A method for describing and evaluating naturopathic whole practice

Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 20-28

  Herman, Patricia M ^a   Sherman, Karen J ^b,c   Erro, Janet H ^b   Cherkin, Daniel C ^b,d   Milliman, Bruce ^e   Adams, Lizbeth A ^f  

^a University of Arizona   (United States)

^b CENTER FOR HEALTH STUDIES   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e Bastyr University ^*  (United States)

^f BASTYR UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; BERBERINE; CALCIUM; CHOLINE; CIMICIFUGA RACEMOSA EXTRACT; ELEUTHEROCOCCUS SENTICOSUS EXTRACT; EMOLLIENT AGENT; ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID; FOLIC ACID; FRUCTOSE OLIGOSACCHARIDE; GINSENG EXTRACT; GLUTAMINE; GLYCYRRHIZA EXTRACT; HERBACEOUS AGENT; HYPERICUM PERFORATUM EXTRACT; LIGNAN; MAGNESIUM; METHIONINE DERIVATIVE; PEPPERMINT OIL; PHYTOESTROGEN; PRASTERONE; PROBIOTIC AGENT; PYRIDOXINE; SEX HORMONE; SILYBUM MARIANUM EXTRACT; TRACE ELEMENT; UNINDEXED DRUG; VITAMIN B GROUP; VITAMIN D;

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; ARTICLE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DATA BASE; DIET THERAPY; EVALUATION; FATIGUE; FIBROMYALGIA; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HUMAN; INTESTINE FUNCTION DISORDER; LIFESTYLE; MEDICAL PRACTICE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MEDICINE; MENOPAUSAL SYNDROME; PATIENT EDUCATION; PRESCRIPTION; THEORY; TREATMENT INDICATION; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

CLINICAL PROTOCOLS; FATIGUE; FIBROMYALGIA; HOLISTIC HEALTH; HUMANS; IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME; LIFE STYLE; MENOPAUSE; NATUROPATHY; PRIMARY PREVENTION; RESEARCH DESIGN;

EID: 33746399298     PISSN: 10786791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Ritenbaugh C, Verboef M, Fleishman S, et al. Whole systems research: a discipline for studying complementary and alternative medicine. Altern Ther Health Med. 2003;9(4):32-36.
2. Calabrese C. Clinical research in naturopathic medicine. In: Lewith G, Walach H, Jonas WB, eds. Clinical Research in Complementary Therapies. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2002;345-362.
3. Nahin RL, Straus SE. Research into complementary and alternative medicine: problems and potential. BMJ. 2001;322(7279):161-164.
4. Harlan WR Jr. New opportunities and proven approaches in complementary and alternative medicine research at the National Institutes of Health. J Altern Complement Med. 2001;7(suppl):S53-S59.
5. Levin JS, Glass TA, Kushi LH, Schuck JR, Steele L, Jonas WB. Quantitative methods in research on complementary and alternative medicine. A methodological manifesto. Med Cure. 1997;35(11):1079-1094.
6. Bell IR, Caspi O, Schwartz GE, et al. Integrative medicine and systemic outcomes research: issues in the emergence of a new model for primary health care. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(2):133-140.
7. Bond GU, Evans L, Salyers MP et al. Measurement of fidelity in psychiatric rehabilitation. Mental Health Serv Res. 2000;2:75-87.
8. Waltz J, Addis ME, Koerner K, Jacobson NS. Testing the integrity of a psychotherapy protocol: assessment of adherence and competence. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1993;61:620-630.
9. Hough G, Jonas WB, Walach H. Balanced research strategies for complementary and alternative medicine. In: Lewith G, Jonas WB, Walach H, eds. Clinical Research in Complementary Therapies. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2002:3-27.
10. Hough HJ, Dower C, O'Neil EH. Profile of a Profession: Naturopathic Practice. San Fraucisco: Center for the Health Professions, University of California, 2001:117. Available at: http://www.futurehealth.ucsf.edu/pdf_files/ Naturo2.pdf. Accessed August 11, 2004.
