Developmental epidemiology of PTSD: Self-regulation as a central mechanism

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Volumn 1071, Issue , 2006, Pages 255-266

  Koenen, Karestan C ^a,b  

^a HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Child development; Developmental epidemiology; Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); Self regulation; Trauma

Indexed keywords

AUTOREGULATION; CHILD ABUSE; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONFERENCE PAPER; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DISEASE COURSE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HEREDITY; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; NONHUMAN; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SELF REPORT;

EID: 33746433008     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: 17496632     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1196/annals.1364.020     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (74)

1. AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION. 1994. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition. Author. Washington, D.C.
2. BRESLAU, N. et al. 1991. Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 48: 216-222.
3. BRESLAU, N. et al. 1998. Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: the 1996 Detroit area survey of trauma. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 55: 626-632.
4. BROMET, E., A. SONNEGA & R.C. KESSLER. 1998. Risk factors for DSM-III-R posttraumatic stress disorder: findings from the National Comorbidity Survey. Am. J. Epidemiol. 147: 353-361.
5. DAVIDSON, J.R. et al. 1991. Post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: an epidemiological study. Psychol. Med. 21: 713-721.
6. HELZER, J.E., L.N. ROBINS & L. MCEVOY. 1987. Post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population: findings of the epidemiological catchment area survey. N. Engl. J. Med. 317: 1630-1634.
7. KESSLER, R.C. et al. 1995. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 52: 1048-1060.
8. KULKA, R.A. et al. 1990. Trauma and the Vietnam War Generation: report of Findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. Bruner/Mazel. New York.
9. NORRIS, F.R. 1992. Epidemiology of trauma: frequency and impact of different potentially traumatic events on different demographic groups. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 60: 409-418.
10. RESNICK, H.S. et al. 1993. Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative national sample of women. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 61: 984-991.
11. KESSLER, R.C. 2000. Posttraumatic stress disorder: the burden to the individual and to society. J. Clin. Psychiatry 61: 4-12.
12. BREWIN, C.R., B. ANDREWS & J.D. VALENTINE. 2000. Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 68: 748-766.
13. OZER, E.J. et al. 2003. Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 129: 52-73.
14. SLATER, E. & P. SLATER. 1944. A heuristic theory of neurosis. In Man, Mind & Heredity: Selected Papers of Eliot Slater on Psychiatry and Genetics. J. Sheilds & I.I. Gottesman, Eds.: 216-227. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, MD.
15. BRESLAU, N. et al. 1999. Previous exposure to trauma and PTSD effects of subsequent trauma: results from the Detroit area survey of trauma. Am. J. Psychiatry 156: 902-907.
16. KOENEN, K.C. et al. 2002. A twin registry study of familial and individual risk factors for trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 190: 209-218.
17. KING, D.W. et al. 1996. Prewar factors in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: structural equation modeling with a national sample of female and male Vietnam veterans. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 64: 520-531.
18. CANNON, M., M. HUTTUNEN & R. MURRAY. 2002. The developmental epidemiology of psychiatric disorders. In Textbook in Psychiatric Epidemiology. M.T. Tsuang, & M. Tohen, Eds.: 239-256. John Wiley & Sons. New York.
19. AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION. 1980. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd Edition. Author. Washington, D.C.
20. KING, D.W. et al. 2000. Posttraumatic stress disorder and retrospectively reported stressor exposure: a longitudinal prediction model. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 109: 624-633.
