Review article: Moderate sedation for endoscopy: Sedation regimens for non-anaesthesiologists

Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 163-171

  Rex, D K ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; DIAZEPAM; DIPHENHYDRAMINE; FENTANYL; FLUMAZENIL; FOSPROPOFOL; MIDAZOLAM; NALOXONE; NARCOTIC AGENT; PETHIDINE; PROPOFOL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANALGESIA; COLONOSCOPY; CONSCIOUSNESS LEVEL; COUGHING; DOSE TIME EFFECT RELATION; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG EXCRETION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; ENDOSCOPY; ESOPHAGOGASTRODUODENOSCOPY; FATIGUE; GENERAL ANESTHESIA; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; LUNG EDEMA; NAUSEA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY FAILURE; REVIEW; SEDATION;

ANESTHESIA; CONSCIOUS SEDATION; ENDOSCOPY, GASTROINTESTINAL; HUMANS; HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES; PROPOFOL;

EID: 33745672720     PISSN: 02692813     EISSN: 13652036     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02986.x     Document Type: Review

References (36)

1. Zuccaro G Jr. Sedation and analgesia for GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2006; 63: 95-96.
2. Ristikankare MK, Julkunen RJ. Premedication for gastrointestinal endoscopy is a rare practice in Finland: a nationwide survey. Gastrointest Endosc 1998; 47: 204-7.
3. Grasset D, Morfoisse JJ, Seigneuric C. [Conditions of practice and results of colonoscopy in non-university hospitals. Results of a cross sectional, multicenter ANGH study (1)]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2000; 24: 273-8.
4. Faulx AL, Vela S, Das A, et al. The changing landscape of practice patterns regarding unsedated endoscopy and propofol use: a national survey. Gastrointest Endosc 2004; 59: AB131.
5. Bowles CJ, Leicester R, Romaya C, Swarbrick E, Williams CB, Epstein O. A prospective study of colonoscopy practice in the UK today: are we adequately prepared for national colorectal cancer screening tomorrow? Gut 2004; 53: 277-83.
6. Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists. An updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology 2002; 96: 1004-17.
7. Patel S, Vargo JJ, Khandwala F, et al. Deep sedation occurs frequently during elective endoscopy with meperidine and midazolam. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 2689-95.
8. Rex DK, Heuss LT, Walker JA, Qi R. Trained registered nurses/endoscopy teams can administer propofol safely for endoscopy. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 1384-91.
9. Weston BR, Chadalawada V, Chalasani N, et al. Nurse-administered propofol versus midazolam and meperidine for upper endoscopy in cirrhotic patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 2440-7.
10. Heuss LT, Froehlich F, Beglinger C. Changing patterns of sedation and monitoring practice during endoscopy: results of a nationwide survey in Switzerland. Endoscopy 2005; 37: 161-6.
11. Wood M. Variability of human drug response. Anesthesiology 1989; 71: 631-4.
12. Levy G. Impact of pharmacodynamic variability on drug delivery (1). Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1998; 33: 201-6.
13. Gourlay GK, Kowalski SR, Plummer JL, Cousins MJ, Armstrong PJ. Fentanyl blood concentration-analgesic response relationship in the treatment of postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 1988; 67: 329-37.
14. Arrowsmith J, Gerstman B, Fleischer D, et al. Results from the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy/U.S. Food and Drug Administration collaborative study on complication rates and drug use during gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 1991; 37: 421-27.
15. Bailey P, Pace N, Ashburn M, et al. Frequent hypoxemia and apnea after sedation with midazolam and fentanyl. Anesthesiology 1990; 73: 826-30.
16. Clarke AC, Hillman LC. Does the use of propofol require a specialist anesthetist? Endoscopy 2001; 33: 95.
17. Cohen LB, Hightower CD, Wood DA, Miller KM, Aisenberg J. Moderate level sedation during endoscopy: a prospective study using low-dose propofol, meperidine/fentanyl, and midazolam. Gastrointest Endosc 2004; 59: 795-803.
18. Kern SE, Xie G, White JL, Egan TD. A response surface analysis of propofol-remifentanil pharmacodynamic interaction in volunteers. Anesthesiology 2004; 100: 1373-81.
19. Roseveare C, Seavell C, Patel P, et al. Patient-controlled sedation and analgesia, using propofol and alfentanil, during colonoscopy: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Endoscopy 1998; 30: 768-73.
20. Rudner R, Jalowiecki P, Kawecki P, Gonciarz M, Mularczyk A, Petelenz M. Conscious analgesia/sedation with remifentanil and propofol versus total intravenous anesthesia with fentanyl, midazolam, and propofol for outpatient colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 57: 657-63.
21. Paspatis G, Manolaraki M, Xirouchakis G, et al. Synergistic sedation with midazolam and propofol versus midazolam and pethidine in colonoscopies: a prospective, randomized study. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97: 1963-7.
22. Seifert H, Schmitt T, Gultekin T, et al. Sedation with propofol plus midazolam versus propofol alone for interventional endoscopic procedures: a prospective, randomized study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14: 1207-14.
23. Reimann F, Samson U, Derad I, et al. Synergistic sedation with low-dose midazolam and propofol for colonoscopies. Endoscopy 2000; 32: 239-44.
24. Huang R, Eisen GM. Efficacy, safety, and limitations in current practice of sedation and analgesia. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2004; 14: 269-88.
25. Horn E, Nesbit SA. Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of sedatives and analgesics. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2004; 14: 247-68.
26. Buhren M, Maitre PO, Crevoisier C, Stanski DR. Pharmacodynamic modeling of the electroencephalographic effects of midazolam and diazepam. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995; 48: 555-67.
27. Morrow JB, Zuccaro G Jr, Conwell DL, et al. Sedation for colonoscopy using a single bolus is safe, effective, and efficient: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 2242-7.
28. Tu RH, Grewall P, Leung JW, et al. Diphenhydramine as an adjunct to sedation for colonoscopy: a double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled study. Gastrointest Endosc 2006; 63: 87-94.
29. Sipe BW, Rex DK, Latinovich D, et al. Propofol versus midazolam/meperidine for outpatient colonoscopy: administration by nurses supervised by endoscopists. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 55: 815-25.
30. Ulmer BJ, Hansen JJ, Overley CA, et al. Propofol versus midazolam/fentanyl for outpatient colonoscopy: administration by nurses supervised by endoscopists. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 1: 425-32.
31. Rex D, Overley C, Walker J. Registered nurse administered propofol sedation (NAPS) for upper endoscopy and colonoscopy: why? when? and how? Rev Gastroenterol Dis 2003; 3: 70-80.
32. Van Natta MR, Rex DK. Propofol alone titrated to deep sedation versus propofol in combination with narcotics and/or benzodiazepines and targeted to moderate sedation for colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2006; 63: AB192.
33. Fechner J, Ihmsen H, Hatterscheid D, et al. Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the new propofol prodrug GPI 15715 and propofol emulsion. Anesthesiology 2004; 101: 626-39.
34. Gibiansky E, Struys MM, Gibiansky L, et al. AQUAVAN injection, a water-soluble prodrug of propofol, as a bolus injection: a phase I dose-escalation comparison with DIPRIVAN (part 1): pharmacokinetics. Anesthesiology 2005; 103: 718-29.
35. Pruitt R, Cohen LB, Gibiansky E, et al. A randomized, open-label, multicenter, dose-ranging study of sedation with Aquavan injection (GPI 15714) during colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 61: AB111.
36. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Training guideline for use of propofol in gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2004; 60: 167-72.