11. Cramer HH, Jones P, Keenan NI, Thompson BI. Is naturopathy as effective as conventional therapy for treatment of menopausal symptoms? J Altern Complement Med. 2003;9(4):529-538.
12. Smith MJ, Logan AC. Naturopathy. Med Clin North Am. 2002;86(1):173-184.
13. Bradley RS. Philosophy of naturopathic medicine. In: Pizzorno JE, Murray MT, eds. The Textbook of Natural Madicine. 2nd ed, London: Churchill Livingstone, 1999:41-50.
14. Baer HA. The sociopolitical status of U.S. naturopathy at the dawn of the 21st century. Med Anthropol Q. 2001;15(3):329-346.
15. Cherkin DC, Deyo RA, Sherman KJ, et al. Characteristics of licensed acupuncturists, chiropractors, massage therapists, and naturopathic physicians. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2002;15(5):378-390.
16. Boon HS, Cherkin DC, Erro J, et al. Practice patterns of naturopathic physicians: results from a random survey of licensed practitioners in two US states. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2004;4:14.
17. Cherkin DC, Deyo RA, Sherman KJ, et al. Characteristics of visits to licensed acupuncturists, chiropractors, massage therapists, and naturopathic physicians. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2002;15(6):463-472.
18. Standish LJ, Greene K, Greenlee H, Kim JG, Grosshans C. Complementary and alternative medical treatment of breast cancer: a survey of licensed North American naturopathic physicians. Altern Ther Health Med. 2002;8(5):68-70, 72-75.
19. Calabrese C, Wenner CA, Reeves C, Turet P, Scandish IJ. Treatment of human immunodeliciency virus-positive patients with complementary and alternative medicine: a survey of practitioners. J Altern Complement Med. 1998;4(3):281-287.
20. Lee AG, Kemper KJ. Homeopathy and naturopathy: practice characteristics and pediatric care. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;154(1):75-80.
21. Yarnell K. Naturopathic Gastroenterology. Sisters. OR: Naturopathic Medical Press, 2000:428.
22. Kirchfeld F, Boyle W. Nature Doctors: Pioneers in Naturopathic Medicine. Portland, OR: Medicine Biologica, 1994:351.
23. Powell DW. Endocrinology & Naturopathic Therapies. Second ed. Bothell, WA: Bastyr University, 2002:165.
24. Pizzorno JE, Murray MT, eds. The Textbook of Natural Medicine. 2nd ed. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1999.
25. Marz RB. Medical Nutrition from Marz. 2nd ed. Portland, OR: Omni-Press, 1999:587.
26. Hudson T. Women's Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine: Alternative Therapies and Integrative Medicine. Los Angeles: Keats Publishing, 1999:358.
27. American Association of Naturopathic Physicians. Principles. Available at: http://www.naturopathic.org/about/principles_.aspx. Accessed July 16, 2004.
28. American Association of Naturopathic Physicians. Philopsophy. Available at: http://www.naturopathic. org/naturopathic_medicine/philosophy.aspx. Accessed July 16, 2004.
29. Buchwald D, Garrity D. Comparison of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and multiple chemical sensitivities. Arch Intern Med. 1994;(18):2049-2053.
30. Zeff JL. The process of healing: A unifying theory of naturopathic medicine. J Naturopathic Med. 1997;7:122-125.
31. Stomati M, Rubino S, Spinetti A, et al. Endocrine, neuroendocrine and behavioral effects of oral dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate supplemental ion in postmenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol. 1999;13(1):15-25.
32. King AC, Oman RF, Brassington GS, Bliwise DL, Haskell WL. Moderate-intensity exercise and self-rated quality of sleep in older adults. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1997;277(1):32-37.
33. Albertazzi P, Pansini F, Bonaccorsi G, Zanotti L, Forini E, De Aloysio D. The effect of dietary soy supplementation on hot flushes. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;91(1):6-11.
34. Tode T, Kikuchi Y, Hirata J, Kita T, Nakata H, Nagata I. Effect of Korean red ginseng on psychological functions in patients with severe climacteric syndromes. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1999;67(3):169-174.
