Phytochemical and analytical studies of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen

Journal of Natural Medicines

Volumn 60, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 97-106

  Wang, Chong Zhi ^a,b   McEntee, Eryn ^a,b   Wicks, Sheila ^a,b   Wu, Ji An ^a,b   Yuan, Chun Su ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Analysis; Ginsenosides; HPLC; Notoginseng saponins; Notoginsenosides; Panax notoginseng; Phytochemistry; Review

Indexed keywords

10 HYDROXYDECA 4,6 DIYNOIC ACID 10 O BETA DEXTRO GLUCOPYRANOSYL (1-2) BETA DEXTRO GLUCOPYRANOSIDE; 2 AMINOADIPIC ACID; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; AMINO ACID DERIVATIVE; BETULIN; CALENDULADIOL; DAUCOSTEROL; DENCICHIN; FLAVONOID; GINSENOSIDE RB 1; GINSENOSIDE RD; GINSENOSIDE RE; GINSENOSIDE RG 1; LUPEOL; NOTOGINSENIC ACID BETA SOPHOROSIDE; PANAX NOTOGINSENG EXTRACT; PANAXYDOL; PANAXYNOL; PANAXYTRIOL; PHYTOSTEROL; PLANT MEDICINAL PRODUCT; POLYACETYLENE DERIVATIVE; POLYSACCHARIDE; QUERCETIN; QUERCETIN 3 O SOPHOROSIDE; SANCHINAN A; SAPONIN; SITOSTEROL; STEROL; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANALYTIC METHOD; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG DETERMINATION; DRUG IDENTIFICATION; DRUG ISOLATION; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; GINSENG; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN; IMMUNOASSAY; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MEDICINAL PLANT; NONHUMAN; PANAX NOTOGINSENG; PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUS; PHYTOCHEMISTRY; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW;

EID: 33745889215     PISSN: 13403443     EISSN: 18610293     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11418-005-0027-x     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. V Alvarez-Maubecin F Garcia-Hernandez JT Williams B Van J Elisabeth 2000 Functional coupling between neurons and glia J Neurosci 20 4091 4098
2. Anon 2004 WHO issues guidelines for herbal medicines Bull World Health Organ 82 238
3. E Bombardelli A Bonati B Gabetta EM Martinelli G Mustich 1976 Gas-liquid chromatographic and mass spectrometric investigation on saponins in Panax ginseng extracts Fitoterapia 47 99 106
4. P Chan GN Thomas B Tomlinson 2002 Protective effects of trilinolein extracted from Panax notoginseng against cardiovascular disease Acta Pharmacol Sin 23 1157 1162
5. RYK Chan WF Chen A Dong D Guo MS Wong 2002 Estrogen-like activity of ginsenoside Rg1 derived from Panax notoginseng J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 3691 3695
6. Y Chen LK Sorensen 2000 Determination of marker constituents in Radix Glycyrrhizae and Radix Notoginseng by near infrared spectroscopy Fresenius J Anal Chem 367 491 496
7. SE Chen EJ Staba 1978 American ginseng. I. Large scale isolation of ginsenosides from leaves and stems Lloydia 41 361 366
8. FD Chen MC Wu HE Wang JJ Hwang CY Hong YT Huang SH Yen YH Ou 2001 Sensitization of a tumor, but not normal tissue, to the cytotoxic effect of ionizing radiation using Panax notoginseng extract Am J Chin Med 29 517 524
9. Y Chen E Zhan H Chen X Duan Guo Li 2002 Saponins with low sugar chain from the leaves of Panax notoginseng (Burk) F. H. Chen J Chin Med Mater 25 176 178
10. Z Chen Y Sun T Dong H Zhan X Cui 2003 Comparison of amino acid contents in Panax notoginseng from different habitats J Chin Med Mater 26 86 88
11. Q Chi J Guo Q Dang 1992 Thin layer chromatography and extractive technology of Panax japonicum C.A. Mey. var. major (Burk.) C. Y. Wu et K. M. Feng growing in Qingba Mountain Area Chin J Chin Mater Med 17 478 480
12. TQ Chou JH Chu 1937 The saponins of the Chinese drug, san-ch'i, Aralia bipinnatifida Chin J Physiol 12 59 66
13. WC Chuang SJ Sheu 1994 Determination of ginsenosides in ginseng crude extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography J Chromatogr A 685 243 251
14. Committee of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2005) Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China 2005, vol 1. Chemical Industry Press, Beijing, pp 10-11
