Accessing internal leadership positions at school: Testing the similarity-attraction approach regarding gender in three educational systems in Israel

Educational Administration Quarterly

Volumn 42, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 291-323

  Addi Raccah, Audrey ^a  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

Comparative education; Gender; Internal leadership; Jewish and Arab education; School principal

Indexed keywords

EID: 33745591648     PISSN: 0013161X     EISSN: 15523519     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0013161X05284042     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Acker, S. (1994). Creating career: Women teachers at work. In S. Acker (Ed.), Gendered education (pp. 105-124). Toronto, Canada: OISE Press.
2. Acker, S. (1995). The head teachers as a career broker: Stories from an English primary school. In D. M. Dunlap & P. A. Schmuck (Eds.), Women leading in education (pp. 49-70). New York: State University of New York Press.
3. Acker, J. (1999). Gender and organizations. In J. S. Chafetz (Ed.), Handbook of the sociology of gender (pp. 177-194). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
4. Addi-Raccah, A. (2002). The feminization of teaching and principalship in the Israeli education system: A comparative study. Sociology of Education, 75, 231-248.
5. Addi-Raccah, A., & Ayalon, H. (2002). Gender inequality in leadership positions: A comparison of three educational sectors in Israel. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 23 (2). 157-177.
6. Addi-Raccah, A., & Chen, M. (2000). Men and women in administrative positions in the Jewish and Arab educational systems: Minority versus majority [Hebrew]. In S. Shlasky (Ed.), Sexuality and gender in education (pp. 85-113). Tel Aviv, Israel: Ramot.
7. Akiba, M, & Reichardt, R. (2004). What predicts the mobility of elementary school leaders? An analysis of longitudinal data in Colorado. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 12 (18). 1068-2341.
8. Al-Haj, M. (1988). Academic Arabs in Israel. In M. Al-Haj (Ed.), The occupational stress among academic Arabs in Israel [Hebrew]. Haifa, Israel: Haifa University, the Middle East Research Institute.
9. Al-Haj, M. (1996). Education among the Arabs in Israel [Hebrew]. Jerusalem, Israel: Magnes Press, The Hebrew University, and the Floersheimer Institute for Policy Studies.
10. Allan, J. (1993). Male elementary teachers: Experiences and perspectives. In C. L. Williams (Ed.), Doing women's work: Men in nontraditional occupations (pp. 113-127). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
11. Ayalon, H., & Yogev, A. (1996). The alternative worldview of state religious high schools in Israel. Comparative Education Review, 40 (1). 7-28.
12. Barkol, R., & Kupferberg, I. (2001). Under man's umbrella: Transition stories from teaching to principalship of men and women in the Arab sector in Israel [Hebrew]. Studies in Educational Administration and Organization, 25, 121-152.
13. Beekley, C. (1999). Dancing in red shoes. In C. C. Brunner (Ed.), Sacred dream: Women and the superintendency (pp. 161-175). Albany: State University of New York Press.
14. Bell, C. S. (1995). "If I weren't involved with schools, I might be radical": Gender consciousness in context. In D. M. Dunlap & P. A. Schmuck (Eds.), Women leading in education (pp. 288-312). New York: State University of New York Press.
15. Birkelund, G. E. (1997, August). Part-time in Scandinavia. Paper presented at the 92nd Annual Meeting of the America Sociological Association, Toronto, Canada.
16. Blackmore, J. (1996). 'Breaking the silence': Feminist contribution to educational administration and policy. In K. Leithwood, J. Chapman, D. Corson, P. Hallinger, & A. Hart (Eds.), International handbook of educational leadership and administration (pp. 997-1042). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer.
17. Blackmore, J. (1999). Troubling women: Feminism, leadership and educational change. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
18. Brunner, C. C. (2000a). Seeking presentation: Supporting Black female graduate students who aspire to the superintendency. Urban Education, 35 (5). 532-549.
19. Brunner, C. C. (2000b). Unsettled moments in settled discourse: Women superintendents'experience of inequality. Educational Administrative Quarterly, 36 (1). 76-116.
20. Chen, M., & Addi, A. (1992). Principals' gender and the work orientation of male and female teachers. Transformation, 3 (2). 5-14.
