, "Society, Globalization and the Comparative Method," History of the Human Sciences 6 (May 1993): 53-74.
249. John Tomlinson, "A Phenomenology of Globalization? Giddens on Global Modernity," European Journal of Communication 9 (June 1994): 149-72; Barry Smart, "Sociology, Globalisation and Postmodernity: Comments on the 'Sociology for One World' Thesis," International Sociology 9 (June 1994): 149-59; Roland Axtmann, "Society, Globalization and the Comparative Method," History of the Human Sciences 6 (May 1993): 53-74.
250. John Tomlinson, "A Phenomenology of Globalization? Giddens on Global Modernity," European Journal of Communication 9 (June 1994): 149-72; Barry Smart, "Sociology, Globalisation and Postmodernity: Comments on the 'Sociology for One World' Thesis," International Sociology 9 (June 1994): 149-59; Roland Axtmann, "Society, Globalization and the Comparative Method," History of the Human Sciences 6 (May 1993): 53-74.
251. Roland Robertson, "Mapping the Global Condition: Globalization as the Central Concept," Theory, Culture & Society 7 (June 1990): 15-30, esp. 24-25; Anthony D. Smith, "Towards a Global Culture?" ibid., 171-91.
252. Roland Robertson, "Mapping the Global Condition: Globalization as the Central Concept," Theory, Culture & Society 7 (June 1990): 15-30, esp. 24-25; Anthony D. Smith, "Towards a Global Culture?" ibid., 171-91.
253. Patterson also stresses the vitality of local cultures and their impact on U.S. culture. Orlando Patterson, "Ecumenical America: Global Culture and the American Cosmos," World Policy Journal 11 (Summer 1994): 103-17; and David Rieff, "A Global Culture?" ibid. 10 (Winter 1993-94): 75-81.
254. Patterson also stresses the vitality of local cultures and their impact on U.S. culture. Orlando Patterson, "Ecumenical America: Global Culture and the American Cosmos," World Policy Journal 11 (Summer 1994): 103-17; and David Rieff, "A Global Culture?" ibid. 10 (Winter 1993-94): 75-81.
255. Peter Beyer, Religion and Globalization (London, 1994), 8-9.
256. Buell, National Culture; Karen Fog Olwig, Global Culture, Island Identity: Continuity and Change in the Afro-Caribbean Community of Nevis (Philadelphia, 1992); James Lull, Media. Communication, Culture: A Global Approach (New York, 1995).
257. Buell, National Culture; Karen Fog Olwig, Global Culture, Island Identity: Continuity and Change in the Afro-Caribbean Community of Nevis (Philadelphia, 1992); James Lull, Media. Communication, Culture: A Global Approach (New York, 1995).
258. Buell, National Culture; Karen Fog Olwig, Global Culture, Island Identity: Continuity and Change in the Afro-Caribbean Community of Nevis (Philadelphia, 1992); James Lull, Media. Communication, Culture: A Global Approach (New York, 1995).
259. Samuel P Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs 72 (Summer 1993): 22-49. For critique of Huntington's thesis see "Comments," ibid. (September/October 1993): 1-26; Peter Steinfels, "Speculating on Wars of the Future: Instead of Ideologies, Combatants May be Cultures," New York Times, 16 April 1994; Josef Joffe, "A Clash Between Civilizations - or Within Them?" World Press Review 41 (February 1994): 24-25; Chandra Muzaffar, "The West's Hidden Agenda," ibid., 25-26; and Huntington's response, "If Not Civilizations, What?" Foreign Affairs 72 (November/December 1993): 186-94.
260. Samuel P Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs 72 (Summer 1993): 22-49. For critique of Huntington's thesis see "Comments," ibid. (September/October 1993): 1-26; Peter Steinfels, "Speculating on Wars of the Future: Instead of Ideologies, Combatants May be Cultures," New York Times, 16 April 1994; Josef Joffe, "A Clash Between Civilizations - or Within Them?" World Press Review 41 (February 1994): 24-25; Chandra Muzaffar, "The West's Hidden Agenda," ibid., 25-26; and Huntington's response, "If Not Civilizations, What?" Foreign Affairs 72 (November/December 1993): 186-94.
261. Samuel P Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs 72 (Summer 1993): 22-49. For critique of Huntington's thesis see "Comments," ibid. (September/October 1993): 1-26; Peter Steinfels, "Speculating on Wars of the Future: Instead of Ideologies, Combatants May be Cultures," New York Times, 16 April 1994; Josef Joffe, "A Clash Between Civilizations - or Within Them?" World Press Review 41 (February 1994): 24-25; Chandra Muzaffar, "The West's Hidden Agenda," ibid., 25-26; and Huntington's response, "If Not Civilizations, What?" Foreign Affairs 72 (November/December 1993): 186-94.
