Periventricular leukomalacia: Overview and recent findings

Pediatric and Developmental Pathology

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 3-13

  Folkerth, Rebecca D ^a,b,c  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Cerebral palsy; Cytokines; Excitotoxicity; Oxidative stress; Prematurity

Indexed keywords

3 NITROTYROSINE; 4 HYDROXYNONENAL; CYTOKINE; FREE RADICAL; GAMMA INTERFERON; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR; GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTER; INTERLEUKIN 2; INTERLEUKIN 6; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; MALONALDEHYDE; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

AUTOPSY; BRAIN NECROSIS; CELL DEATH; CEREBRAL PALSY; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; ENCEPHALOMALACIA; EXCITOTOXICITY; FETUS; HUMAN; HYPOXIA; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY; ISCHEMIA; LIPID PEROXIDATION; MICROGLIA; MOTHER FETUS RELATIONSHIP; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NEWBORN; NITRATION; NONHUMAN; OLIGODENDROGLIA; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PREMATURITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPERFUSION; REVIEW; WHITE MATTER; ANIMAL; DISEASE MODEL; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

AMINO ACID TRANSPORT SYSTEM X-AG; ANIMALS; CEREBRAL PALSY; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; INFANT, PREMATURE; LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR; RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE;

EID: 33746223035     PISSN: 10935266     EISSN: 16155742     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2350/06-01-0024.1     Document Type: Review

References (59)