21. Chen, M., & Addi, A. (1995). The effect of principal's gender on teachers'attitudes toward their work. In Y. Dror & S. Oren (Eds.), The pedagogical poem: A book in honor of Abraham Oren (pp. 125-140) [Hebrew]. Tel Aviv, Israel: Ort Publications, Migdal-Ha'emek Municipality and Oranim College of Education.
22. Chen, M., Addi-Raccah, A., & Inbar, N. (1998). Between academic degree and certification in educational administration: A follow-up study. Studies in Educational Administration and Organization, 22, 5-34.
23. Chen, M., & Goldring, E. (1995). Aspiring teacher-leaders and school change. Curriculum andTeaching, 10 (2). 75-83.
24. Cohen, L. E., Broschak, J. P., & Haveman, H. A. (1998). And then there were more? The effect of organizational sex composition on the hiring and promotion of managers. American Sociological Review, 63, 711-728.
25. Coleman, M. (2002). Managing for equal opportunities. In T. Bush & L. Bell (Eds.), The principles and practice of educational management (pp. 135-150). London: Sage.
26. Dagan, M. (1995). A note to the principal in the state religious education [Hebrew]. In N. Greenbuim & A. Herman (Eds.), Issues in the state religious education. Jerusalem, Israel: The Ministry of Education and Culture.
27. Dimmock, C., & Walker, A. (2000). Developing comparative and international educational leadership and management: A cross-cultural model. School Leadership & Management, 20 (2). 143-160.
28. Dimmock, C., & Walker, A. (2002). School leadership in context-societal and organizational cultures. In T. Bush & L. Bell (Eds.), The principles and practice of educational management (pp. 70-85). Paul Chapman.
29. Eagly, A. H., & Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C. (2000). The leadership style of women and men, Journal of Social Issues, 57 (4). 781-797.
30. Eden, D. (2000). Israel's gender equality in education: Revolution or containment? Urban Education, 35, 473-495.
31. Ely, R. J. (1994). The effects of organizational demographics and social identity on relationships among professional women. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39, 203-238.
32. Ely, R. J. (1995). The power of demography: Women's social constructions of gender identity at work. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 589-634.
33. Enomoto, E. K., Gardiner, M. E., & Grogan, M. (2000). Notes to Athene: Mentoring relationships for women of color. Urban Education, 35 (5). 567-584.
34. Espanioly, N. (1994). Palestinian womenin Israel: Identity in light of the occupation. In T. Mayer (Ed.), Women and the Israeli occupation (pp. 121-137). London: Routledge.
35. Fitzgerald, T. (2003). Interrogating orthodox voices: Gender, ethnicity and educational leadership. School Leadership and Management, 23 (4). 431-444.
36. Fuchs, I., & Hertz-Lazarowitz, R. (1996). What it is like to be a school principal? Women tell their stories [Hebrew]. Megamot, 37, 292-313.
37. Gaziel, H., & Tzoyzner, I. (1987). High school teachers'expectations for promotion to administrative and instructional roles. Studies in Educational Administration and Organization, 14, 95-108.
38. Goldring, E. B., & Rallis, S. H. (1993). Principals of dynamic schools. Newbury Park, CA: Corwin Press.
39. Grace, G. (1995). School leadership. London: Falmer.
40. Graves, L. M., & Powell, G. N. (1995). The effect of sex similarity on recruiters' evaluation of actual applications: A test of similarity- attraction paradigm. Personnel Psychology, 48 (1). 85-98.
41. Grogan, M. (1999). Equity/equality issues of gender, race, and class. Educational Administration Quarterly, 35, 518-536.
42. Hallinger, P., & Heck, R. (1999). Can leadership enhance school effectiveness? In T. Bush, L. A. Bell, R. Bolman, R. Galtter, & P. M. Ribbins (Eds.), Educational management: Redefining theory, policy and practice (pp. 178-190). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
43. Hardin, J. R., Reding, K. F., & Stocks, M. H. (2002). The effect of gender on the recruitment of entry-level accountants. Journal of Managerial Issues, 14 (2). 251-266.
