Polyamine biosynthetic pathway as a novel target for potential applications in plant biotechnology

Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 13-28

  Vinod Kumar, S ^a   Sharma, M L ^b   Rajam, M V ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DELHI   (India)

^b RAJASTHAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33745329847     PISSN: 09715894     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (180)

1. Alabadi, D. and Carbonell, J. (1998). Expression of ornithine decarboxylase is transiently increased by pollination, 2,4-Dicholorphenoxyacetic acid, and gibberellic acid in tomato ovaries, Plant Physiol., 118: 323-328.
2. Altman, A., Nadel, B.L., Falash, Z. and Levin, N. (1990). Somatic embryogenesis in celery: Induction, control and changes in polyamines and proteins. In: Progress in Plant Cellular Biology, (HJJ Nijkamp, LHW Van Der Plas and J Van Aartrijk, eds.) Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 454-459
3. Anderson, S.E., Bastola, D.R. and Minocha, S.C. (1998). Metabolism of polyamines in transgenic cells of carrot expressing a mouse ornithine decarboxylase cDNA. Plant Physiol., 116: 299-307.
4. Aziz, A., Martin-Tanguy, J., and Larher, F. (1997). Plasticity of polyamine metabolism associated with high osmotic stress in rape leaf discs and with ethylene treatment, Plant Grow. Regul., 21: 153-163.
5. Bagni, N. and Torrigiani, P. (1992). Polyamines: a new class of growth substances, In: Progress in Plant Growth Regulation (Karssen CM, van Loon LC ,Vreu-gdenhil D, eds), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 264-275.
6. Bagni, N. and Tassoni, A. (2001). Biosynthesis, oxidation and conjugation of aliphatic polyamines in higher plants. Amino Acids, 20: 301-317.
7. Bais, H.P. and Ravishankar, G.A. (2002). Role of polyamines in the ontogeny of plants and their biotechnological applications. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 69: 1-34.
8. Bais, H.P., George, J. and Ravishankar, G.A. (1999a). Influence of polyamines on growth of hairy root cultures of witloof chicory (Chicorium intybus L. cv. Lucknow local) and formation of coumarins. J. Plant Growth Regul., 18: 33-37.
9. Bais, H.P., Sudha, G. and Ravishankar, G.A. (1999b). Putrescine influences growth and production of coumarins in hairy root cultures of Chicorium intybus L. cv. Lucknow local (witloof chicory). J. Plant Growth Regul., 18: 159-165.
10. Bais, H.P., Sudha, G. and Ravishankar, G.A. (2000a). Putrescine and silver nitrate influences shoot multiplication, in vitro flowering and and endogenous titres of polyamines in Chicorium intybus L. cv. Lucknow local. J. Plant Growth Regul., 19: 238-248.
11. Bais, H.P., Bhagyalakshmi, N., Rajasekaran, T. and Ravishankar, G.A. (2000b). Influence of polyamines on growth and production of secondary metabolites in hairy root cultures of Beta vulgaris and Tegetes patula. Acta. Physiol. Plant., 22: 151-158.
12. Bajaj, S. and Rajam, M.V. (1995). Efficient plant regeneration from long-term callus cultures of rice by spermidine, Plant Cell Rep., 14: 717-720.
13. Bajaj, S, and Rajam, M.V. (1996). Polyamine accumulation and near loss of morphogenesis in long-term callus cultures of rice: restoration of plant regeneration by manipulation of cellular polyamine levels. Plant Physiol., 112: 1343-1348.
14. Balsundaram, D. and Tyagi, A.K. (1991). Polyamine-DNA nexus: structural ramifications and biological implications, Mol. Cell. Biochem., 100: 129-140.
15. Bartles, D. and Nelson, D. (1994). Approaches to improve stress tolerance using molecular genetics. Plant Cell Environ., 17: 659-667.
16. Bassie, L., Noury, M., Lepri, O., Lahaye, T., Christou, P. and Capell, T. (2000a). Promoter strength influences polyamine metabolism and morphogenic capacity in transgenic rice tissues expressing oat adc cDNA constitutively. Transgenic Res., 9: 33-42.