1. Iida K, Takashima S, Ueda K. Immunocytochemical study of myelination and oligodendrocytes in infants with periventricular leukomalacia. Pediatr Neurol 1995;13:296-304.
2. Haynes RL, Folkerth RD, Keefe RJ, et al. Nitrosative and oxidative injury to premyelinating oligodendrocytes in periventricular leukomalacia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2003;62:441-450.
3. Kinney HC, Haynes RL, Folkerth RD. White matter disorders in the perinatal period. In: Golden JA, Harding B, eds. Pathology and Genetics: Acquired and Inherited Diseases of the Developing Nervous System. Basel: ISN Neuropathology Press, 2004;29-40.
4. Volpe JJ. Cerebral white matter injury of the premature infant-more common than you think. Pediatrics 2003;112:176-180.
5. Resch B, Vollaard E, Maurer U, Haas J, Rosegger H, Muller W. Risk factors and determinants of neurodevelopmental outcome in cystic periventricular leucomalacia. Eur J Pediatr 2000;159:663-670.
6. Zupan V, Gonzalez P, Lacaze-Masmonteil T, et al. Periventricular leukomalacia: risk factors revisited. Dev Med Child Neurol 1996;38:1061-1067.
7. Spinillo A, Capuzzo E, Stronati M, Ometto A, De Santolo A, Acciano S. Obstetric risk factors for periventricular leukomalacia among preterm infants. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998;105:865-871.
8. Bejar RF, Vaucher YE, Benirschke K, Berry CC. Postnatal white matter necrosis in preterm infants. J Perinatol 1992;12:3-8.
9. Perlman JM, Risser R, Broyles RS. Bilateral cystic periventricular leukomalacia in the premature infant: associated risk factors. Pediatrics 1996;97:822-827.
10. Banker BQ, Larroche JC. Periventricular leukomalacia of infancy. A form of neonatal anoxic encephalopathy. Arch Neurol 1962;7:386-410.
11. Volpe JJ. Neurology of the Newborn. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 2001.
12. Maalouf EF, Duggan PJ, Counsell S, et al. Comparison of findings on cranial ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in preterm infants. Pediatrics 2001;107:719-727.
13. Counsell SJ, Rutherford MA, Cowan FM, Edwards AD. Magnetic resonance imaging of preterm brain injury. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2003;88:F269-F274.
14. Leviton A, Gilles F. Acquired perinatal telencephalic leukoencephalopathy. Ann Neurol 1984;16:1-8.
15. Inder TE, Wells SJ, Mogridge NB, Spencer C, Volpe JJ. Defining the nature of the cerebral abnormalities in the premature infant: a qualitative magnetic resonance imaging study. J Pediatr 2003;143:171-179.
16. Okamura M, Itakura A, Kurauchi O, Hayakawa F, Mizutani S, Tomoda Y. Fetal heart rate patterns associated with periventricular leukomalacia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1997;56:13-18.
17. Ibara S, Ikenoue T, Sameshima H, et al. [The perinatal risk factors of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) in premature infants]. Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi 1995;47:1243-1247.
18. Wu YW, Colford JM Jr. Chorioamnionitis as a risk factor for cerebral palsy: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2000;284:1417-1424.
19. Tsuji M, Saul JP, du Plessis A, et al. Cerebral intravascular oxygenation correlates with mean arterial pressure in critically ill premature infants. Pediatrics 2000;106:625-632.
20. Grafe MR. The correlation of prenatal brain damage with placental pathology. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1994;53:407-415.
21. Grafe MR, Kinney HC. Neuropathology associated with stillbirth. Semin Perinatol 2002;26:83-88.
22. Takashima S, Tanaka K. Development of cerebrovascular architecture and its relationship to periventricular leukomalacia. Arch Neurol 1978;35:11-16.
23. Takashima S, Armstrong DL, Becker LE. Subcortical leukomalacia. Relationship to development of the cerebral sulcus and its vascular supply. Arch Neurol 1978;35:470-472.
24. De Reuck J. The cortico-subcortical arterial angio-architecture in the human brain. Acta Neurol Belg 1972;72:323-329.
25. Rorke LB. Pathology of Perinatal Brain Injury. New York: Raven Press, 1982
26. Arai Y, Deguchi K, Mizuguchi M, Takashima S. Expression of beta-amyloid precursor protein in axons of periventricular leukomalacia brains. Pediatr Neurol 1995;13:161-163.
27. Deguchi K, Oguchi K, Matsuura N, Armstrong DD, Takashima S. Periventricular leukomalacia: relation to gestational age and axonal injury. Pediatr Neurol 1999;20:370-374.
28. Eksioglu YZ, Haynes RL, Kinney HC, Trachtenberg FL, Volpe J, Folkerth RD. Markers of oxidative and nitrosative injury are increased in the cerebral cortex overlying periventricular leukomalacia (abstract). J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2004;63:555.
29. Back SA, Luo NL, Borenstein NS, Levine JM, Volpe JJ, Kinney HC. Late oligodendrocyte progenitors coincide with the developmental window of vulnerability for human perinatal white matter injury. J Neurosci 2001;21:1302-1312.
30. Back SA, Gan X, Li Y, Rosenberg PR, Volpe JJ. Maturation-dependent vulnerability of oligodendrocytes to oxidative stress-induced death caused by glutathione depletion. J Neurosci 1998;18:6241-6253.
31. Baud O, Haynes RF, Wang H, et al. Developmental up-regulation of MnSOD in rat oligodendrocytes confers protection against oxidative injury. Eur J Neurosci 2004;20:29-40.