35. Ueberman S. A review of the effectiveness of Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh) for the symptoms of menopause. J Womens Health. 1998;7(5):525-529.
36. Schrader E. Equivalence of St John's wort extract (Ze 117) and fluoxetine: a randomized, controlled study in mild-moderate depression. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;15(2):61-68.
37. Stevenson ET, DeSouza CA, Jones PP, Van Pelt RE, Seals DR. Physically active women demonstrate less adverse age-related changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Am J Cardiol. 1997;8(10):1360-1364.
38. Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB, et al. Folate and vitamin B6 from diet and supplements in relation to risk of coronary heart disease among women. JAMA. 1998;279(5):359-364.
39. Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Willett WC. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women. N Engl J Med. 1993;328(20):1444-1449.
40. Bell LP, Hectorne K, Reynolds H, Balm TK, Huninghake DB. Cholesterol-lowering effects of psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid. Adjunct therapy to a prudent diet for patients with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. JAMA. 1989;261(23):3419-3423.
41. Appel LJ, Miller ER, Seidler AJ, Whelton PK. Does supplementation of diet with 'fish oil' reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Arch Intern Med. 1993;15(12)3:1429-1438.
42. Anderson JW, Johustone BM, Cook-Newell ME. Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(5):276-282.
43. Chow R, Harrison JK, Notarius C. Effect of two randomised exercise programmes on bone mass of healthy postmenopausal women. Br Med J. 1987;295(6611):1441-1444.
44. Strause L, Saltman P, Smith KT, Bracker M, Andon MB. Spinal bone loss in postmenopausal women supplemented with calcium and trace minerals. J Nutr. 1994;124(7):1060-1064.
45. Abraham GE, Grewal H. A total dietary program emphasizing magnesium instead of calcium. Effect on the mineral density of calcaneous bone in post menopausal women on hormonal therapy. J Reprod Med. 1990;35(5):503-507.
46. Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F, et al. Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in the elderly women. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(23);1637-1642.
47. Ingram D, Sanders K, Kolybaba M, Lopez D. Case-control study of phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer. Lancet. 1997;350(9083):990-994.
48. Anderson KK, Kappas A, Conney AH, Bradlow HI, Fishman J. The influence of dietary protein and carbohydrate on the principal oxidative biotransformations of estradiol in normal subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1984;59(1):1030-107.
49. Rosenberg IH, Bengoa JM, Sitrin MD. Nutritional aspects of inflammatory bowel disease. Annu Rev Nutr. 1985;5:463-484.
50. Asian A, Triadafilopoulos G. Fish oil fatty acid supplementation in active ulcerative colitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Am J Gastroenterol. 1992;87(4):432-437.
51. Lashner BA, Heidenreich PA, Su GL, Kane SV, Hanauer SB. Effect of folate supplementation on the incidence of dysplasia and cancer in chronic ulcerative colitis. A case-control study. Gastroenterology. 1989;97(2):255-259.
52. Fernandez-Banares F, Esteve-Pardo M, de Leon R, et al. Sugar malabsorption in functional bowel disease: clinical implications. Am J Gastroenterol. 1993;88(12):2044-2050.
53. Riordan AM, Hunter JO, Cowan RE, et al. Treatment of active Crohn's disease by exclusion diet: East Anglian multicentre controlled trial. Lancet. 1993;342(8880):1131-1134.
54. Favier C, Neut C, Mizon C, Cortot A, Colombel JF, Mizon J. Fecal beta-D-galactosidase production and Bifidobacteria are decreased in Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1997;42(4):817-822.
55. Murch SH, MacDonald TT, Walker-Smith JA, Levin M, Lionetti P, Klein NJ. Disruption of the sulphated glycosaminoglycans in intestinal inflammation. Lancet. 1993;341(8847):711-714.
56. Murphy MS, Eastham EJ, Nelson R, Pearson AD, Laker MF. Intestinal permeability in Crohn's disease. Arch Dis Child. 1989;64(3):321-325.