17. Bassie, L., Noury, M., Wisniewski, J.P., Topsom, L., Christou, P. and Capell, T. (2000b). Transgenic cell lines as a useful tool to study the biochemistry of down regulation of an endogenous rice gene using a heterologous DAO cDNA. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 38: 729-737.
18. Bastola, D.R. and Minocha, S.C. (1995). Increased putrescine biosynthesis through transfer of mouse ornithine decarboxylase cDNA in carrot promotes somatic embryogenesis. Plant Physiol., 109: 63-71.
19. Becker, J.C., Nikroo, A., Brabletz, T. and Reisfeld, R.A. (1995). DNA loops induced by cooperative binding of transcriptional activator proteins and pre-initiation complexes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 92: 9727-9731.
20. Belles, J.M., Perez-Amador, M.A., Carbonell, J. and Conejero U. (1993). Correlation between ornithine deacrboxylase and putrescine in tomato plants infected by citrus exocortis viroid or treated with ethephone. Plant Physiol., 102: 933-937.
21. Bharti and Rajam, M.V. (1995). Effect of polyamine biosynthesis inhibitor difluoro-methyl ornithine on growth, polyamine level, chromosome behavior and polygenic traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Ann. Bot., 76: 297-301.
22. Bharti, Rajam, M.V. and Shawney, R. (1996) Involvement of polyamines in resistance of wheat to Puccinia recondita. Phytochem., 43: 1009-1013.
23. Bhatnagar, P., Glasheen, B.M., Bains, S.K., Long, S.L., Minocha, R., Walter, C. and Minocha, S.C. (2001). Transgenic manipulation of polyamine metabolism in poplar (Populus nigra X maximoviczii) cells. Plant Physiol., 125: 2139-2153.
24. Bhatnagar, P., Minocha, R. and Minocha, S.C. (2002). Genetic manipulation of polyamines in poplar cells. The regulation of putrescine catabolism. Plant Physiol., 128: 1455-1469.
25. Biasi, R., Costa, G. and Bagni, N. (1991). Polyamine metabolism as related to fruit set and growth. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 29: 497-506.
26. Bitonti, A.J., McCann, P.P. and Sjoerdsma, A. (1982). Restriction of bacterial growth by inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis by using monofluoromethylornithine, difluoromethylornithine and dicyclohexylammonium sulphate. Biochem J., 208: 435-441.
27. Bouchereau, A., Aziz, A., Larher, F. and Martin-Tanguy, J. (1999). Polyamines and environmental challenges: recent developments. Plant Sci., 140: 103-125.
28. Bregoli, A.M., Scaramagli, S., Costa, G., Sabatini, E., Ziosi, V., Biondi, S. and Torrigiani, P. (2002). Peach (Prunus persica) fruit ripening: aminoethoxyvinyl-glycine (AVG)and exogenous polyamine effect ethylene emission and flesh firmness. Physiol. Plant., 114: 472-481.
29. Burtin, D., Martin-Tanguy, J., Paynot, M. and Rossin, N. (1989). Effect of suicide inhibitors of arginine and ornithine decarboxylase activities on organogenesis, growth, free polyamines and hydroxycinnamoylputrescine levels in leaf explants of Nicotiana tabacum Xanthi n.c. cultivated in vitro in a medium producing callus formation. Plant Physiol., 89: 104-110.
30. Capell, T., Escobar, C., Liu, H., Burtin, D., Lepri, O. and Christou, P. (1998). Over-expression of oat arginine decarboxylase cDNA in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) affects normal development pattern in vitro and results in putrescine accumulation in transgenic plants. Theor. Appl. Genet., 97: 246-254.
31. Capell, T., Bssie, L., Topsom, L., Hitchin, E. and Christou, P. (2000). Simultaneous reduction of the activity of two related enzymes, involved in early steps of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway, by a single antisense cDNA in transgenic rice. Mol. Gen. Genet., 264: 470-476.
32. Capell, T., Bassie, L. and Christou, P. (2004). Modulation of the polyamine biosynthesis pathway in transgenic rice confers tolerance to drought stress. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 101: 9909-9914.
33. Cassol, T. and Mattoo, A. (2002). Do polyamines and ethylene interact to regulate plant growth, development and senescence? In: Molecular insights in plant biology. Nath P, Mattoo A, Ranade SR &Weil JH. Eds.) Oxford-IBH, New Delhi.