262. Samuel P Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs 72 (Summer 1993): 22-49. For critique of Huntington's thesis see "Comments," ibid. (September/October 1993): 1-26; Peter Steinfels, "Speculating on Wars of the Future: Instead of Ideologies, Combatants May be Cultures," New York Times, 16 April 1994; Josef Joffe, "A Clash Between Civilizations - or Within Them?" World Press Review 41 (February 1994): 24-25; Chandra Muzaffar, "The West's Hidden Agenda," ibid., 25-26; and Huntington's response, "If Not Civilizations, What?" Foreign Affairs 72 (November/December 1993): 186-94.
263. Samuel P Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs 72 (Summer 1993): 22-49. For critique of Huntington's thesis see "Comments," ibid. (September/October 1993): 1-26; Peter Steinfels, "Speculating on Wars of the Future: Instead of Ideologies, Combatants May be Cultures," New York Times, 16 April 1994; Josef Joffe, "A Clash Between Civilizations - or Within Them?" World Press Review 41 (February 1994): 24-25; Chandra Muzaffar, "The West's Hidden Agenda," ibid., 25-26; and Huntington's response, "If Not Civilizations, What?" Foreign Affairs 72 (November/December 1993): 186-94.
264. Samuel P Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs 72 (Summer 1993): 22-49. For critique of Huntington's thesis see "Comments," ibid. (September/October 1993): 1-26; Peter Steinfels, "Speculating on Wars of the Future: Instead of Ideologies, Combatants May be Cultures," New York Times, 16 April 1994; Josef Joffe, "A Clash Between Civilizations - or Within Them?" World Press Review 41 (February 1994): 24-25; Chandra Muzaffar, "The West's Hidden Agenda," ibid., 25-26; and Huntington's response, "If Not Civilizations, What?" Foreign Affairs 72 (November/December 1993): 186-94.
265. Charles Bright and Michael Geyer, "For a Unified History of the World in the Twentieth Century," Radical History Review 39 (Fall 1987): 69-90. Quoted also in Buell, National Culture, 6; and Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York, 1992).
266. Charles Bright and Michael Geyer, "For a Unified History of the World in the Twentieth Century," Radical History Review 39 (Fall 1987): 69-90. Quoted also in Buell, National Culture, 6; and Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York, 1992).
267. Charles Bright and Michael Geyer, "For a Unified History of the World in the Twentieth Century," Radical History Review 39 (Fall 1987): 69-90. Quoted also in Buell, National Culture, 6; and Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York, 1992).
268. John Urry and Scott Lash, The End of Organized Capitalism (Cambridge, England, 1987).
269. Buell, National Culture, 6-7.
270. Arturo Torrecilla, "Cultural Imperialism, Mass Media and Class Struggle: An Interview with Armand Mattelart," Insurgent Sociologist 9 (Spring 1990): 69-79; Mattelart and Peter Jehle, "Neue Horizonte der Kommunikation: Die Rückkehr zur Kultur" [New horizons of communication: The return to culture], Argument 35 (September-October 1993): 689-706.
271. Arturo Torrecilla, "Cultural Imperialism, Mass Media and Class Struggle: An Interview with Armand Mattelart," Insurgent Sociologist 9 (Spring 1990): 69-79; Mattelart and Peter Jehle, "Neue Horizonte der Kommunikation: Die Rückkehr zur Kultur" [New horizons of communication: The return to culture], Argument 35 (September-October 1993): 689-706.
272. Herbert Schiller, "Not Yet the Post-Imperialist Era," Critical Studies in Mass-Communication 8 (March 1991): 13-28.
273. "There are strong forces working for cultural autonomy" among local Irish, Maolsheachlainn O Caollai concludes in a collection of essays honoring Schiller. "The language and cultural movements are of great potential strength." Maolsheachlainn O Caollai, "Cultural Domination in Europe: The Case of Ireland," in Communication and Domination: Essays to Honor Herbert I. Schiller, ed. Jörg Becker, Göran Hedebro, and Leena Paldán (Norwood, 1986), 104-13, esp. 111; Ngugiwa Thiong'o, "Kenyan Culture: The National Struggle for Survival," ibid., 114-19; Yuji Takahashi, "The Resistance of the Asian Masses and Their Culture," Perspective of New Music 30 (Summer 1992): 90-100.