21. ROEMER, L. et al. 1998. Increases in retrospective accounts of war-zone exposure over time: the role of PTSD symptom severity. J. Trauma Stress 11: 597-605.
22. SOUTHWICK, S.M. et al. 1997. Consistency of memory for combat-related traumatic events in veterans of Operation Desert Storm. Am. J. Psychiatry 154: 173-177.
23. HARVEY, A.G. & R.A. BRYANT. 2000. Memory for acute stress disorder symptoms: a two-year prospective study. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 188: 602-607.
24. WIDOM, C.S. 1999. Posttraumatic stress disorder in abused and neglected children grown up. Am. J. Psychiatry 156: 1223-1229.
25. PITMAN, R.K. et al. 1991. Pre-Vietnam contents of posttraumatic stress disorder veterans' service medical and personnel records. Compr. Psychiatry 32: 416-422.
26. MACKLIN, M.L. et al. 1998. Lower precombat intelligence is a risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 66: 323-326.
27. SCHNURR, P.P., M.J. FRIEDMAN & S.D. ROSENBERG. 1993. Premilitary MMPI scores as predictors of combat-related PTSD symptoms. Am. J. Psychiatry 150: 479-483.
28. SHALEV, A.Y. et al. 1998. A prospective study of heart rate response following trauma and the subsequent development of posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 55: 553-559.
29. COSTELLO, J.E. et al. 2002. The prevalence of potentially traumatic events in childhood and adolescence. J. Trauma. Stress 15: 99-112.
30. CALKINS, S.D. & N.A. Fox. 2002. Self-regulatory processes in early personality development: a multilevel approach to the study of childhood social withdrawal and aggression. Dev. Psychopathol. 14: 477-498.
31. POSNER, M.I. & M.K. ROTHBART. 2000. Developing mechanisms of self-regulation. Dev. Psychopathol. 12: 427-441.
32. LITZ, B.T. et al. 2000. Emotional processing in posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 109: 26-39.
33. KOENEN, K.C. et al. 2001. Measures of prefrontal system dysfunction in posttraumatic stress disorder. Brain Cogn. 45: 64-78.
34. Fox, N.A. 1994. Definitions and concepts of emotion regulation. Introduction. Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev. 59: 3-6.
35. PLOMIN, R. et al. 2001. Behavioral Genetics. Worth Publishers. New York.
36. WOLFE, J. & D.S. CHARNEY. 1991. Use of neuropsychological assessment in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychol. Assess. 3: 573-580.
37. STUSS, D. & D. BENSON. 1984. Neuropsychological studies of the frontal lobe. Psychol. Bull. 95: 3-28.
38. GIANCOLA, P.R. & R.E. TARTER. 1999. Executive cognitive functioning and risk for substance abuse. Psychol. Sci. 10: 203-205.
39. GIANCOLA, P.R., A.C. MEZZICH & R.E. TARTER. 1998. Executive cognitive functioning, temperament, and antisocial behavior in conduct-disordered adolescent females. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 107: 629-641.
40. GIANCOLA, P.R. et al. 1996. Executive cognitive functioning and aggressive behavior in preadolescent boys at high risk for substance abuse/dependence. J. Stud. Alcohol. 57: 352-359.
41. COTTLER, L.B. et al. 1992. Posttraumatic stress disorder among substance users from the general population. Am. J. Psychiatry 149: 664-670.
42. KOENEN, K.C. et al. 2005. Juvenile conduct disorder as a risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Trauma. Stress 18: 23-32.
43. ANOKHIN, A.P., A.C. HEATH & A. RALANO. 2003. Genetic influences on frontal brain function: WCST performance in twins. Neuroreport 14: 1975-1978.
44. DAVIS, M., D.L. WALKER & K.M. MYERS. 2003. Role of the amygdala in fear extinction measured with potentiated startle. Ann. N. Y Acad. Sci. 985: 218-232.
45. LEDOUX, J. E. & E.A. PHELPS. 2004. Emotional networks in the brain. In Handbook of Emotions, 2nd ed. M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones, Eds.: 157-172. Guildford Press. New York.
46. RAUCH, S.L. et al. 2000. Exaggerated amygdala response to masked facial stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder: a functional MRI study. Biol. Psychiatry 47: 769-776.
47. SHIN, L.M. et al. 2001. An fMRI study of anterior cingulate function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 50: 932-942.
48. ANISMAN, H. et al. 1979. Escape performance after inescapable shock in selectively bred lines of mice: response maintenance and catecholamine activity. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 93: 229-241.
49. HARIRI, A.R. et al. 2002. Serotonin transporter genetic variation and the response of the human amygdala. Science 297: 400-403.