34. Chattopadyay, M.K. and Ghosh, B. (1998). Molecular analysis of polyamine biosynthesis in higher plants. Curr. Sci., 74: 517-522.
35. Chattopadhyay, M.K., Gupta, S.R., Sengupta, D.W. and Ghosh, B. (1997). Expression of arginine decarboxylase in seedlings of indica rice (Oryza sativa L) cultivars as affected by salinity stress. Plant Mol. Biol., 34: 477-483.
36. Coghlan, S.E. and Walters, D.R. (1990). Polyamine metabolism in green-islands on powdery mildew -infected barley leaves: Possible interaction with senescence. New Phytol., 116: 417-424.
37. Cohen, E., Asad, S.M., Heimer, Y.M. and Mizrali, Y. (1982). Participation of ornithine decarboxylase in early stages of fruit development. Plant Physiol., 70: 540-543.
38. Couee, I., Hummel, I., Sulmon, C., Gouesbet, G. and El Amrani, E. (2004). Involvement of polyamines in root development. Plant Cell, Tissue Org. Cult., 76: 1 - 10
39. Crisosto, C.H., Lombard, P.B., Richardson, D.G. and Tetley, R. (1992). Putrescine extends effective pollinations period in comice pear (pyrus communis L.) irrespective of post anthesis ethylene levels. Sci. Hort., 49: 211-221.
40. Cvikrová, M., Malá, J., Eder, J., Hrubcová, M. and Vágner, M. (1998). Abscisic acid, polyamines and phenolic acids in sessile oak somatic embryos in relation to their conversion potential. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 36: 247-255.
41. De Scenzo, R.A. and Minocha, S.C. (1993). Modulation of cellular polyamines in tobacco by transfer and expression of mouse ornithine decarboxylase cDNA. Plant Mol. Biol., 22: 113-117.
42. Deng, H., Bloomfield, V.A., Benevides, J.M. and Thomas, G.L. (2000). Structural basis of polyamine-DNA recognition: spermidine and spermine interactions with genomic B-DNAs of different GC content probed by Raman spectroscopy. Nucleic Acid Res., 28: 3379-3385.
43. Dibble, A.R.G., Davies, P.J. and Mutchler, M.A. (1988). Polyamine content of a long keeping alcobaca tomato fruit. Plant Physiol., 86: 338-340.
44. Dondini, L., Del-Duca, S., Dall'Agata, L., Bassi, R., Gastaldelli, M., Della Mea, M., Di Santro, A., Claparols, I. and Serafini-Fracassini, D. (2003). Sub-organellar localization and effect of light on Helianthus tuberosus Chloroplast transglutaminases and their substrates. Planta, 217: 84-95.
45. Edreva, A. (1996). Polyamines in plants. Bulg. J. Plant. Physiol., 22: 73-101.
46. Evans, P.T. and Malmberg, R.L. (1989). Do polyamines have roles in plant development? Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 40: 235-269.
47. Feuerstein, B.G. and Marton, L.J. (1989). In: Physiology of Polyamines (Bachrach V and Heimer YM eds) Vol. 1, pp109-124. CRC Press.
48. Flores, H.E. and Galston, A.W. (1982). Polyamines and plant stress: Activation of putrescine biosynthesis by osmotic shock. Science, 217: 1259-1261.
49. Flores, H.E. and Galston, A.W. (1984a). Osmotic stress induced polyamine accumulation in cereal leaves.1. Physiological Parameters of the response. Plant Physiol., 75: 102-109.
50. Flores, H.E. and Galston, A.W. (1984b). Osmotic stress-induced polyamine accumulation in cereal leaves. II. Relation to amino acid pools. Plant Physiol., 75: 110-113.
51. Fos, M., Proano, K., Alabadi, D., Nuez, F., Carbonell, J. and Garcia-Martinez, J.L. (2003). Polyamine metabolism is altered in unpollinated parthenocarpic pat-2 tomato ovaries. Plant Physiol., 131: 359-366.
52. Foster, S.A. and Walters, D.R. (1990). The effects of polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors on mycelial growth, enzyme activities and polyamine levels in the oat infecting Pyrenophora avena, J. Gen. Microbiol., 136: 233-239.