15. XM Cui TX Dong ZJ Chen CL Wang HQ Zhan 2002 Studies on change of polysaccharides in Panax notoginseng collected at different times and from different regions Chin Pharm J 37 818 820
16. XM Cui CK Lo KL Yip TT Dong KW Tsim 2003 Authentication of Panax notoginseng by 5S-rRNA spacer domain and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis Planta Med 69 584 586
17. P Drasar J Moravcova 2004 Recent advances in analysis of Chinese medical plants and traditional medicines J Chromatogr B 812 3 21
18. HH Fong 2002 Integration of herbal medicine into modern medical practices: issues and prospects Integr Cancer Ther 1 287 293
19. JC Fowler JM Kijas MR Thomas 1994 Current molecular methods for plant genome identification Australas Biotechnol 4 153 157
20. E Fridman E Pichersky 2005 Metabolomics, genomics, proteomics, and the identification of enzymes and their substrates and products Curr Opin Plant Biol 8 242 248
21. N Fukuda H Tanaka Y Shoyama 2000 Formation of monoclonal antibody against a major ginseng component, ginsenoside Rg1 and its characterization Cytotechnology 34 197 204
22. N Fukuda H Tanaka Y Shoyama 2000 Application of ELISA, western blotting and immunoaffinity concentration for survey of ginsenosides in crude drugs of Panax species and traditional Chinese herbal medicines Analyst 125 1425 1429
23. N Fukuda H Tanaka Y Shoyama 2001 Double staining of ginsenosides by western blotting using anti-ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 monoclonal antibodies Biol Pharm Bull 24 1157 1160
24. H Fushimi K Komatsu T Namba M Isobe 2000 Genetic heterogeneity of ribosomal RNA gene and matK gene in Panax notoginseng Planta Med 66 659 661
25. N Fuzzati 2004 Analysis methods of ginsenosides J Chromatogr B 812 119 133
26. FY Gang GZ Zheng 1992 Chemical compounds from Panax notoginseng Chin Pharm J 27 38 43
27. H Gao F Wang EJ Lien MD Trousdale 1996 Immunostimulating polysaccharides from Panax notoginseng Pharm Res 13 1196 1200
28. JA Han WY Hu 1996 Influence of Panax notoginseng (PNS) on pathological action of oxygen free radicals in central nervous system damage Chin Pharmacol Bull 12 487 489
29. BH Han YN Han U Sankawa M Akyama K Kawashima 1980 The radio-immunoassay method for ginsenoside Rg1 of Korean ginseng Saengyak Hakhoechi 11 133 140
30. XG He 2000 On-line identification of phytochemical constituents in botanical extracts by combined high-performance liquid chromatographic-diode array detection-mass spectrometric techniques J Chromatogr A 880 203 232
31. KE Heim AR Tagliaferro DJ Bobilya 2002 Flavonoid antioxidants: chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships J Nutr Biochem 13 572 584
32. S Hiai H Oura Y Odaka T Nakajima 1975 Colorimetric estimation of ginseng saponins Planta Med 28 363 369
33. LB Hou ZD Chen ZL Chen CY Xu XX Yang 2000 Identification of proteins from Panax pseudo ginseng var. notoginseng and its confusable varieties by HPCE Chin Trait Herbal Drugs 31 859 860
34. CT Hsu 1956 Panax ginseng var. notoginseng Jpn J Pharmacol 6 18 28
35. XD Huang L Kong X Li XG Chen M Guo HF Zou 2004 Strategy for analysis and screening of bioactive compounds in traditional Chinese medicines J Chromatogr B 812 71 84
36. KY Jiang ZN Qian 1995 Effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on post hypoxic cell damage of neurons in vitro Acta Pharmacol Sin 16 399 402
37. I Kitagawa M Yoshikawa M Yoshihara T Hayashi T Taniyama 1983 Chemical studies on crude drugs. I. On the constituents of ginseng radix rubra. 1 Yakugaku Zasshi 103 612 622
38. GC Kite MJ Howes CJ Leon MS Simmonds 2003 Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry of malonyl-ginsenosides in the authentication of ginseng Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 17 238 244
39. SR Ko KJ Choi SC Kim KW Han 1995 Content and composition of saponin compounds of Panax species Koryo Insam Hakhoechi 19 254 259
40. SR Ko KJ Choi YH Kim 1996 Comparative study on the essential oil components of Panax species Koryo Insam Hakhoechi 20 42 48