44. Hart, A. W. (1995). Women ascending to leadership: The organizational socialization of principals. In D. M. Dunlap & P. A. Schmuck (Eds.), Women leading in education (pp. 105-144). Albany: State University of New York.
45. Hassan, M. (1991). Growing up female and Palestinian in Israel. In B. Swirski & M. P. Safir (Eds.), Calling the equality bluff: Women in Israel (pp. 66-74). New York: Pergamon, Ethnic.
46. Heilman, M. E. (2001). Description and prescription: How gender stereotype prevent women's access up the organizational ladder. Journal of Social Issues, 57 (4). 657-674.
47. Herzog, H. (1998). Double marginality: "Oriental" and Arab women in local politics. In O. Yiftachel & A. Meir (Eds.), Ethnic frontiers and peripheries (pp. 287-308). Boulder, CO: Westview.
48. Ibarra, H. (1992). Homophily and differential returns: Sex differences in network structure and access in an advertising firm. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37 (3). 422-447.
49. Ibarra, H. (1993). Personal networks of women and minorities in management: A conceptual framework. The Academy of Management Review, 18 (1). 56-87.
50. Irby, B. J., & Brown, G. (2002). Women leaders: Creating inclusive school environments. In J. Koch & B. Irby (Eds.), Defining and redefining gender equity in education (pp. 43-58). Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
51. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. (1997). Characteristics and ranking of local authorities according to the population's socio-economic level in 1995 [Hebrew]. Jerusalem, Israel: Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport.
52. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. (2002). Teaching staff survey 1999/2000 [Hebrew]. Jerusalem, Israel: Author.
53. Israel Ministry of Education and Culture. (2004). The work conditions of educators [Hebrew]. Retrieved from http://www.education.gov.il/serut/downlaod/7. 3.rtf
54. Izraeli, D. (1997). Israeli women in administration position. In A. Maor (Ed.), Women - The rising power [Hebrew] (pp. 56-75). Tel-Aviv, Israel: Pohalim Publications.
55. Kanter, R. M. (1977). Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic Books.
56. Lee, V. E., Smith, J. B., & Cioci, M. (1993). Teachers and principals: Gender-related perceptions of leadership and power in secondary schools. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 15 (2). 153-180.
57. Leithwood, K., Jantzi, D., & Steinbach, R. (1999). Changing leadership for changing times (pp. 21-39). Buckingham, PA: Open University Press.
58. Lewin-Epstein, N., & Semyonov, M. (1993). The Arab minority in Israel's economy. Boulder, CO: Westview.
59. Lewin-Epstein, N., & Semyonov, M. (1994). Shelteredlabor markets, public sector employment, and socio-economic return to education of Arabs in Israel. American Journal of Sociology, 100 (3). 622-651.
60. Long, J. S. (1997). Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
61. Maddala, G. S. (1983). Limited-dependent and qualitative variables in econometrics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
62. Mar'i, M., & Mar'i, S. K. (1985). The role of women as a change agent in Arab society in Israel. In M. Safir, M. T. Mednich, D. Izraeli, & J. Bernard (Eds.), Women's world (pp. 251-260). New York: Praeger.
63. Mar'i, S. K. (1975). Arab education in Israel. New York: Syracuse University Press.
64. Marshall, C. (1993). Politics of denial: Gender and race issues in administration. In C. Marshall (Ed.), The politics of race and gender (pp. 168-174). London: Falmer.
65. Matthews, E. N. (1995). Women in educational administration: Views of equity. In D. M. Dunlap & P. A. Schmuck (Eds.), Women leading in education (pp. 247-265). Albany: State of University of New York Press.
66. Mazawi, A. E. (1996). Patterns of competition over school-management position and the mediation of social inequalities. Israeli Social Science Research, 11 (1). 87-114.
67. McGuire, G. M. (2002). Gender, race, and the shadow structure: A study of informal networks and inequality in work organization. Gender & Society, 16 (3). 303-322.
68. McNeilly, K. M., & Russ, F. A. (2000). Does relational demography matter in personal selling context? The Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 20 (4). 279-288.
69. Mertz, N. T., & McNeely, S. R. (1998). Women on the job: A study of female high school principals. Educational Administration Quarterly, 34, 196-222.