53. Gallardo, M., Gallardo, E., Matilla, A.G., de Rueda, P.M. and Sanchez-Calle, I.M. (1992). Inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis by cyclohexylamine stimulates the ethylene pathway and accelerates the geremionation of Cicer arietinum seeds. Physiol. Plant., 91: 9-16.
54. Galston, A.W. (1983). Polyamines as modulators of plant development. Bioscience. 33: 382-388.
55. Galston, A.W. and Kaur-Shawney, R. (1990). Polyamines in plant physiology. Plant Physiol., 94: 406-410.
56. Galston, A.W. and Flores, H.E. (1991). Polyamines and plant morphogenesis. In: Biochemistry and Physiology of Polyamines in Plants (Slocum RD, Flores HE, eds), CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 175-186.
57. Galston, A.W. and Weinstein, L.H. (1988). Control of phytopathogens by inhibitors of polyamoine biosynthesis. In: Progress in Polyamine Research. (Zapia V, Pegg AE eds.) Plenum, New York, pp. 589-599.
58. Greenland, A.J. and Lewis, D.H. (1984). Amines in barley leaves infected by brown rust and their possible relevance to formation of 'Green Islands'. New Phytol., 96: 283-291.
59. Guye, M.G., Vigh, L. and Wilson, J.M. (1986). Polyamine titre in relation to chilling sensitivity in Phaseolus sp. J. Exp. Bot., 37: 1036-1043.
60. Hamill, J.D., Robins, R.J., Parr, A.J., Evans, D.M., Furze, J.M. and Rhodes, M.J.C. (1990). Over-expressing a yeast ornithine decarboxylase gene in transgenic roots of Nicotiana rustica can lead to enhanced nicotine accumulation. Plant Mol. Biol., 15: 27-38.
61. Hanfrey, C., Franceschetti, M., Mayer, M.J., Illingworth, C. and Michael, A.J. (2002). Abrogation of upstream open reading frame-mediated translational control of a plant S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase results in polyamine disruption and growth perturbations. J Biol Chem., 277: 44131-44139.
62. Hanfrey, C., Franceschetti, M., Mayer, M.J., Illingworth, C., Elliott, K., Collier, M., Thompson, B., Perry, B. and Michael, A.J. (2003). Translational regulation of the plant S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase. Biochem Soc Trans., 31: 424-427.
63. Hanson, A.D., Rathinasabapathi, B., Rivoal, J., Burnet, M., Dillon, M.O. and Gage, D.A. (1994). Osmoprotective compounds in plumbaginaceae: A natural experiment in metabolic engineering. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 91: 306-310.
64. Hanzawa, Y., Imai, A., Michael, A.J., Komeda Y. and Takahashi, T. (2002). Characterization of the spermidine synthase-related gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett., 527: 176-180.
65. Hashimoto, T., Yukimune, Y. and Yamada, Y. (1989). Putrescine and putrescine N-methyltransferase in the biosynthesis of Tropane alkaloids in cultured roots of Hyoscyamus albus. I. Biochemical studies. Planta, 178: 123-130.
66. Hong, S.J. and Lee, S.K. (1996). Changes in endogenous putrescine and the relationship to the ripening of tomato fruits. J. Korean Soc. Hort. Sci., 37: 369-373.
67. Igarashi, K. and Kashiwagi, K. (2000). Polyamines: mysterious modulators of cellular functions. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 271: 559-564.
68. Igarashi, K., Saisho, T., Yuguchi, M. and Kashiwagi, K. (1997). Molecular mechanism of polyamine stimulation of the synthesis of oligopeptde- binding protein. J. Biol. Chem., 272: 4058-4064.
69. Joseph, K. and Baby, T.G. (1988). Polyamine changes during insect development: A comparison between the housefly Musca domestica and the plant bug Dysdercus koenigii. Insect Biochem., 18: 807-810.
70. Kaiser, A., Sell, S. and Hehl, R. (2002). Heterologous expression of a bacterial homosoermidine synthase gene in transgenic tobacco: effects on polyamine pathway. Arch. De Pharmazie., 335: 143-151.
71. Kakegawa, T., Sato, E., Hirose, S. and Igarashi, K. (1986). Polyamine binding sites on Escherichia coli ribosomes. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 251:413-420.
