메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 26, Issue 10, 2006, Pages 908-915

Hypercalcemia in rheumatoid arthritis: Relationship with disease activity and bone metabolism

Author keywords

Bone mineral density; Disease activity; Ionized calcium; Rheumatoid arthritis

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CALCIFEDIOL; CALCITRIOL; CALCIUM ION; DEOXYPYRIDINOLINE; INTERLEUKIN 6; OSTEOCALCIN; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PYRIDINOLINE; VITAMIN D DERIVATIVE;

EID: 33745509177     PISSN: 01728172     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00296-005-0095-y     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (19)

References (51)
  • 1
    • 0031838041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Osteoclastic activation is the principal mechanism leading to secondary osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis
    • Gough A, Sambrook P, Devlin J, Huisson A, Njeh C, Robbins S, Nguyen T, Emery P (1998) Osteoclastic activation is the principal mechanism leading to secondary osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 25:1282-1289
    • (1998) J Rheumatol , vol.25 , pp. 1282-1289
    • Gough, A.1    Sambrook, P.2    Devlin, J.3    Huisson, A.4    Njeh, C.5    Robbins, S.6    Nguyen, T.7    Emery, P.8
  • 2
    • 0036172368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involvement of receptor activator of NfkappaB ligand and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis
    • Romas E, Gillespie MT, Martin TJ (2002) Involvement of receptor activator of NfkappaB ligand and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Bone 30:340-346
    • (2002) Bone , vol.30 , pp. 340-346
    • Romas, E.1    Gillespie, M.T.2    Martin, T.J.3
  • 3
    • 0021969110 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative histologic studies on the pathogenesis of periarticular osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis
    • Shimizu S, Shiozawa S, Shiozawa K, Imura S, Fujita T (1985) Quantitative histologic studies on the pathogenesis of periarticular osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 28:25-31
    • (1985) Arthritis Rheum , vol.28 , pp. 25-31
    • Shimizu, S.1    Shiozawa, S.2    Shiozawa, K.3    Imura, S.4    Fujita, T.5
  • 5
    • 0028206058 scopus 로고
    • Remarkable elevation of interleukin 6 and interleukin 8 levels in the bone marrow serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis
    • Tanabe M, Ochi T, Tomita T, Suzuki R, Sakata T, Shimaoka Y, Nakagawa S, Ono K (1994) Remarkable elevation of interleukin 6 and interleukin 8 levels in the bone marrow serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 21:830-835
    • (1994) J Rheumatol , vol.21 , pp. 830-835
    • Tanabe, M.1    Ochi, T.2    Tomita, T.3    Suzuki, R.4    Sakata, T.5    Shimaoka, Y.6    Nakagawa, S.7    Ono, K.8
  • 8
    • 2342631887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The high rate of bone resorption in multiple myeloma is due to RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB) and RANK ligand expression
    • Roux S, Mariette X (2004) The high rate of bone resorption in multiple myeloma is due to RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB) and RANK ligand expression. Leukoc Lymphoma 45:1111-1118
    • (2004) Leukoc Lymphoma , vol.45 , pp. 1111-1118
    • Roux, S.1    Mariette, X.2
  • 9
    • 3242662500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myeloma cells can directly contribute to the pool of RANKL in bone bypassing the classic stromal and osteoblast pathway of osteoclast stimulation
    • Lai FP, Cole-Sinclair M, Cheng WJ, Quinn JM, Gillespie MT, Sentry JW, Schneider HG (2004) Myeloma cells can directly contribute to the pool of RANKL in bone bypassing the classic stromal and osteoblast pathway of osteoclast stimulation. Br J Haematol 126:192-201
    • (2004) Br J Haematol , vol.126 , pp. 192-201
    • Lai, F.P.1    Cole-Sinclair, M.2    Cheng, W.J.3    Quinn, J.M.4    Gillespie, M.T.5    Sentry, J.W.6    Schneider, H.G.7
  • 10
    • 4644343663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The RANK/RANK ligand system is involved in interleukin-6 and interleukin-11 upregulation by human myeloma cells in the bone marrow microenvironment