32. Gonzalez-Zulueta M, Ensz LM, Mukhina G, et al. Manganese superoxide dismutase protects nNOS neurons from NMDA and nitric oxide-mediated neurotoxicity. J Neurosci 1998;18:2040-2055.
33. Baud O, Greene AE, Li J, Wang H, Volpe JJ, Rosenberg PA. Glutathione peroxidase-catalase cooperativity is required for resistance to hydrogen peroxide by mature rat oligodendrocytes. J Neurosci 2004;24:1531-1540.
34. Folkerth RD, Haynes RL, Wang H, et al. Developmental regulation of manganese superoxide dismutase in rat oligodendrocytes confers protection against glutathione depletion induced toxicity. Soc Neurosci Abstr 2004;141:114.
35. Haynes RL, Baud O, Li J, Kinney HC, Volpe JJ, Folkerth DR. Oxidative and nitrative injury in periventricular leukomalacia: a review. Brain Pathol 2005;15:225-233.
36. Pousset F. Cytokines as mediators in the central nervous system. Biomed Pharmacother 1994;48:425-431.
37. Loscher CE, Donnelly S, Lynch MA, Mills KH. Induction of inflammatory cytokines in the brain following respiratory infection with Bordetella pertussis. J Neuroimmunol 2000;102:172-181.
38. Laflamme N, Rivest S. Toll-like receptor 4: the missing link of the cerebral innate immune response triggered by circulating gram-negative bacterial cell wall components. FASEB J 2001;15:155-163.
39. Bsibsi M, Ravid R, Gveric D, van Noort JM. Broad expression of Toll-like receptors in the human central nervous system. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2002;61:1013-1021.
40. Lehnardt S, Lachance C, Patrizi S, et al. The toll-like receptor TLR4 is necessary for lipopolysaccharide-induced oligodendrocyte injury in the CNS. J Neurosci 2002;22:2478-2486.
41. Lehnardt S, Massillon L, Follett P, et al. Activation of innate immunity in the CNS triggers neurodegeneration through a Toll-like receptor 4-dependent pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:8514-8519.
42. Billiards SS, Haynes RL, Folkerth RD, Volpe JJ, Kinney HC. The developmental profile of microglial density in the cerebral white matter of the human fetus and infant. Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner, Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience (online) 2004: Program No. 609.619.
43. Haynes RL, Folkerth RD, Borenstein NS, Volpe JJ, Kinney HC. Axonal development in the cerebral white matter of the human fetus and infant. J Comp Neurol 2006; In press.
44. Folkerth RD, Keefe RJ, Haynes RL, Trachtenberg FL, Volpe JJ, Kinney HC. Interferon-gamma expression in periventricular leukomalacia in the human brain. Brain Pathol 2004;14:265-274.
45. Deguchi K, Mizuguchi M, Takashima S. Immunohistochemical expression of tumor necrosis factor α in neonatal leukomalacia. Pediatr Neurol 1996;14:13-16.
46. Yoon BH, Romero R, Kim CJ, et al. High expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in periventricular leukomalacia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:406-411.
47. Kadhim H, Tabarki B, De Prez C, Rona AM, Sebire G. Interleukin-2 in the pathogenesis of perinatal white matter damage. Neurology 2002;58:1125-1128.
48. Vartanian T, Li Y, Zhao M, Stefansson K. Interferon-gamma-induced oligodendrocyte cell death: implications for the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Mol Med 1995;1:732-743.
49. Lee SC, Dickson DW, Liu W, Brosnan CF. Induction of nitric oxide synthase activity in human astrocytes by interleukin-1 beta and interferon-gamma. J Neuroimmunol 1993;46:19-24.
50. Balasingam V, Tejada-Berges T, Wright E, Bouckova R, Yong VW. Reactive astrogliosis in the neonatal mouse brain and its modulation by cytokines. J Neurosci 1994;14:846-856.
51. Agresti C, Bernardo A, Del Russo N, et al. Synergistic stimulation of MHC class 1 and IRF-1 gene expression by IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in oligodendrocytes. Eur J Neurosci 1998;10:2975-2983.
52. Kinney HC, Back SA. Human oligodendrocyte development: relationship to periventricular leukomalacia. Semin Pediatr Neurol 1998;5:180-189.
53. Matute C, Alberdi E, Domercq M, et al. The link between excitotoxic oligodendroglial death and demyelinating diseases. Trends Neurosci 2001;24:224-230.
54. Hu S, Sheng WS, Ehrlich LC, Peterson PK, Chao CC. Cytokine effects on glutamate uptake by human astrocytes. Neuroimmunomodulation 2000;7:153-159.
55. Oka A, Belliveau MJ, Rosenberg PA, Volpe JJ. Vulnerability of oligodendroglia to glutamate: pharmacology, mechanisms, and prevention. J Neurosci 1993;13:1441-1453.
56. Talos DM, Follett PL, Folkerth RD, et al. Developmental regulation of AMPA receptor subunit expression in forebrain and relationship to regional susceptibility to hypoxic/ischemic injury: part II. Human cerebral white matter and cortex. J Comp Neurol, In press.
57. DeSilva TM, Kinney HC, Volpe JJ, Rosenberg PA. Glutamate transporter expression in cerebral white matter of the developing human brain. Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner, Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience (online) 2002: Program No. 44.48.
58. Hirayama A, Oka A, Ito M, Tanaka F, Okoshi Y, Takashima S. Myelin transcription factor 1 (MyT1) immunoreactivity in infants with periventricular leukomalacia. Dev Brain Res 2003;140:85-92.
59. Baerwald KD, Popko B. Developing and mature oligodendrocytes respond differently to the immune cytokine interferon-gamma. J Neurosci Res 1998;52:230-239.