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33644480304
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note
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14C calibration results of Bard et al. (3) and a glaciation phase was included by reversing the deglaciation history and extending the duration of the time increments to create a glaciation period of ∼100 kyr. However, further modification to this ice history was required to fit the Barbados record. In particular, the ICE-3G model underpredicts the sea-level rise at Barbados by ∼15 m (70) and does not include a rapid rise in sea level at the time of mwp-IA. We altered the North American component of the model to address these limitations. The volume of the North American ice complex was increased by ∼30% (the precise value was a function of the adopted lower mantle viscosity) in accord with recent glaciological (38) and geodetic (39) constraints and a large reduction in volume-was imposed at the time of mwp-IA. The duration of the ice model time increments was reduced to 0.5 cal kyr between 15 and 13 cal kyr BP to better capture this rapid event. In creating the predictions shown in Fig. 1, we made no attempt to model the mwp-IB event at ∼11 cal kyr BP (2).
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18
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33644491652
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Specifically, the revised model included 26 m from North American ice, 2 m from other northern hemisphere sources, and no contribution from Antarctica.
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24
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0037321626
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K. Lambeck, T. Purcell, P. Johnston, M. Nakada, Y. Yokoyama, Quat. Sci. Rev. 22, 309 (2003).
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33644496976
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Lambeck et al. (9) did not include an mwp-IA event in their models; although they reported systematic discrepancies during the Lateglacial period, these do not appear to be as large as those reported in studies that include the major meltwater pulse.
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30
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0037192528
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P. U. Clark, J. X. Mitrovica, G. A. Milne, M. E. Tamisiea, Science 295, 2438 (2002).
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33644490477
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In addition to scenarios in which the entire Antarctic ice complex, or either the east and west portions, served a dominant source for mwp-IA, Clark et al. (30) found that the relative size of the sea-level jump across mwp-IA at Barbados and Sunda Shelf was consistent with the following freshwater sources: the Barents Sea plus Fennoscandian ice complexes, and melting distributed over all ice sheets in the ICE-3G deglaciation model (17) (AU-ICE-3G), with a weighting given by the excess volume of the various complexes at the onset of mwp-IA. A scenario in which meltwater was distributed across the northern hemisphere only (North-ICE-3G) was also considered, but it performed less well than the above scenarios.
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32
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0037436549
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A. J. Weaver, O. A. Saenko, P. U. Clark, J. X. Mitrovica, Science 299, 1709 (2003).
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Kanfoush, S.L.1
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40
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33644484514
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Each index point based on fossil coral samples (Barbados, Huon, and Tahiti) is plotted such that it lies at the mean depth of the habitation range of the associated coral species. The error bar reflects the range of this habitation depth. The error bars at Huon, with the exception of the most recently acquired data (7), have been increased by ±1.5 m to account for the uncertainty in the tectonic correction for this region (9).
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43
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33644476648
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The most recently published data from the Huon Peninsula were corrected using the rates provided by (7).
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44
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33644488533
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This research was supported by the Natural Environment Research Council of the UK (S.E.B.); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, and the Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science (J.X.M.); and the NSF Earth System History program (P.U.C.).
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