72. Kakkar, R.K. and Rai, V.K. (1993). Plant polyamines in flowering and fruit ripening, Phytochem., 33: 1281-1288.
73. Kashiwagi, K., Yamaguchi, Y., Sakai, Y., Kobayashi, H. and Igarashi, K. (1990). Identification of the polyamine-induced protein as a periplasmic oligopeptide binding protein. J. Biol. Chem., 265: 8387-8391.
74. Kaur-Sawhney, R., Tiburcio, A.F. and Galston, A.W. (1988). Spermidine and flower bud differentiation in thin-layer explants of tobacco, Planta, 173: 282-284.
75. Kramer, G.F. and Wang, C.Y. (1989). Correlation of reduced chilling injury with increased spermine and spermidine in zucchini squash. Physiol. Plant., 76: 479-484.
76. Kramer, G.F., Wang, C.Y. and Conway, W.S. (1991) Inhibition of softening by polyamine application in Golde delicious and McIndosh apples. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 116: 813-817.
77. Krishnamurthy, R. and Bhagawat, K.A. (1989). Polyamines as modulators of salt tolerance in rice cultivars. Plant Physiol., 91: 500-504.
78. Kumar, A., Taylor, M.A., Mad Arif, S.A. and Davies, H.V. (1996). Potato plants expressing antisense and sense S- adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) transgenes show altered levels of polyamines and ethylene:antisense plants display abnormal phenotypes. Plant J., 9: 147-158.
79. Kumar, S.V. (2003). Transgenic manipulation polyamine biosynthesis in Solanum melongena and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PhD Thesis , University of Delhi.
80. Kumar, S.V. and Rajam, M.V. (2004). Polyamine : Ethylene nexus- a potential target for post-harvest biotechnology. Ind. J. Biotechnol., 3: 299-304.
81. Kumar, S.V. and Rajam, M.V. (2005). Polyamines enhance Agrobacterium tumefaciens vir gene induction and T-DNA transfer. Plant Sci., 168: 475-480.
82. Kumria, R. and Rajam, M.V. (2002a). Alteration of polyamine titres during Agrobacterium- mediated transformation of indica rice with ornithine decarboxylase gene affects plant regeneration potential. Plant Sci., 162: 769-777.
83. Kumria, R. and Rajam, M.V. (2002b). Ornithine decarboxylase transgene in tobacco affects polyamine metabolism, in vitro morphogenesis and response to salt stress. J. Plant Physiol., 159: 983-990.
84. Law, D.M., Davies, P.J. and Mutschler, M.A. (1991). Polyamine induced prolongation of storage in tomato fruits. Plant Growth Regul., 10: 283-290.
85. Lepri, O., Bassie, G., Safwat, P., Thu-Hang, P., Trung-Nghia, E., Holtta, P., Cristou, P. and Capell, T. (2001). Overexpression of a cDNA for human ornithine decarboxylase in transgenic rice plants alters the polyamine pool in a tissue specific manner. Mol. Gen. Genom., 266: 303-312.
86. Leroy, D, Filhol, O., Delcros, J.G., Pares, S., Chambaz, E.M. and Cohet C. 1997. Chemical features of the protein kinase CK2 polyamine binding site. Biochemistry, 36: 1242-1250.
87. Lester, G.E. (2000). Polyamines and their cellular anti-senescence properties in honey dew muskmelon fruit. Plant Sci., 160: 105-112.
88. Li, Z.Y. and Chen, S.Y. (2000). Differential accumulation of the SAMDC transcript in rice seedlings in response to salt and drought dtresses. Theor. Appl. Genet., 100: 782-788.
89. Liang, Y-L. and Lur, H-S. (2002). Conjugated and free polyamines in normal and aborting maize kernels. Crop Sci., 42:1217-1224.
90. Machatschke, S., Kamrowski, C., Moerschbacher, B.M. and Reisner, H.J. (1990). Polyamine levels in stem rust infected wheat leaves and effects of difluoromethylornithine on fungal infection. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol., 36: 451-460.
91. Malmberg, R.L. and McIndoo, J. (1983). Abnormal floral development of a tobacco mutant with elevated polyamine levels. Nature., 305: 623-625.
92. Malmberg, R.L., Mcindoo, J., Hiatt, A.C. and Lowe, B.A. (1985). Genetics of polyamine synthesis in tobacco: Developmental switches in flower, Cold Spring Harbour Symp. 50: 475-482.