50. PEZAWAS, L. et al. 2005. 5-HTTLPR polymorphism impacts human cingulate-amygdala interactions: a genetic susceptibility mechanism for depression. Nat. Neurosci. 8: 828-834.
51. KOENEN, K.C. et al. 2005. Polymorphisms in FKBP5 are associated with peritraumatic dissociation in medically injured children. Mol. Psychiatry. 10: 1058-1059.
52. LYONS, M.J. et al. 1993. Do genes influence exposure to trauma? A twin study of combat. Am. J. Med. Genet. 48: 22-27.
53. TRUE, W.J. et al. 1993. A twin study of genetic and environmental contributions to liability for posttraumatic stress symptoms. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 50: 257-264.
54. MCLEOD, D.S. et al. 2001. Genetic and environmental influences on the relationship among combat exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and alcohol use. J. Trauma. Stress 14: 259-275.
55. STEIN, M.B. et al. 2002. Genetic and environmental influences on trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder: a twin study. Am. J. Psychiatry 159: 1675-1681.
56. COMINGS, D.E. et al. 1991. The dopamine D2 receptor locus as a modifying gene in neuropsychiatrie disorder. JAMA 266: 1793-1800.
57. COMINGS, D.E., D. MUHLEMAN & R. GYSIN. 1996. Dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene and susceptibility to posttraumatic stress disorder: a study and replication. Biol. Psychiatry 40: 368-372.
58. GELERNTER, J. et al. 1999. No association between D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) 'A' system alleles, or DRD2 haplotypes, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 45: 620-625.
59. SEGMAN, R.H. et al. 2001. Association between the dopamine transporter gene and posttraumatic stress disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 7: 903-907.
60. MAGURA, S. & A.B. LAUDET. 1996. Parental substance abuse and child maltreatment: review and implications for intervention. Child. Youth Serv. Rev. 18: 193-220.
61. CHAFFIN, M., K. KELLEHER & J. HOLLENBERG. 1996. Onset of physical abuse and neglect: psychiatric, substance abuse, and social risk factors from prospective community data. Child Abuse Negl. 20: 191-203.
62. COPLAN, J.D. et al. 1998. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of somatostatin and biogenic amines in grown primates reared by mothers exposed to manipulated foraging conditions. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 55: 473-477.
63. ROSENBLUM, L.A. & G.S. PAULLY. 1984. The effects of varying environmental demands on maternal and infant behavior. Child Dev. 55: 305-314.
64. GORMAN, J.M., S. MATHEW & J. COPLAN. 2002. Neurobiology of early life stress: nonhuman primate models. Semin. Clin. Neuropsychiatry 7: 96-103.
65. HEIM, C. & C.B. NEMEROFF. 2002. Neurobiology of early life stress: clinical studies. Semin. Clin. Neuropsychiatry 7: 147-159.
66. YEHUDA, R. 2002. Current status of cortisl findings in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 25: 341-368.
67. NELSON, C.A. & L.J. CARVER. 1998. The effects of stress and trauma on brain and memory: a view from developmental cognitive neuroscience. Dev. Psychopathol. 10: 793-809.
68. DE BELLIS, M.D. 2001. Developmental traumatology: the psychobiological development of maltreated children and its implications for research, treatment, and policy. Dev. Psychopathol. 13: 539-564.
69. SCHORE, A.N. 2001. The effects of early relational trauma on right brain development, affect regulation, and infant mental health. Infant Ment. Health J. 22: 201-269.
70. PERRY, B.D. et al. 1995. Childhood trauma, the neurobiology of adaption, and "use-dependent" development of the brain: how "states" become "traits." Infant Ment. Health J. 16: 271-291.
71. BRESLAU, N. 2002. Epidemiologic studies of trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and other psychiatric disorders. Can. J. Psychiatry 47: 923-929.
72. KOENEN, K.C. et al. 2003. Risk factors for course of PTSD among Vietnam veterans: a 14-year follow-up of American Legionnaires. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 71: 980-986.
73. FOA, E.B. et al. 1995. The impact of fear activation and anger on the efficiency of exposure treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Behav. Ther. 26: 487-499.
74. CLOITRE, M. et al. 2002. Skills training in affective and interpersonal regulation followed by exposure: a phase-based treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 70: 1067-1074.