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High-resolution studies (36, 37) also reveal that episodes of less notable IRD input occur on millennial time scales (Dansgaard-Oeschger/Heinrich events), events that are believed to reflect solar or stochastically forced instability in the marine ice margin grounded in Hudson Bay [reviewed in (52)]. It may be that successive increments of sea level fall, obliquity-paced in our hypothesis, require the marine-based components of ice sheets to constantly readjust their grounding lines seaward. Millennial-scale interruptions in the delivery of IRD to the open ocean may occur when an ice margin is growing out to a new stable grounding line. When a new grounding line is established, the renewed calving of icebergs would occur, contributing to regional cooling and freshening of ocean surface waters and thus promoting the development of sea ice cover and weakening thermohaline convection. In other words, one need not invoke any millennial-scale forcing but only the slow relentless drive of orbital-scale changes in sea level.
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2 record to get stronger at the mid-Pleistocene transition if high-latitude aridity, as well as ice volume, began to vary in phase. Lastly, if positive climate feedbacks act preferentially on obliquity time scales (54), then the ice volume signal at the 41-ky period could be additionally amplified relative to precession.
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We thank K. Lawrence, J. Fastook, D. Marchant, B. Ruddiman, P. Huybrechts, J. Kennett, B. Curry, R. Scherer, D. Bowen, P. Huybers, and D. Oppo for assisting us on this project, either by reading the manuscript or providing helpful guidance and information; E. Tziperman for ongoing discussions of Milankovitch and climate; and four anonymous reviewers whose comments greatly improved the manuscript. M.E.R. acknowledges the support of NSF grant ATM-0220681. L.E.L. is supported by a NOAA Climate and Global Change postdoctoral fellowship.
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