93. Martinez-Romero, D., Valero, D., Serrano, M., Burl, F., Carbonell, A., Burgos, L. and Riquelme, F. (2000). Exogenous polyamines and gibberellic acid effects on peach (Prunus persica L.) storability improvement. J. Food Sci., 65: 288-294.
94. Martinez-Romero, D., Serrano, M., Carbonell, A., Burgos, L., Riquelme, F. and Valero, D. (2002). Effects of postharvest putrescine treatment on extending shelf life and reducing mechanical damage in apricot. J. Food Sci., 67:1706-1712.
95. Martinez-Tellez, M.A., Ramos-Clamont, M.G., Gardea, A.A. and Vargas-Aripsuro, I. (2002). Effect of infiltered polyamines on polygalacturonase activity and chilling injury response in Zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo L). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 295: 98-101.
96. Martin-Tanguy, J. (1985). The occurrence and possible function of hydroxycinnamoyl acid amides in plants. Plant Growth Regul., 3: 381-399.
97. Martin-Tanguy, J. (2001). Metabolism and functions of polyamines in plants: recent developments (new approaches) Plant Growth Regul., 34: 135-148.
98. Martin-Tanguy, J., Perdrizet, E. and Martin, C. (1982). Hydroxycinnamic acid amides in fertile and cytoplasmic male sterile lines of maize. Phytochemistry, 21: 1939-1945.
99. Masgrau, C., Altabella, T., Fareas, R., Flores, D., Thompson, A.J., Besford, R.T. and Tiburcio, A.F. (1997). Inducible over expression of oat arginine decarboxylase in transgenic tobacco plants. Plant J., 11: 465-473.
100. Mehta, R., Cassol, T., Li, N., Ali, N., Handa, A.K. and Mattoo, A.K. (2002). Engineered polyamine accumulation in tomato enhances phytonutrient content, juice quality, and vine life. Nat. Biotech., 20: 613-618.
101. Minocha, S.C. and Minocha, R. (1995). Role of polyamines in somatic embryogenesis. In: Biotechnology in Agriculture and forestry, Somatic Embryogenesis and Synthetic Seeds I (Bajaj YPS, ed) Vol. 30, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 53-70.
102. Miyamoto, S., Kashiwagi, K., Ito, K., Watanabe, S. and Igarashi, K. (1993). Estimation of polyamine distribution and polyamine stimulation of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 300: 63-68.
103. Mo, H. and Pua, E.C. (2002). Up-regulation of arginine decarboxylase gene expression and accumulation of polyamines in mustard (Brassica juncea) in response to stress. Physiol. Plant., 114: 431-445.
104. Montague, M.J., Koppenbrink, J.W. and Jaworski, E.G. (1978). Polyamine metablism in embryogenic cells of Daucus carota . I. Changes in intracellular levels and rate of synthesis. Plant Physiol., 62: 430-433.
105. Moyano, E., Jouhikainen, K., Tammela, P., Palazon, J., Cusido, R.M., Pinol, M.T., Teeri, T.H., Oksman-Caldentey, K.M. (2003). Effect of pmt gene overexpression on tropane alkaloid production in transformed root cultures of Datura metel and Hyoscyamus muticus. J. Exp. Bot., 54: 203-211.
106. Narula, A., Kumar, S.V., Pande, D., Srivastava, P.S. and Rajam, M.V. (2004). Agrobacterium mediated transfer of arginine decarboxylase and ornithine decarboxylase genes to Datura innoxia enhances shoot regeneration and hyoscyamine biosynthesis. J. Plant Biochem. Biotech., 13: 127-130.
107. Navakoudis, E., Lutz, C., Langebartels, C., Lutz-Meindl, U. and Kotzabasis, K. (2003). Ozone impact on the photosynthetic apparatus and the protective role of polyamines. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1621:160-169.
108. Negrel, J. and Smith, T.A. (1984). The oxidation of p-coumaroylagmatine in barley seedling extracts in the presence of hydrogen peroxide or thiols. Phytochem., 23: 739-741.
109. Negrel, J., Vallee, J.C. and Martin, C. (1984). Ornithine decarboxylase activity and the hypersensitive reaction of tobacco mosaic virus in Nicotiana tabacum. Phytochem., 23: 2747-2751.