274. "There are strong forces working for cultural autonomy" among local Irish, Maolsheachlainn O Caollai concludes in a collection of essays honoring Schiller. "The language and cultural movements are of great potential strength." Maolsheachlainn O Caollai, "Cultural Domination in Europe: The Case of Ireland," in Communication and Domination: Essays to Honor Herbert I. Schiller, ed. Jörg Becker, Göran Hedebro, and Leena Paldán (Norwood, 1986), 104-13, esp. 111; Ngugiwa Thiong'o, "Kenyan Culture: The National Struggle for Survival," ibid., 114-19; Yuji Takahashi, "The Resistance of the Asian Masses and Their Culture," Perspective of New Music 30 (Summer 1992): 90-100.
275. "There are strong forces working for cultural autonomy" among local Irish, Maolsheachlainn O Caollai concludes in a collection of essays honoring Schiller. "The language and cultural movements are of great potential strength." Maolsheachlainn O Caollai, "Cultural Domination in Europe: The Case of Ireland," in Communication and Domination: Essays to Honor Herbert I. Schiller, ed. Jörg Becker, Göran Hedebro, and Leena Paldán (Norwood, 1986), 104-13, esp. 111; Ngugiwa Thiong'o, "Kenyan Culture: The National Struggle for Survival," ibid., 114-19; Yuji Takahashi, "The Resistance of the Asian Masses and Their Culture," Perspective of New Music 30 (Summer 1992): 90-100.
276. Edward W. Said, Orientalism (New York, 1978), 1, 2, passim.
277. "Western imperialism and Third World nationalism feed off each other," Said concluded, "but even at their worst they are neither monolithic nor deterministic." Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1994), xxiv.
278. Berndt Ostendorf, "'Cultural Studies': Post-Political Theory in a Post-Fordist Public Sphere," Amerikastudien/American Studies 40 (1995): 709-24.
279. Note that Europeans currently debate the geographical parameters of European culture as well as the question of which countries belong to Europe. Dan Diner, "Die Wiederkehr der Orientalischen Frage" [The return to the Oriental question], Die Zeit, 1 September 1995; Michael Lüders, "Der Fundamentalismus ist nicht der Islam" [Fundamentalism does not equal Islam], ibid., 22 September 1995.
280. Note that Europeans currently debate the geographical parameters of European culture as well as the question of which countries belong to Europe. Dan Diner, "Die Wiederkehr der Orientalischen Frage" [The return to the Oriental question], Die Zeit, 1 September 1995; Michael Lüders, "Der Fundamentalismus ist nicht der Islam" [Fundamentalism does not equal Islam], ibid., 22 September 1995.
281. Adda B. Bozeman, "Time Warp in American Politics," Society 31 (July-August 1994): 23-31.
282. For a tentative approach see Elliot R. Morss, "The New Global Players: How They Compete and Collaborate," World Development 19 (January 1991): 55-64.
283. Pierre Guerlain, "Shooting Oneself in the Foot? Multiculturalists, Diversity and the Scapegoat Mechanism," in Americanisation and the Transformation of World Cultures: Melting Pot or Cultural Chernobyl? ed. Phil Melling and Jon Roper (Lewiston/Queenston/Lampeter, 1996), 215-32. Americans are not the only ones to be hit by these seemingly paradoxical trends. For the analysis of similar trends in Europe see Alain Finkielkraut, La defaite de la pensée [The defeat of the mind] (Paris, 1987).
284. Pierre Guerlain, "Shooting Oneself in the Foot? Multiculturalists, Diversity and the Scapegoat Mechanism," in Americanisation and the Transformation of World Cultures: Melting Pot or Cultural Chernobyl? ed. Phil Melling and Jon Roper (Lewiston/Queenston/Lampeter, 1996), 215-32. Americans are not the only ones to be hit by these seemingly paradoxical trends. For the analysis of similar trends in Europe see Alain Finkielkraut, La defaite de la pensée [The defeat of the mind] (Paris, 1987).
285. Edvard Radzinsky, "Lowbrow Go Home (Fleeting)," New York Time Magazine, 8 June 1997, 82; Michiko Kakutani, "Culture Zone (Taking Out the Trash)," ibid., 32.
286. Edvard Radzinsky, "Lowbrow Go Home (Fleeting)," New York Time Magazine, 8 June 1997, 82; Michiko Kakutani, "Culture Zone (Taking Out the Trash)," ibid., 32.