41. M Kobk-Larsen LP Christensen W Vach J Ritskes-Hoitinga K Brandt 2005 Inhibitory effects of feeding with carrots or (-)-falcarinol on development of azoxymethane-induced preneoplastic lesions in the rat colon J Agric Food Chem 53 1823 1827
42. K Komatsu S Zhu Y Sasaki 2004 Systematic pharmacognostical study on Panax drugs and Curcuma drugs-phylogenetic analysis, molecular authentication and quality evaluation J Tradit Med 21 251 270
43. T Konoshima 1999 Cancer chemo preventive activities of Panax notoginseng and ginsenoside Rg1 Stud Plant Sci 6 36 42
44. Kozuga T, Yokota M, Aono S, Ito Y, Kato H (1980) L-N-β-Oxalyl- α,β-diaminopropionic acid. Jpn Kokai Tokyo Koho, JP 55043045 19800326 Showa, 4 pp
45. CY Kwan 1995 Vascular effects of selected antihypertensive drugs derived from traditional medicinal herbs Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol Suppl 22 S297 S299
46. AD Lang TY Zhang S Ali 1996 GC/MS/DS analysis of fatty acids in Panax notoginseng J Beijing Normal Univ (Nat Sci) 32 257 259
47. A-J Lau B-H Seo S-O Woo H-L Koh 2004 High-performance liquid chromatographic method with quantitative comparisons of whole chromatograms of raw and steamed Panax notoginseng J Chromatogr A 1057 141 149
48. SH Li Y Chu 1999 Anti-inflammatory effects of total saponins of Panax notoginseng Acta Pharmacol Sin 20 551 554
49. W Li JF Fitzloff 2001 A validated method for quantitative determination of saponins in notoginseng (Panax notoginseng) using high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light-scattering detection J Pharm Pharmacol 53 1637 1643
50. LX Li ZC Wang SQ Li WD Zhao WJ Zhao XF Zhang JX Wei 1988 Effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on hemorrhagic shock in rabbits Acta Pharmacol Sin 9 52 55
51. Q Li YH Ye QY Xing HS Yuan 1997 Comparative studies on some amino acids of Panax species Acta Sci Nat Univ Pekin 33 686 690
52. HZ Li RW Teng CR Yang 2001 A novel hexanordammarane glycoside from the roots of Panax notoginseng Chin Chem Lett 12 59 62
53. L Li T Rong JP Dou FR Song ZQ Liu SY Liu 2005 Detection of saponins in extract of Panax notoginseng by liquid chromatography: electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry Anal Chim Acta 536 21 28
54. L Li JL Zhang YX Sheng DA Guo Q Wang HR Guo 2005 Simultaneous quantification of six major active saponins of Panax notoginseng by high-performance liquid chromatography: UV method J Pharm Biomed Anal 38 45 51
55. YZ Liang P Xie K Chan 2004 Quality control of herbal medicines J Chromatogr B 812 53 70
56. Q Lin X Zhao P Liu Z Chen Y Lu 2002 Studies on lipophilic constituents of Panax notoginseng Chin Tradit Herbal Drugs 33 490 492
57. R Liu J Zhang J Wei H Yu 1990 Chemical constituents of Sanqi (Panax notoginseng kernel oil) Chin Tradit Herbal Drugs 21 242 245
58. KZ Liu JB Li HL Lu JK Wen M Han 2004 Effects of Astragalus and saponins of Panax notoginseng on MMP-9 in patients with type 2 diabetic macroangiopathy Chin J Chin Mater Med 29 264 266
59. XS Liu HB Qu YY Cheng 2005 Determination of active components in a natural herb with near infrared spectroscopy based on artificial neural networks Chem Res Chin Univ 21 36 43
60. YC Long YH Ye QY Xing 1996 Studies on the neuroexcitotoxin β-N-oxalo-l-α,β-diaminopropionic acid and its isomer α-N-oxalo-l-α, β-diaminopropionic acid from the root of Panax species Int J Pept Protein Res 47 42 46
61. JHC Lui EJ Staba 1980 The ginsenosides of various ginseng plants and selected products J Nat Prod 43 340 346
62. XJ Luo SY Zhou DL Wang CM Sun DW Chen RH Zhang 2002 Optimizing the extraction process for notoginseng saponin by the uniform design J Shenyang Pharm Univ 19 122 124
63. LY Ma CL Wang Q Zhang LJ Du JM Chen PG Xiao 1998 Effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on blood supply and energy metabolism of brain tissues Chin Pharmacol Bull 14 27 29
64. WG Ma M Mizutani KE Malterud SL Lu B Ducrey S Tahara 1999 Saponins from the roots of Panax notoginseng Photochemistry 52 1133 1139
65. Mahady GB, Fong HHS, Farnsworth NR (2001) Botanical dietary supplements: quality, safety and efficacy. Swets, Tokyo, pp. 17-25