70. Moore, D. (1998). Gender identities and social action: Arab and Jewish women in Israel. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 34 (1). 5-29.
71. Moore, D. (2000). Gender identity, nationalism, and social action among Jewish and Arab women in Israel: Redefining the social order. Gender Issue, 18 (2). 3-28.
72. Ortiz, I. F. (1982). Gender patterns in education: Women, men and minorities in public school administration. New York: Praeger.
73. Ortiz, I. F. (2000). Who controls succession in the superintendency? A minority perspective. Urban Education, 35 (5). 557-566.
74. Ortiz, I. F. (2001). Using social capital in interpreting the careers of three Latina superintendents. Educational Administration Quarterly, 37 (1). 58-85.
75. Ortiz, F. I., & Marshall, C. (1988). Women in educational administration. In N. J. Boyan (Ed.), Handbook of research on educational administration (pp. 123-142). White Plains, NY: Longman.
76. Ortiz, I. F., & Ortiz, J. D. (1993). Politicizing executive action: The case of Hispanic female superintendents. In C. Marshall (Ed.), The new politics of race and gender (pp. 155-167). London: Falmer.
77. Ozga, J. (1993). Introduction: In a different mode. In J. Ozga (Ed.), Women in educational management (pp. 1-15). Philadelphia: Open University Press.
78. Pepperell, S., & Smedley, S. (1998). Calls for more men in primary teaching: Problematizing the issues. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 2 (4). 341-357.
79. Pounder, D. G., King, D., Hausman, C., & Bowles, W. B. (2005). The complexity of gender-role stereotyping effects in high school principal selection. In W. K. Hoy & C. G. Miskel (Eds.), Educational leadership and reform (pp. 265-300). Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
80. Powell, G., & Butterfield, D. A. (2002). Exploring the influence of decision makers' race and gender on the actual promotions to top management. Personnel Psychology, 55 (2). 397-429.
81. Rappoport, T., Penso, A., & Garb, Y. (1994). Contribution to the collective by religious girls. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 15, 375-388.
82. Reay, D., & Ball, S. J. (2000). Essentials of female management: Women's ways of working in the education market place. Educational Management & Administration, 28 (2). 149-159.
83. Regan, H. B., & Brooks, G. H. (1995). Out of women's experience: Creating relational leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
84. Reis, S. B., Young, P. I., & Jury, J. C. (1999). Female administrators: A crack in the glass ceiling. Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, 13 (1). 71-82.
85. Reskin, B. F. (2003). Including mechanisms in our models of ascriptive inequality. American Sociological Review, 68, 1-21.
86. Reskin, B. F., & Roos, A. R. (1990). Job queues, gender queues: Explaining women's inroad into male occupation. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
87. Riehl, C., & Byrd, M. A. (1997). Gender differences among new recruits to school administration: Cautionary footnotes to an optimistic tale. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 19, 45-64.
88. Riehl, C., & Lee, V. E. (1996). Gender, organizations and leadership. In K. Leithwood, J. Chapman, D. Corson, P. Hallinger, & A. Hart (Eds.), International handbook of educational leadership and administration (pp. 879-919). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer.
89. Schmuck, P. A. (1996) Women's place in educational administration: Past, present, and future. In K. Leithwood, J. Chapman, D. Corson, P. Hallinger, & A. Hart (Eds.), International handbook of educational leadership and administration (pp. 873-919). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer.
90. Schmuck, P. A., & Schubert, J. (1995). Women principals'views on sex equity. In D. M. Dunlap & P. A. Schmuck (Eds.), Women leading in education (pp. 274-287). Albany: State University of New York Press.
91. Schwarzwald, Y. (1990). State religious education: Reality and research [Hebrew]. Ramat-Gan, Israel: Bar Ilan Publication.
92. Semyonov, M., & Lewin-Epstein, N. (1986). Economic development, investment dependence and the rise of services in less developed nations. Social Forces, 64, 582-598.
93. Semyonov, M., & Lewin-Epstein, N. (1987). Hewers of wood and drawers of water (Report No. 013). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, International Labor Relations.
94. Semyonov, M., Lewin-Epstein, N., & Braham, I. (1999). Changing labour force participation and occupational status: Arab women in the Israeli labour force. Work, Employment and Society, 13 (1). 117-131.