    • Giuliani N, Colla S, Morandi F, Rizzoli V (2004) The RANK/RANK ligand system is involved in interleukin-6 and interleukin-11 upregulation by human myeloma cells in the bone marrow microenvironment. Haematologica 89:1118-1123
    • (2004) Haematologica , vol.89 , pp. 1118-1123
    • Giuliani, N.1    Colla, S.2    Morandi, F.3    Rizzoli, V.4
  • 11
    • 0142219305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breast cancer metastasis to bone: It is not all about PTHrP
    • Bendre M, Gaddy D, Nicholas RW, Suva LJ (2003) Breast cancer metastasis to bone: it is not all about PTHrP. Clin Orthop Relat Res 415(Suppl):39-45
    • (2003) Clin Orthop Relat Res , vol.415 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 39-45
    • Bendre, M.1    Gaddy, D.2    Nicholas, R.W.3    Suva, L.J.4
  • 12
    • 23644462708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-6 and new strategies for the treatment of cancer, hyperproliferative diseases and paraneoplastic syndromes
    • Barton BE (2005) Interleukin-6 and new strategies for the treatment of cancer, hyperproliferative diseases and paraneoplastic syndromes. Expert Opin Ther Targets 9:737-752
    • (2005) Expert Opin Ther Targets , vol.9 , pp. 737-752
    • Barton, B.E.1
  • 14
    • 0031886794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constitutive transcription of the human interleukin-6 gene by rheumatoid synoviocytes: Spontaneous activation of NF-kappaB and CBF1
    • Miyazawa K, Mori A, Yamamoto K, Okudaira H (1998) Constitutive transcription of the human interleukin-6 gene by rheumatoid synoviocytes: spontaneous activation of NF-kappaB and CBF1. Am J Pathol 152:793-803
    • (1998) Am J Pathol , vol.152 , pp. 793-803
    • Miyazawa, K.1    Mori, A.2    Yamamoto, K.3    Okudaira, H.4
  • 15
    • 0033994680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methotrexate suppresses the interleukin-6 induced generation of reactive oxygen species in the synoviocytes of rheumatoid arthritis
    • Sung JY, Hong JH, Kang HS, Choi I, Lim SD, Lee JK, Seok JH, Lee JH, Hur GM (2000) Methotrexate suppresses the interleukin-6 induced generation of reactive oxygen species in the synoviocytes of rheumatoid arthritis. Immunopharmacology 47:35-44
    • (2000) Immunopharmacology , vol.47 , pp. 35-44
    • Sung, J.Y.1    Hong, J.H.2    Kang, H.S.3    Choi, I.4    Lim, S.D.5    Lee, J.K.6    Seok, J.H.7    Lee, J.H.8    Hur, G.M.9
  • 16
    • 0030907498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synovial fluids from patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis contain high levels of parathyroid hormone-related peptide
    • Kohno H, Shigeno C, Kasai R, Akiyama H, Iida H, Tsuboyama T, Sato K, Konishi J, Nakamura T (1997) Synovial fluids from patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis contain high levels of parathyroid hormone-related peptide. J Bone Miner Res 12:847-854
    • (1997) J Bone Miner Res , vol.12 , pp. 847-854
    • Kohno, H.1    Shigeno, C.2    Kasai, R.3    Akiyama, H.4    Iida, H.5    Tsuboyama, T.6    Sato, K.7    Konishi, J.8    Nakamura, T.9
  • 17
    • 0001327508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synovium as a source of increased amino-terminal parathyroid hormone-related protein expression in rheumatoid arthritis. A possible role for locally produced parathyroid hormone-related protein in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis
    • Funk JL, Cordaro LA, Wie H, Benjamin JB, Yocum DE (1998) Synovium as a source of increased amino-terminal parathyroid hormone-related protein expression in rheumatoid arthritis. A possible role for locally produced parathyroid hormone-related protein in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest 101:1362-1371
    • (1998) J Clin Invest , vol.101 , pp. 1362-1371
    • Funk, J.L.1    Cordaro, L.A.2    Wie, H.3    Benjamin, J.B.4    Yocum, D.E.5
  • 18
    • 0032708885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The increase of parathyroid hormone-related peptide and cytokine levels in synovial fluid of elderly rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis
    • Horiuchi T, Yoshida T, Koshihara Y, Sakamoto H, Kanai H, Yamamoto S, Ito H (1999) The increase of parathyroid hormone-related peptide and cytokine levels in synovial fluid of elderly rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Endocr J 46:643-649