66. A Marty I Llano 2005 Excitatory effects of GABA in established brain networks Trends Neurosci 28 284 289
67. H Matsunaga M Katano H Yamamoto M Mori K Takata 1989 Studies on the panaxytriol of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Isolation, determination and antitumor activity Chem Pharm Bull 37 1279 1281
68. H Matsuura R Kasai O Tanaka YI Saruwatari T Fuwa J Zhou 1983 Further studies on dammarane-saponins of Sanchi-Ginseng Chem Pharm Bull 31 2281 2287
69. T Mehta NS Zarghami AJ Parker PK Cusick BE Haskell 1979 Neurotoxicity of orally or intraperitoneally administered l-3-oxalylamino-2-aminopropionic acid in the mouse Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 48 1 9
70. A Mita R Shida N Kasai J Shoji 1979 Enhancement and suppression in production of IgM-antibody in mice treated with purified saponins Biomedicine 31 223 227
71. F Ngan P Shaw P But J Wang 1999 Molecular authentication of Panax species Phytochemistry 50 787 791
72. K Ohtani K Mizutani S Hatono R Kasai R Sumino T Shiota M Ushijima J Zhou T Fuwa O Tanaka 1987 Sanchinan A, a reticuloendothelial system activating arabinogalactan from Sanchi-Ginseng (roots of Panax notoginseng) Planta Med 53 166 169
73. WA Oleszek 2002 Chromatographic determination of plant saponins J Chromatogr A 967 147 162
74. HP Pan L Huang Z Zhou G Liang XJ Hong ZM Huan 1993 Experimental studies on anti-aging effect of total saponin from stalk and leaf of Sanchi (Panax notoginseng) Chin Tradit Herbal Drugs 24 581 584
75. W Putalun N Fukuda H Tanaka Y Shoyama 2004 A one-step immunochromatographic assay for detecting ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 Anal Bioanal Chem 378 1338 1341
76. J QuIlez P GarcIa-Lorda J Salas-Salvado 2003 Potential uses and benefits of phytosterols in diet: present situation and future directions Clin Nutr 22 343 351
77. S Sanada J Shoji 1978 Comparative studies on the saponins of ginseng and related crude drugs. I Shoyakugaku Zasshi 32 96 99
78. S Sanada J Shoji S Shibata 1978 Quantitative analysis of ginseng saponins Yakugaku Zasshi 98 1048 1054
79. V Savolainen MW Chase 2003 A decade of progress in plant molecular phylogenetics Trends Genet 19 717 724
80. DX Sha ML Zhang 2005 Determination of notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 in radix notoginseng and its preparation by HPLC-ELSD Chin J Chin Mater Med 30 112 115
81. PC Shaw PP But 1995 Authentication of Panax species and their adulterants by random-primed polymerase chain reaction Planta Med 61 466 469
82. Y Shen XL Fang 2004 Panax notoginseng liposomes: physiological compatibility and effects on cardiocerebrovascular diseases study Chin J Clin Pharmacol 13 269 273
83. J Sherma 2003 High-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of botanical medicines and dietary supplements: a review J AOAC Int 86 873 881
84. YH Shim CD Park H Kim do JH Cho MH Cho HJ Kim 2005 Identification of Panax species in the herbal medicine preparations using gradient PCR method Biol Pharm Bull 28 671 676
85. Y Shoyama 2000 Pharmacognosical study on secondary metabolites Yakugaku Zasshi 120 749 765
86. O Sticher F Soldati 1979 HPLC separation and quantitative determination of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium and from ginseng drug preparations Planta Med 36 30 42
87. H Tanaka Y Shoyama 2004 Development of analytical methods using monoclonal antibodies against natural products Foods Food Ingredients J Jpn 209 40 51
88. H Tanaka N Fukuda Y Shoyama 1999 Formation of monoclonal antibody against a major ginseng component, ginsenoside Rb1 and its characterization Cytotechnology 29 115 120
89. S Taniyasu O Tanaka TR Yang J Zhou 1982 Dammarane saponins of flower buds of Panax notoginseng (Sanchi-Ginseng) Planta Med 44 124 125
90. R Thompson 2005 A practical guide to HPLC enantioseparations for pharmaceutical compounds J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol 28 1215 1231
