Low-voltage electro-optic polymer modulators

Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering

Volumn 6243, Issue , 2006, Pages

  Dinu, Raluca ^a   Jin, Danliang ^a   Huang, Diyun ^a   Koenig, Mary K ^a   Barklund, Anna M ^a   Fang, Yun ^a   Parker, Timothy C ^a   Shi, Zhengwei ^b   Luo, Jingdong ^b   Jen, Alex K Y ^b  

^a Lumera Corporation   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Electro optic polymers; High speed modulators; Optical loss; Wideband modulators

Indexed keywords

ANTENNA PHASED ARRAYS; BANDWIDTH; CHROMOPHORES; ELECTRIC POTENTIAL; REFRACTION; SILICON WAFERS; THIN FILMS;

ELECTRO-OPTIC POLYMER; HIGH-SPEED MODULATOR; OPTICAL LOSS; WIDEBAND MODULATOR;

LIGHT MODULATORS;

EID: 33747378277     PISSN: 0277786X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Conference Proceeding    
DOI: 10.1117/12.666348     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (25)

1. 3 crystals from 90 to 147 GHz," Appl. Phys. Lett., 79, 1342-1344, 2001.
2. 33) polymers: they are not just for low voltage modulators any more," J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 8540-8542, 2004.
3. For a review, see L. R. Dalton, W. H. Steier, B. H. Robinson, C. Zhang, A. Ren, S. Garner, A. Chen, T. Londergan, L. Irwin, B. Carlson, L. Fifield, G. Phelan, C. Kincaid, J. Amend, and A. Jen, "From molecules to opto-chips: organic electro-optic materials," J. Mater. Chem., 9, 1905-1920, 1999.
4. Y. Shi, C. Zhang, H. Zhang, J. H. Bechtel, L. R. Dalton, Bruce H. Robinson, and W. H. Steier, "Low (sub-1-volt) halfwave voltage polymeric electro-optic modulators achieved by controlling chromophore shape," Science, 288, 119-122, 2000.
5. A. K. Y. Jen, "Exceptional electro-optic properties through molecular design and controlled self-assembly," Proc. SPIE 5935: Linear and Nonlinear Optics of Organic Materials V, 49-61, 2005.
6. C. B. German and S. R. Marder, "An investigation of the interrelationships between linear and nonlinear polarizabilities and bondlength alternation in conjugated organic molecules," Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA," 90, 11297-11301, 1993.
7. L. R. Dalton, A. W. Harper, B. H. Robinson, "The role of London forces in defining noncentrosymmetric order of high dipole moment-high hyperpolarizability chromophores in electrically poled polymer thin films, " Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 4842-4847, 1997.
8. M. Lee, O. Mitrofanov, H. E. Katz, and C. Erben, "Millimeter-wave dielectric properties of electro-optic polymer materials," Appl. Phys. Lett., 81, 1474-1476, 2001.
9. M. Lee, H. E. Katz, C. Erben, D. M. Gill, P. Gopolan, J. D. Heber, D. J. McGee, "Broadband modulation of light by using an electro-optic polymer," Science, 298, 1401-1404, 2002.
10. J. G. Grote, J. S. Zetts, R. L Nelson, F. K. Hopkins, L. R. Dalton, C. Zhang, and W. H. Steier, "Effect of conductivity and dielectric constant on the modulation voltage for optoelectronic devices based on nonlinear optical polymers," Opt. Eng., 40, 2464-2473, 2001.
11. P. A. Ashley, E. A. Sornsin, "Doped Optical Cladding for Waveguide Devices with Electrooptical Polymers," IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett. 4 (9), 1026-1028, 1992.
12. US Patent No. 6, 750, 603
13. D. Huang, D. Jin; D. Tolstedt; S. Condon; D. lanakiev; H. -W. Guan; S. Cong; E. Johnson; A. Nishimoto; R. Dinu, "Systematic Study of Electro-optic Materials Composed of Non-linear Optical Chromophores and Polycarbonates," Proc. SPIE 6020: Optoelectronic Materials and Devices for Optical Communications, 33-43, 2005.
14. R. R. Barto, S. E. Ermer, W. W. Anderson, D. G. Girton, L. J. Dries, R. E. Taylor, T. E. Van Eck, W. D. Eades, A. S. Moss, G. S. Mendenilla, "Recent progress in fabricating wideband polymer electrooptic modulators for space applications," Am. Chem. Soc. Poly. Mat. Sci. Eng., 83, 167-168, 2000.
15. C. C. Teng, H. T. Man, "Simple reflection technique for measuring the electro-optic coefficient of poled polymers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 56 (18), 1734-1736, 1990.
16. H. C. Ling, W. R. Holland, H. M. Gordon, "DC electrical behavior of polymers used in electro-optical devices," J. Appl. Phys., 70, 6669-6673, 1991.
17. R. Dinu, T. C. Parker, D. Huang, D. L. Jin, M. Koenig, "Systematic study of polymer wideband optical modulators: transition from intrinsic material characteristics to device performance," Proc. SPIE 5724: Organic Photonic Materials and Devices VII, 88-95, 2005.
18. US Patent Pending.
19. US Patent Pending.
20. H. Park, W. -Y. Hwang, J. -J. Kim, "Origin of direct current drift in electro-optic polymer modulators," Appl. Phys. Lett., 70, 2796-2798, 1997.
21. E. L. Wooten, K. M. Kissa, A. Y. Yan, E. J. Murphy, D. A. Lafaw, P. F. Hallemeier, D. Maack, D. V. Attanasio, D. J. Fritz, G. J. McBrien, and D. E. Bossi, "A Review of Lithium Niobate Modulators for Fiber-Optic Communications Systems," IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Elec., 6 (1), 69-82, 2000.
22. S. Park, J. J. Ju, J. Y. Do, S. K. Park, M. H. Lee, "Thermal bias operation in electro-optic polymer modulators," Appl. Phys. Lett., 83, 827-829, 2003.
23. Y. Shi, W. Wang, W. Lin, D. J. Olson, J. H. Bechtel, "Long-term stable direct current bias operation in electro-optic polymer modulators with an electrically compatible multilayer structure," Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 (16), 2236-2238, 1997.
24. M. S. Paley, J. M. Harris, H. Looser, J. C. Baumert, G. C. Bjorklund, D. Jundt, R. J. Twieg, "A Solvatochromic Method for Determining Second-Order Polarizabilities of Organic Molecules," J. Org. Chem., 54, 3774-3778, 1989.
25. I. McCulloch, H. Yoon, "Fluorinated NLO Polymers with Improved Optical Transparency in the Near Infrared," J. Poly. Sci. A: Poly. Chem., 33, 1177-1183, 1995.