110. Noh, W.N. and Minocha, S.C. (1994). Expression of a human S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase cDNA in transgenic tobacco and its effects on polyamine biosynthesis. Transgenic Res., 3: 26-35.
111. Noury, M., Bassie, L., Lepri, O., Kurek, I., Christou, P. and Capell, T. (2000). A transgenic rice cell lineage expressing that oat arginine decarboxylase (adc) cDNA constitutively accumulates putrescine in callus and seeds but not in vegetative tissues. Plant Mol. Biol., 43: 537-544.
112. Ozawa, T. and Tsuji, T. (1993). A possible role for polyamines in the repression of growth of Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteriods in soybean nodules, Plant Cell Physiol., 34: 899-904.
113. Pandey, S., Ranade, T.A., Nagar, P.K. and Kumar, N. (2000). Role of polyamines and ethylene as modulators of plant senescence. J. Biosci., 25, 291-299.
114. Panicot, M., Masgrau, C., Borrell, A., Corderio, A., Tiburcio, A.F. and Altabella, T. (2002). Effects of putrescine accumulation in tobacco transgenic plants with different expression levels of oat arginine decarboxylase. Physiol Plant., 114: 281-287.
115. Pedros, A.R., MacLeod, M.R., Ross, H.A., McRae, D., Tiburcio, A.F., Davies, H.V. and Taylor, M.A. (1999). Manipulation of S-adenosylmetrhionine decarboxylase activity in potato tubers. An increase in activity leads to an increase in tuber number and a change in tuber size distribution. Planta, 209: 153-160.
116. Pegg, A.E., McCann, P.P. and Sjoerdsma, A. (1989). Inhibition polyamine biosynthesis and function as an approach to drug design. In: Palfreyman MG, McCann PP, Lovenberg W, Temple Jr., JG and Sjoerdsma A (Eds). Academic Press, San Diego, pp 157-183.
117. Perez-Vicent, A., Martinez-Romero, D., Carbonell, A., serrano, M., Riquelme, F., Guillen, F. and Valero, D. (2002). Role of polyamines in extending shelf life and the reduction of mechanical damage during plum (Prunus salicina Lindl) storage. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 25: 25-32.
118. Prabhavathi, V. (2003). Pathway engineering of mannitol and polyamines for abiotic stress tolerance in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). PhD Thesis, University of Delhi.
119. Pua, E.C., Sim, G.E., Chi, G.L. and Kong, L.F. (1996). Synergistic effect of ethylene inhibitors and putresine on shoot regeneration from hypocotyl explants of Chinese radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. longipinnatus Balley) in vitro. Plant Cell Rep., 15: 685-690.
120. Rabiti, A.L., Betti, L., Bortolotti, C., Marini, F., Canova, A., Bagni, N. and Torrigiani, P. (1998). Short- term polyamine response in TMV-inoculated hypersensitive and susceptible tobacco plants, New Phytol., 139: 549-553.
121. Rajam, M.V. (1989). Restriction of pollen germination and tube growth in lily pollen by inhibitors of polyamine metabolism. Plant Sci., 59: 53-56.
122. Rajam, M.V. (1991). Insecticidal activity of inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis in Spodoptera litura F. larvae. Ind. J. Exp. Biol., 29: 881-882.
123. Rajam, M.V. (1993). Polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors: New protectants against fungal plant diseases, Curr. Sci., 65: 461-469.
124. Rajam, M.V. (1997). Polyamines. In: Plant Ecophysiology (Prasad MNV, Ed). John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp 343-374.
125. Rajam, M.V. and Bharti. (1998). Polyamine biosynthetic enzymes as targets for chemotherapy, In: Microbes: For health and sustainable environment (Verma A ed) Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi, pp. 139-157.
126. Rajam, M.V. and Galston, A.W. (1985). Effects of some polyamine biosynthetic inhibitors on growth and morphology of phytopathogenic fungi. Plant Cell Physiol., 26: 683-692.
127. Rajam, M.V., Weinstein, L.H. and Galston, A.W. (1985). Prevention of a plant disease by specific inhibition of fungal polyamine biosynthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 82: 6874-6878.