91. NI Uvarova VV Makhan'kova GV Malinovskaya NF Samoshina LN Atopkina GN Likhatskaya NY Kim MM Anisimov GB Elyakov 2000 Triterpene glycosides from wild and cultivated ginseng occurring in maritime territory: chemical characterization, comparative quantitative analysis, and biological activity study Pharm Chem J 34 122 129
92. A Voller A Bartlett DE Bidwell 1978 Enzyme immunoassays with special reference to ELISA techniques J Clin Pathol 31 507 520
93. JB Wan SP Li KW Kan LY Kong YT Wang 2004 Analysis of saponins from Panax notoginseng using pressurized solvent extraction coupled with high performance thin layer chromatography Chin Nat Med 2 215 218
94. Y Wang KS Bi 2003 Fingerprint construction of Panax notoginseng Chin J Chin Mater Med 28 316 320
95. JF Wang ZR Li JX Wei 1982 Quantitative determination of saponins in the roots of Panax notoginseng, P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius Chin Pharm J 17 244 245
96. M Wang YG Fan WF Gao 2000 Quantitative determination of notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenoside Rg1, Rb1 in Panax notoginseng and Xuesaitong injection by HPLC gradient elution method Chin J Pharm Anal 20 410 413
97. H Wang XJ Wu YY Cui L Zhu Y Lu HZ Chen 2005 Up-regulation of M1 muscarinic receptors expressed in CHOm1 cells by panaxynol via cAMP pathway Neurosci Lett 383 121 126
98. J Wei Y Du 1992 Study and development of Sanchi (Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen) Nat Prod Res Dev 4 94 100
99. JX Wei JF Wang 1987 Studies on the flavonoids from the leaves of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen Bull Chin Mater Med 12 671 673
100. JX Wei JF Wang LY Chang YC Du 1980 Chemical studies of San-Chi Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen. I. Studies on the constituents of San-Chi root hairs Acta Pharm Sin 15 359 364
101. JX Wei LA Wang H Du R Li 1985 Isolation and identification of sanchinoside B1 and B2 from rootlets of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen Acta Pharm Sin 20 288 293
102. Wei J, Chen Y, Cao S (1992) Saponins in the fruit pedicels of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen. China J Chin Mater Med 17:611-613, 639-640
103. J Wen EA Zimmer 1996 Phylogeny and biogeography of Panax L. (the ginseng genus, araliaceae): inferences from ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA Mol Phylogenet Evol 6 167 177
104. CM White C Fan J Song JP Tsikouris M Chow 2001 An evaluation of the haemostatic effects of hydrophilic, alcohol, and lipophilic extracts of notoginseng Pharmacotherapy 21 773 777
105. FM Willis MJ Felton 2004 UV detectors Today's chemist at work 7 49 50
106. MZ Wu 1979 Studies on the saponin components of plants in Yunnan. IV. Two saponins of Panax notoginseng Acta Bot Yunnanica 1 119 124
107. YJ Wu XY Zhu XY Sha XL Fang 2005 The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intranasal preparation of Panax notoginseng saponins Acta Pharm Sin 40 377 381
108. SY Xiao GA Luo YM Wang XD Yang QL Liang 2004 Identification of Panax notoginseng and its preparations by LC/MS Acta Pharm Sin 39 127 131
109. PS Xie YZ Yan 1987 HPTLC fingerprint identification of commercial ginseng drugs: reinvestigation of HPTLC of ginsenosides J High Resolut Chromatogr Chromatogr Commun 10 607 613
110. H Yamaguchi R Kasai H Matsuura O Tanaka T Fuwa 1988 High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of acidic saponins of ginseng and related plants Chem Pharm Bull 36 3468 3473
111. F Yang Y Du 2002 Synthesis of oligosaccharide derivatives related to those from sanqi, a Chinese herbal medicine from Panax notoginseng Carbohydr Res 337 485 491
112. TR Yang R Kasai J Zhou O Tanaka 1983 Dammarane saponins of leaves and seeds of Panax notoginseng Phytochemistry 22 1473 1478
113. C Yang G Wang M Wu J Zhou 1985 Dammarane saponins of the rhizome of Panax notoginseng Chin Pharm J 20 337 338
114. NL Yang HB Qu YY Cheng 2002 Rapid quantification of total saponins of Panax notoginseng by near infrared spectroscopy J Zhejiang Univ (Eng Sci) 36 463 466
115. NL Yang YY Cheng YJ Wu 2003 A new method for fast and nondestructive analysis of saponins in Panax notoginseng herb by near infrared spectroscopy Acta Chimi Sin 61 393 398