    • (1999) Endocr J , vol.46 , pp. 643-649
    • Horiuchi, T.1    Yoshida, T.2    Koshihara, Y.3    Sakamoto, H.4    Kanai, H.5    Yamamoto, S.6    Ito, H.7
  • 19
    • 0033984313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The roles of osteoprotegerin and osteoprotegerin ligand in the paracrine regulation of bone resorption
    • Hofbauer LC, Khosla S, Dunstan CR, Lacey DL, Boyle WJ, Riggs BL (2000) The roles of osteoprotegerin and osteoprotegerin ligand in the paracrine regulation of bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 15:2-12
    • (2000) J Bone Miner Res , vol.15 , pp. 2-12
    • Hofbauer, L.C.1    Khosla, S.2    Dunstan, C.R.3    Lacey, D.L.4    Boyle, W.J.5    Riggs, B.L.6
  • 21
    • 14044263545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of synovial fibroblasts in mediating joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis
    • Meinecke I, Rutkauskaite E, Gay S, Pap T (2005) The role of synovial fibroblasts in mediating joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Pharm Des 11:563-568
    • (2005) Curr Pharm des , vol.11 , pp. 563-568
    • Meinecke, I.1    Rutkauskaite, E.2    Gay, S.3    Pap, T.4
  • 22
    • 0024982210 scopus 로고
    • Serum albumin metabolism in rheumatic diseases: Relationship to corticosteroids and peptic ulcer
    • Niwa Y, Iio A, Niwa G, Sakane T, Tsunematsu T, Kanoh T (1990) Serum albumin metabolism in rheumatic diseases: relationship to corticosteroids and peptic ulcer. J Clin Lab Immunol 31:11-16
    • (1990) J Clin Lab Immunol , vol.31 , pp. 11-16
    • Niwa, Y.1    Iio, A.2    Niwa, G.3    Sakane, T.4    Tsunematsu, T.5    Kanoh, T.6
  • 23
    • 0029039778 scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-6 down-regulates expressions of the aldolase B and albumin genes through a pathway involving the activation of tyrosine kinase
    • Huang Y, Shinzawa H, Togashi H, Takahashi T, Kuzumaki T, Otsu K, Ishikawa K (1995) Interleukin-6 down-regulates expressions of the aldolase B and albumin genes through a pathway involving the activation of tyrosine kinase. Arch Biochem Biophys 320:203-209
    • (1995) Arch Biochem Biophys , vol.320 , pp. 203-209
    • Huang, Y.1    Shinzawa, H.2    Togashi, H.3    Takahashi, T.4    Kuzumaki, T.5    Otsu, K.6    Ishikawa, K.7
  • 24
    • 0023945481 scopus 로고
    • The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for classification of rheumatoid arthritis
    • Arnett FC, Edworthy SM, Bloch DA (1988) The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 31:315-324
    • (1988) Arthritis Rheum , vol.31 , pp. 315-324
    • Arnett, F.C.1    Edworthy, S.M.2    Bloch, D.A.3
  • 25
    • 0030007765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative analysis of pyridinium cross-links of collagen in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis using high-performance liquid chromatography
    • Müller A, Hein G, Franke S, Herrmann D, Henzgen S, Roth A, Stein G (1996) Quantitative analysis of pyridinium cross-links of collagen in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis using high-performance liquid chromatography. Rheumatol Int 16:23-28
    • (1996) Rheumatol Int , vol.16 , pp. 23-28
    • Müller, A.1    Hein, G.2    Franke, S.3    Herrmann, D.4    Henzgen, S.5    Roth, A.6    Stein, G.7
  • 26
    • 0025271015 scopus 로고
    • Abnormilities in serum osteocalcin values in children with chronic rheumatic diseases
    • Reed A, Haugen M, Pachmann LM, Langman CB (1990) Abnormilities in serum osteocalcin values in children with chronic rheumatic diseases. J Pediatr 116:574-580
    • (1990) J Pediatr , vol.116 , pp. 574-580
    • Reed, A.1    Haugen, M.2    Pachmann, L.M.3    Langman, C.B.4
  • 29
    • 0345486982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between disease activity and serum levels of vitamin D metabolites and PTH in rheumatoid arthritis
    • Oelzner P, Müller A, Deschner F, Hüller M, Abendroth K, Hein G, Stein G (1998) Relationship between disease activity and serum levels of vitamin D metabolites and PTH in rheumatoid arthritis. Calcif Tissue Int 62:193-198
    • (1998) Calcif Tissue Int , vol.62 , pp. 193-198
    • Oelzner, P.1    Müller, A.2    Deschner, F.3    Hüller, M.4    Abendroth, K.5    Hein, G.6    Stein, G.7