57. Malin M, Suomalainen H, Saxelin M, Isolauri E. Promotion of IgA immune response in patients with Crohn's disease by oral bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus GG. Ann Nutr Metab. 1996;40(3):137-145.
58. Gibson GR, Beatty ER, Wang X, Cummings JH. Selective stimulation of bifidobacteria in the human colon by oligofructose and inulin. Gastroenterology. 1995;108(4):975-982.
59. Crellin JK, Philpott J. Herbal Medicine Past and Present: A Reference Guide to Medicinal Plants. London: Duke University Press. 1990:434.
60. van der Hulst RR, van Kreel BK, von Meyenfeldt MF, et al. Glutamine and the preservation of gut integrity. Lancet. 1993;341(8857):1363-1365.
61. Auer IO, Roder A, Wensinck F, van de Merwe JP, Schmidt H. Selected bacterial antibodies in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1983;18(2):217-223.
62. Rabbani GH, Butler T, Knight J, Sanyal SC, Alam K. Randomized controlled trial of berberine sulfate therapy for diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae. J Infect Dis. 1987;155(5):979-984.
63. Prior A, Whorwell PJ. Double blind study of ispaghula in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 1987;28(11):1510-1513.
64. Abasov IT, Isaev EG, Iof IM. The condition of the biliary tract and cholesecretion in cases of ulcerative colitis. Hepatogastroenterology. 1985;32(3):138-140.
65. Perrett AD, Higgins G, Johnston HH, Massarella GR, Truelove SC, Wright R. The liver in ulcerative colitis. QJ Mal. 1971;40(158):211-238.
66. Salim AS. Role of sulphydryl-containing agents in the management of recurrent attacks of ulcerative colitis. A new approach. Pharmacology. 1992;45(6):307-318.
67. Salmi HA, Sarna S. Effect of silymarin on chemical, functional and morphological alterations of the liver. A double-blind controlled study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1982;17(4):517-521.
68. Zeisel SH, da Costa KA, Franklin PD, et al. Choline, an essential nutrient for humans. FASEB J. 1991;5(7):2093-2098.
69. Buffinton GD, Doe WF. Depleted mucosal antioxidant defences in inflammatory bowel disease. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995;19(6):911-918.
70. Goldsmith G, Levin JS. Effect of sleep quality on symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. 1993;38(10):1809-1814.
71. Holtmann G, Goebell H, Talley NJ. Functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome: is there a common pathophysiological basis? Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92(6):954-959.
72. Svedlund J, Sjodin I, Dotevall G, Gillberg R. Upper gastrointestinal and mental symptoms in the irritable bowel syndrome. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1985;20(5):595-601.
73. Liu JH, Chen GH, Yeh HZ, Huang CK, Poon SK. Enteric-coated peppermint oil capsules in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective, randomized trial. J Gastroenterol. 1997;32(6):765-768.
74. Shaw G, Srivastava ED, Sadlier M, Swann P, James JY, Rhodes J. Stress management for irritable bowel syndrome: a controlled trial. Digestion. 1991;50(1):36-42.
75. Hegnhoj J, Hansen CP, Rannem T, Sobirk H, Andersen LB, Andersen JR. Pancreatic function in Crohn's disease. Gut. 1990;31(9):1076-1079.
76. de la Torre B, Hedman M, Befrits R. Blood and tissue dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate levels and their relationship to chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1998;16(5):579-582.
77. Straub RH, Herfarth H, Falk W, Andus T, Scholmerich J. Uncoupling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in inflammatory bowel disease? J Neuroimmunol. 2002;126(1-2):116-125.
78. MacKenzie MA, Hoefnagels WH, Jansen RW, Benraad TJ, Kloppenborg PW. The influence of glycyrrhetinic acid on plasma cortisol and cortisone in healthy young volunteers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;70(6):1637-1643.
79. Jacobson W, Saich T, Borysiewicz LK, Behan WM, Behan PO, Wreghitt TG. Serum folate and chronic fatigue syndrome. Neurology. 1993;43(12):2645-2647.