116. NL Yang YJ Wu YY Cheng 2003 Simultaneous determination of notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1, Rb1 and Rd in Panax notoginseng herb using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography Chin J Anal Chem 31 731 734
117. M Yoshikawa 2002 Physiological functions of Panax notoginseng Shokuhin Kagaku 44 35 38
118. M Yoshikawa T Murakami T Ueno K Yashiro N Hirokawa N Murakami J Yamahara H Matsuda R Saijoh O Tanaka 1997 Bioactive saponins and glycosides. VIII. Notoginseng (1): new dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, notoginsenosides-A, -B, -C, and -D, from the dried root of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen Chem Pharm Bull 45 1039 1045
119. M Yoshikawa T Murakami T Ueno N Hirokawa K Yashiro N Murakami J Yamahara H Matsuda R Saijoh O Tanaka 1997 Bioactive saponins and glycosides. IX. Notoginseng (2): structures of five new dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, notoginsenosides-E, -G, -H, -I, and -J, and a novel acetylenic fatty acid glycoside, notoginsenic acid β-sophoroside, from the dried root of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen Chem Pharm Bull 45 1056 1062
120. M Yoshikawa T Morikawa K Yashiro T Murakami H Matsuda 2001 Bioactive saponins and glycosides. XIX. Notoginseng (3): immunological adjuvant activity of notoginsenosides and related saponins: structures of notoginsenosides-L, -M, and -N from the roots of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen Chem Pharm Bull 49 1452 1456
121. M Yoshikawa T Morikawa Y Kashima K Ninomiya H Matsuda 2003 Structures of new dammarane-type triterpene saponins from the flower buds of Panax notoginseng and hepatoprotective effects of principal ginseng saponins J Nat Prod 66 922 927
122. WM Zhai YS Yuan YX Zhou L Wei 2001 HPLC fingerprints identification of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey, P. quinquefolin L. and P. notoginseng (Burk. F. H. Chen) Chin J Chin Mater Med 26 481 482
123. GD Zhang 1992 Determination of Panax notoginseng and Guanxinning by macroreticular resin-colorimetric method Chin Tradit Herbal Drugs 12 503 505
124. GD Zhang ZH Zhou MZ Wang FY Gao 1980 Analysis of ginseng. I. Determination of saponins in Panax ginseng root Acta Pharm Sin 15 175 181
125. LB Zhang JZ Wei MX Wu 2001 Determination of ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rb3 and notoginsenoside Fc in essence of tienchi flowers Chin J Pharm Anal 21 310 312
126. P Zhao Y Liu C Yang 1993 Minor constituents from the roots of Panax notoginseng Acta Bot Yunnan 15 409 412
127. P Zhao YQ Liu CR Yang 1996 Minor dammarane saponins from Panax notoginseng Photochemistry 41 1419 1422
128. J Zhou WG Huang MZ Wu CR Yang GM Feng ZY Wu 1975 Thiterpenoids from Panax Linn. and their relationship with taxonomy and geographical distribution Acta Phytotax Sin 13 29 48
129. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?402651. Accessed on September 16, 2005
130. J Zhou MZ Wu S Taniyasu H Besso O Tanaka Y Saruwatari T Fuwa 1981 Dammarane-saponins of Sanchi ginseng, roots of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen (Araliaceae): structures of new saponins, notoginsenosides-R1 and -R2, and identification of ginsenosides-Rg2 and -Rh1 Chem Pharm Bull 29 2844 2850
131. ZH Zhou GD Zhang JF Wang 1981 Studies on the quantitative analysis of saponins in San Chi, the root of Panax notoginseng (Burk) Acta Pharm Sin 16 535 540
132. YC Zhou HQ Zhao N Liang Y Qu XY Lu FM Zhang 2003 Determination of the contents of ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rb1 and the notoginsenoside R1 in the total notoginsenosides of the Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen by HPLC J Shenyang Pharm Univ 20 27 31
133. S Zhu H Fushimi S Cai K Komatsu 2004 Species identification from Ginseng drugs by multiplex amplification refractory mutation system (MARMS) Planta Med 70 189 192
134. Y Zhu F Pettolino SL Mau A Bacic 2005 Characterization of cell wall polysaccharides from the medicinal plant Panax notoginseng Phytochemistry 66 1067 1076