  • 31
    • 0025947857 scopus 로고
    • Human fetal hepatocytes respond to inflammatory mediators and excrete bile
    • Bauer J, Lengyel G, Thung SN, Jonas U, Gerok W, Acs G (1991) Human fetal hepatocytes respond to inflammatory mediators and excrete bile. Hepatology 13:1131-1141
    • (1991) Hepatology , vol.13 , pp. 1131-1141
    • Bauer, J.1    Lengyel, G.2    Thung, S.N.3    Jonas, U.4    Gerok, W.5    Acs, G.6
  • 32
  • 33
    • 0026601646 scopus 로고
    • Bone marrow changes in adjuvant-induced and collagen-induced arthritis. Interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 activity and abnormal myelopoiesis
    • Hayashida K, Ochi T, Fujimoto M, Owaki H, Shimaoka Y, Ono K, Matsumoto K (1992) Bone marrow changes in adjuvant-induced and collagen-induced arthritis. Interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 activity and abnormal myelopoiesis. Arthritis Rheum 35:241-245
    • (1992) Arthritis Rheum , vol.35 , pp. 241-245
    • Hayashida, K.1    Ochi, T.2    Fujimoto, M.3    Owaki, H.4    Shimaoka, Y.5    Ono, K.6    Matsumoto, K.7
  • 34
    • 0029042275 scopus 로고
    • Periarticular osteopenia in adjuvant induced arthritis: Role of interleukin-1 in decreased osteogenic and increased resorptive potential of bone marrow cells
    • Suzuki Y, Tanihara M, Ichikawa Y, Osanai A, Nakagawa M, Ide M, Mizushima Y (1995) Periarticular osteopenia in adjuvant induced arthritis: role of interleukin-1 in decreased osteogenic and increased resorptive potential of bone marrow cells. Ann Rheum Dis 54:484-490
    • (1995) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.54 , pp. 484-490
    • Suzuki, Y.1    Tanihara, M.2    Ichikawa, Y.3    Osanai, A.4    Nakagawa, M.5    Ide, M.6    Mizushima, Y.7
  • 35
    • 0035069304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involvement of interleukin-6 and prostaglandin E2 in periarticular osteoporosis of postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis
    • Sugiyama T (2001) Involvement of interleukin-6 and prostaglandin E2 in periarticular osteoporosis of postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis. J Bone Miner Metab 19:89-96
    • (2001) J Bone Miner Metab , vol.19 , pp. 89-96
    • Sugiyama, T.1
  • 36
    • 0024370551 scopus 로고
    • Effects of in vivo and in vitro production of lactic acid on ionized, protein-bound, and complex-bound calcium in blood
    • Toffaletti J, Abrams B (1989) Effects of in vivo and in vitro production of lactic acid on ionized, protein-bound, and complex-bound calcium in blood. Clin Chem 35:935-938
    • (1989) Clin Chem , vol.35 , pp. 935-938
    • Toffaletti, J.1    Abrams, B.2
  • 37
    • 0021832906 scopus 로고
    • Significance of the hydrogen ion concentration in synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis
    • Farr M, Garvey K, Bold AM, Kendall MJ, Bacon PA (1985) Significance of the hydrogen ion concentration in synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 3:99-104
    • (1985) Clin Exp Rheumatol , vol.3 , pp. 99-104
    • Farr, M.1    Garvey, K.2    Bold, A.M.3    Kendall, M.J.4    Bacon, P.A.5
  • 38
    • 2442689139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of calcium-sensing receptor in parathyroid gland physiology
    • Chen RA, Goodman WG (2004) Role of calcium-sensing receptor in parathyroid gland physiology. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 286:1005-1011
    • (2004) Am J Physiol Renal Physiol , vol.286 , pp. 1005-1011
    • Chen, R.A.1    Goodman, W.G.2
  • 40
    • 0031590255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of PTH secretion by interleukin-1 beta in bovine parathyroid glands in vitro is associated with an up-regulation of the calcium-sensing receptor mRNA
    • Nielsen PK, Rasmussen AK, Butters R, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Bendtzen K, Diaz R, Brown EM, Olgaard K (1997) Inhibition of PTH secretion by interleukin-1 beta in bovine parathyroid glands in vitro is associated with an up-regulation of the calcium-sensing receptor mRNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 238:880-885
    • (1997) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.238 , pp. 880-885
    • Nielsen, P.K.1    Rasmussen, A.K.2    Butters, R.3    Feldt-Rasmussen, U.4    Bendtzen, K.5    Diaz, R.6    Brown, E.M.7    Olgaard, K.8