95. Sergiovanni, T. J. (1995). The principalship: A reflective perspective (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
96. Shakeshaft, C. (1987). Womenin educational administration. Newbury Park, CA: Corwin Press.
97. Shakeshaft, C. (1999). The struggle to create a more gender-inclusive profession. In J. Murphy & K. S. Louis (Eds.), Handbook of research on educational administration (pp. 99-118). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
98. Shapira, T. (1999). Women as innovators in Arab schools [Hebrew]. Master's thesis, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
99. Shapira, T., & Hertz-Lazarowitz, R. (2002). Muslim women in forefront of change in schools [Hebrew]. Studies in Educational Administration and Organization, 26, 35-69.
100. Shavit, Y. (1992). Arab in the Israeli economy: A study of the enclave hypothesis. Israeli Social Science Research, 7 (1-2). 47-66.
101. Shokeid, M. (1998). Ethnic identity and the social status of Arab women in Israeli city. In M. Shokeid & S. Deshen (Eds.), The cross-cultural experience (pp. 225-243). Tel Aviv, Israel: Schoen Publishing.
102. Smith, R. A. (2002). Race, gender and authority in the workplace: Theory and research. American Review of Sociology, 28, 509-542.
103. Smooha, S. (1993). Class, ethnic and national splits and democracy in Israel. In U. Ram (Ed.), Israeli society: Critical perspectives [Hebrew] (pp. 172-202). Tel Aviv, Israel: Breirot Publishers.
104. Smulyan, L. (2000) Balancing acts: Women principals at work. Albany: State University of New York Press.
105. Spencer, A. D. (1997). Teaching as women's work. In B.J. Biddle, T. L. Good, & I. F. Goodson (Eds.), International handbook of teachers and teaching (pp. 153-198). Netherlands: Kluwer.
106. Strober, M. H. (1988, April & June). The processes of occupational segregation: Relative attractiveness and patriarchy. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Education Research Association, New Orleans, LA, and at the International Conference on Private Women-Public Work, Haifa, Israel.
107. Suad, J. (Ed.). (2000). Gender and citizenship in the Middle East. Utica, NY: Syracuse University Press.
108. Swirski, B. (2000). The citizenship of Jewish and Palestinian Arab women in Israel. In J. Suad (Ed.), Gender and citizenship in the Middle East (pp. 314-346). Utica, NY: Syracuse University Press.
109. Swirski, S., Conor, E., Swirski, B., & Yehezkel, Y. (2001). Women at the labor market of the welfare state. Tel Aviv, Israel: Adva Center.
110. Tallerico, M. (2000). Gaining access to the superintendency: Headhunting, gender, and color. Educational Administration Quarterly, 36, 18-43.
111. Tallerico, M., & Burstyn, J. N. (1996). Retaining women in superintendency: The location matter. Educational Administration Quarterly, 32, 642-664.
112. Tessler M., & Grant, A. (1998). Israel's Arab citizens: The continuing struggle. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 555, 97-113.
113. Tolbert, P. S., Graham, E. M., & Andrews, O. A. (1999). Group gender composition and work group relations. In G. N. Powell (Ed.), Handbook of gender and work (pp. 179-202). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
114. Tsui, A. S., & O'Reilly, L. A. (1989). Beyond simple demographic effects: The importance in superior-subordinate dyads. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 402-423.
115. van Engen, M. L., & Willemsen, T. M. (2000). Gender and leadership styles: A review of the past decade (Work paper 00.10.09). Tilbury, Netherlands: Universiteit van Tilbury.
116. Yishai, Y. (1997). Between the flag and the banner: Women in Israeli politics. Albany: State University of New York Press.
117. Yoder, J. D. (2001). Making leadership work more effectively for women. Journal of Social Issues, 57 (4). 815-828.
118. Yuval-Davis, N. (1997). Gender and nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
119. Williams, C. L. (1992). The glass escalator: Hidden advantages for men in the female profession. Social Problems, 39 (3). 253-267.
120. Wright, O. E., Baxter, J., & Birkelund, G. E. (1995). The gender gap in workplace authority: A cross-national study. American Sociological Review, 60 (3). 407-435.