80. Huisman AM, White KP, Algra A, et al. Vitamin D levels in women with systemic lupus erythematosus and fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 2001;28(11):2535- 2539.
81. Heap LC, Peters TJ, Wessely S. Vitamin B status in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J R Soc Med. 1999;92(4):183-185.
82. Behan PO, Behan WM, Horrobin D. Effect of high doses of essential fatty acids on the postviral fatigue syndrome. Acta Neural Scand. 1990;82(3):209-216.
83. Ellis FR, Nasser S. A pilot study of vitamin B12 in the treatment of tiredness. Br J Nutr. 1973;30(2):277-283.
84. Russell IJ, Michalek JE, Flechas JD, Abraham GE. Treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome with Super Malic: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover pilot study. J Rheumatol. 1995;22(5):953-958.
85. Buskila D, Abu-Shakra M, Neumann L, et al. Balneotherapy for fibromyalgia at the Dead Sea. Rheumatol Int. 2001;20(3):105-108.
86. Hains G, Hains F. A combined ischemic compression and spinal manipulation in the treatment of fibromyalgia: a preliminary estimate of dose and efficacy. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2000;23(4):225-230.
87. Deluze C, Bosia L, Zirbs A, Chantraine A, Vischer TL. Electroacupuncture in fibromyalgia: results of a controlled trial. BMJ. 1992;305(6864):1249-1252.
88. Bland JS, Barrager E, Reedy RG, Bland K. A medical food-supplemented detoxification program in the management of chronic health problems. Altern Ther Health Med, 1995;1(5):62-71.
89. Bland JS, Bralley JA. Nutritional upregulation of hepatic detoxication enzymes. J Appl Nutr. 1992;44:2-15.
90. Fulle S, Mecocci P, Fano G, et al. Specific oxidative alterations in vastus lateralis muscle of patients with the diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000;29(12):1252-1259.
91. Cheraskin E, Ringsdorf WM Jr, Medford FH. Daily vitamin C consumption and fatigability. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1976;24(3):136-137.
92. Brosschot JF, Aarsse HR. Restricted emotional processing and somatic attribution in fibromyalgia. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2001;31(2):127-146.
93. Affleck G, Urrows S, Tennen H, Higgins P, Abeles M. Sequential daily relations of sleep, pain intensity, and attention to pain among women with fibromyalgia. Pain. 1996;68(2-3):363-368.
94. Caruso I, Sarzi Puttini P, Cazzola M, Azzolini V. Double-blind study of 5-hydroxytryptophan versus placebo in the treatment of primary fibromyalgia syndrome. J Int Med Res. 1990;18(3):201-209.
95. Ridsdale L, Godfrey E, Chalder T, et al. Chronic fatigue in general practice: is counselling as good as cognitive behaviour therapy? A UK randomised trial. Br J Gen Pract. 2001;51(462):19-24.
96. Straus SE, Dale JK, Wright R, Metcalfe DD. Allergy and the chronic fatigue syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1988;81(5 Pt 1):791-795.
97. Gaab J, Huster D, Peisen R, et al. Low-dose dexamethasone suppression test in chronic fatigue syndrome and health. Psychosom Med. 2002;64(2):311-318.
98. Dessein PH, Shipton EA, Joffe BI, et al. Hyposecretion of adrenal androgens and the relation of serum adrenal steroids, serotonin and insulin-like growth factor-1 to clinical features in women with fibromyalgia. Pain. 1999;83(2):313-319.
99. Hartz AJ, Bentler S, Noyes R, et al. Randomized controlled trial of Siberian ginseng for chronic fatigue. Psychol Med. 2004;34(1):51-61.
100. Gupta S, Vayuvegula B. A comprehensive immunological analysis in chronic fatigue syndrome. Scand J Immunol. 1991;33(3):319-327.
101. Hatakka K, Savilahti E, Ponka A, et al. Effect of long term consumption of probiotic milk on infections in children attending day care centres: double blind, randomised trial. BMJ. 2001;322(322):1327.
102. Richards SC, Scott DL. Prescribed exercise in people with fibromyalgia: parallel group randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2002;325(7357):185.