  • 41
    • 0032993382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-6 induced suppression of bovine parathyroid hormone secretion
    • Carlstedt E, Ridefelt P, Lind L, Rastad J (1999) Interleukin-6 induced suppression of bovine parathyroid hormone secretion. Biosci Rep 19:35-42
    • (1999) Biosci Rep , vol.19 , pp. 35-42
    • Carlstedt, E.1    Ridefelt, P.2    Lind, L.3    Rastad, J.4
  • 42
    • 0026439367 scopus 로고
    • Detection of myeloid precursors (granulocyte/macrophage colony forming units) in the bone marrow adjacent to rheumatoid arthritis joints
    • Kotake S, Higaki M, Sato K, Himeno S, Morita H, Kim KJ, Nara N, Miyasaka N, Nishioka K, Kashiwazaki S (1992) Detection of myeloid precursors (granulocyte/macrophage colony forming units) in the bone marrow adjacent to rheumatoid arthritis joints. J Rheumatol 19:1511-1516
    • (1992) J Rheumatol , vol.19 , pp. 1511-1516
    • Kotake, S.1    Higaki, M.2    Sato, K.3    Himeno, S.4    Morita, H.5    Kim, K.J.6    Nara, N.7    Miyasaka, N.8    Nishioka, K.9    Kashiwazaki, S.10
  • 43
    • 0029804418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human osteoclast formation and bone resorption by monocytes and synovial macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis
    • Fujikawa Y, Sabokbar A, Neale S, Athanasou NA (1996) Human osteoclast formation and bone resorption by monocytes and synovial macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 55:816-822
    • (1996) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.55 , pp. 816-822
    • Fujikawa, Y.1    Sabokbar, A.2    Neale, S.3    Athanasou, N.A.4
  • 44
    • 0029970622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accelerated generation of CD14+ monocyte-lineage cells from the bone marrow of rheumatoid arthritis patients
    • Hirohata S, Yanagida T, Itoh K, Nakamura H, Yoshino S, Tomita T, Ochi T (1996) Accelerated generation of CD14+ monocyte-lineage cells from the bone marrow of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis Rheum 39:836-843
    • (1996) Arthritis Rheum , vol.39 , pp. 836-843
    • Hirohata, S.1    Yanagida, T.2    Itoh, K.3    Nakamura, H.4    Yoshino, S.5    Tomita, T.6    Ochi, T.7
  • 45
    • 0030904612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevated cytokine messenger RNA levels in the peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis suggest different degrees of myeloid cell activation
    • Schulze-Koops H, Davis LS, Kavanaugh AF, Lipsky PE (1997) Elevated cytokine messenger RNA levels in the peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis suggest different degrees of myeloid cell activation. Arthritis Rheum 40:639-647
    • (1997) Arthritis Rheum , vol.40 , pp. 639-647
    • Schulze-Koops, H.1    Davis, L.S.2    Kavanaugh, A.F.3    Lipsky, P.E.4
  • 46
    • 0031823129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Osteoclast-like cells in murine collagen induced arthritis
    • Suzuki Y, Nishikaku F, Nakatuka M, Koga Y (1998) Osteoclast-like cells in murine collagen induced arthritis. J Rheumatol 25:1154-1160
    • (1998) J Rheumatol , vol.25 , pp. 1154-1160
    • Suzuki, Y.1    Nishikaku, F.2    Nakatuka, M.3    Koga, Y.4
  • 47
    • 0036853230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Osteoclast formation and activity in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis
    • Hirayama T, Danks L, Sabokbar A, Athanasou NA (2002) Osteoclast formation and activity in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 41:1232-1239
    • (2002) Rheumatology , vol.41 , pp. 1232-1239
    • Hirayama, T.1    Danks, L.2    Sabokbar, A.3    Athanasou, N.A.4
  • 49
    • 0027267782 scopus 로고
    • Biochemical prediction of changes in spinal bone mass in juvenile chronic (or rheumatoid) arthritis treated with glucocorticoids
    • Reeve J, Loftus J, Hesp R, Ansell BM, Wright DJ, Woo PM (1993) Biochemical prediction of changes in spinal bone mass in juvenile chronic (or rheumatoid) arthritis treated with glucocorticoids. J Rheumatol 20:1189-1195
    • (1993) J Rheumatol , vol.20 , pp. 1189-1195
    • Reeve, J.1    Loftus, J.2    Hesp, R.3    Ansell, B.M.4    Wright, D.J.5    Woo, P.M.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.