287. For some notable exceptions see Frank Trommler, "Inventing the Enemy: German-American Cultural Relations, 1900-1917," in Confrontation and Cooperation: Germany and the United States in the Era of World War I, 1900-1924, ed. Hans-Jürgen Schröder (Oxford, 1993), 99-125; Reiner Pommerin, Der Kaiser und Amerika: Die USA in der Politik der Reichsleitung 1890-1917 [The emperor and America: The United States in the policies of the imperial government, 1890-1917] (Cologne, 1986), 255-303; Ragnhild Fiebig-von Hase, "Die politische Funktionalisierung der Kultur: Der deutsch-amerikanische Professorenaustausch 1904-1914" [The political use of culture: The German-American academic exchange, 1904-1914] in Zwei Wege in die Moderne: Aspekte der deutsch-amerikanischen Beziehungen 1900-1918 [Two paths into modernity: Aspects of German-American relations, 1900-1918], ed. Ragnhild Fiebig-von Hase and Jürgen Heideking (Trier, 1997), 45-88; Schmidt, Reisen in die Moderne, and Patricia Neils, ed., United States Attitudes and Policies toward China: The Impact of American Missionaries (Armonk, NY, 1990).
288. For some notable exceptions see Frank Trommler, "Inventing the Enemy: German-American Cultural Relations, 1900-1917," in Confrontation and Cooperation: Germany and the United States in the Era of World War I, 1900-1924, ed. Hans-Jürgen Schröder (Oxford, 1993), 99-125; Reiner Pommerin, Der Kaiser und Amerika: Die USA in der Politik der Reichsleitung 1890-1917 [The emperor and America: The United States in the policies of the imperial government, 1890-1917] (Cologne, 1986), 255-303; Ragnhild Fiebig-von Hase, "Die politische Funktionalisierung der Kultur: Der deutsch-amerikanische Professorenaustausch 1904-1914" [The political use of culture: The German-American academic exchange, 1904-1914] in Zwei Wege in die Moderne: Aspekte der deutsch-amerikanischen Beziehungen 1900-1918 [Two paths into modernity: Aspects of German-American relations, 1900-1918], ed. Ragnhild Fiebig-von Hase and Jürgen Heideking (Trier, 1997), 45-88; Schmidt, Reisen in die Moderne, and Patricia Neils, ed., United States Attitudes and Policies toward China: The Impact of American Missionaries (Armonk, NY, 1990).
289. For some notable exceptions see Frank Trommler, "Inventing the Enemy: German-American Cultural Relations, 1900-1917," in Confrontation and Cooperation: Germany and the United States in the Era of World War I, 1900-1924, ed. Hans-Jürgen Schröder (Oxford, 1993), 99-125; Reiner Pommerin, Der Kaiser und Amerika: Die USA in der Politik der Reichsleitung 1890-1917 [The emperor and America: The United States in the policies of the imperial government, 1890-1917] (Cologne, 1986), 255-303; Ragnhild Fiebig-von Hase, "Die politische Funktionalisierung der Kultur: Der deutsch-amerikanische Professorenaustausch 1904-1914" [The political use of culture: The German-American academic exchange, 1904-1914] in Zwei Wege in die Moderne: Aspekte der deutsch-amerikanischen Beziehungen 1900-1918 [Two paths into modernity: Aspects of German-American relations, 1900-1918], ed. Ragnhild Fiebig-von Hase and Jürgen Heideking (Trier, 1997), 45-88; Schmidt, Reisen in die Moderne, and Patricia Neils, ed., United States Attitudes and Policies toward China: The Impact of American Missionaries (Armonk, NY, 1990).
290. For some notable exceptions see Frank Trommler, "Inventing the
291. For some notable exceptions see Frank Trommler, "Inventing the Enemy: German-American Cultural Relations, 1900-1917," in Confrontation and Cooperation: Germany and the United States in the Era of World War I, 1900-1924, ed. Hans-Jürgen Schröder (Oxford, 1993), 99-125; Reiner Pommerin, Der Kaiser und Amerika: Die USA in der Politik der Reichsleitung 1890-1917 [The emperor and America: The United States in the policies of the imperial government, 1890-1917] (Cologne, 1986), 255-303; Ragnhild Fiebig-von Hase, "Die politische Funktionalisierung der Kultur: Der deutsch-amerikanische Professorenaustausch 1904-1914" [The political use of culture: The German-American academic exchange, 1904-1914] in Zwei Wege in die Moderne: Aspekte der deutsch-amerikanischen Beziehungen 1900-1918 [Two paths into modernity: Aspects of German-American relations, 1900-1918], ed. Ragnhild Fiebig-von Hase and Jürgen Heideking (Trier, 1997), 45-88; Schmidt, Reisen in die Moderne, and Patricia Neils, ed., United States Attitudes and Policies toward China: The Impact of American Missionaries (Armonk, NY, 1990).