128. Rajam, M.V., Shoeb, F. and Yadav, J.S. (1998a). Polyamines as modulators of plant regeneration in tissue cultures. In: Srivastava P.S. (ed) Plant Tissue Culture and Molecular Biology: Applications and Prospects. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, India, pp. 620-641.
129. Rajam, M.V., Dagar, S., Waie, B., Yadav, J.S., Kumar, P.A., Shoeb, F. and Kumria, R. (1998b). Genetic engineering of polyamine and carbohydrate metabolism for osmotic stress tolerance in higher plants, J. Biosci., 23: 473-482.
130. Rajam, M.V., Kumria, R. and Singh, S. (2004). Molecular biology and genetic engineering of polyamines in plants. In: Srivastava et al., (eds.) Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Markers, Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi, India, 60-77.
131. Rajasekaran, L.R. and Blake, T.J. (1999). New plant growth regulators: Protect photosynthesis and enhance growth under drought of jack pine seedlings. Plant Growth Regul., 18: 175-181.
132. Rea, G., de Pinto, M.C., Tawazza, R., Biondi, S., Gobbi, V., Ferrante, P., de Garra, L., Federico, R., Angelini, R. and Tawladoraki, P. (2004). Ectopic expression of maize polyamine oxidase and pea copper amine oxidase in the cell wall of tobacco plants. Plant Physiol., 134: 1414-1426.
133. Richards, F.J. and Coleman, R.G. (1952). Occurrence of putrescine in potassium deficient barley, Nature, 170: 460.
134. Rothe, G., Hachiya, A., Yamada, Y., Hashimoto, T. and Drager, B. (2003). Alkaloids in plants and root cultures of Atropa belladonna overexpressing putrescine N-methyltransferase. J. Exp. Bot., 54: 2065-2070.
135. Roux, S.J. (1993). Casein Kinase -2 type protein kinases in plants- possible targets of polyamine action during growth regulation. Plant Growth Regul., 12: 189-193.
136. Roy, M. and Wu, R. (2001). Arginine decarboxylase transgene expression and analysis of environmental stress tolerance in transgenic rice. Pant Sci., 160: 869-875.
137. Roy, M. and Wu, R. (2002). Over expression of S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase gene in transgenic rice increases polyamine level and sodium chloride stress tolerance. Plant Sci., 163: 987-992.
138. Sato, H., Hashimoto, T., Hachiya, A., Tamura, K., Choi, K-B., Morishige, T., Fujimoto, H. and Yamada, Y. (2000). Metabolic engineering of plant alkaloid biosynthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 98: 367-372.
139. Scoccianti, V., Sgarbi, E., Fraternale, D. and Biondi, S. (2000). Organogenesis from Solanum melongena L. (eggplant) cotyledon explants is associated with hormone modulation of polyamine biosynthesis and counjugation. Protoplasma, 211: 51-63.
140. Serafini-Fracassini, D., Del Duca, S. and Benianti, S. (1995). Plant transglutaminases. Phytochem., 40: 355-365.
141. Serrano, M., Martinez-Madrid, M.C., Romojaro, F. and Riquelme, F. (1995). Endogenous polyamines and abscisic acid in pepper fruits during growth and ripening. Physiol. Plant., 95: 73-76.
142. Sharma, M.L. (1999). Polyamine metabolism under abiotic stress in higher plants: salinity drought and high temperature. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants, 5: 103-113.
143. Sharma, M.L. and Ali, M. (1998). Polyamines as modulators of soybean productivity. J. Agron. Crop Sci., 181:189-191.
144. Sharma, P. and Rajam, M.V. (1995). Spatial and temporal changes in endogenous polyamine levels associated with somatic embryogenesis from different hypocotyl segments of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). J. Plant Physiol., 146: 658-664.
145. Shen, W., Nada, K. and Tachibana, S. (2000). Involvement of polyamines in the chilling tolerance of cucumber cultivars. Plant Physiol., 124: 431-439.
146. Shoeb, F., Yadav, J.S., Bajaj, S. and Rajam, M.V. (2001). Polyamines as biomarkers for plant regeneration capacity : improvement of regenerationby modulation of polyamine metabolism in different genotypes of indica rice. Plant Sci., 160: 1229-1235.
147. Singh, Z. and Singh, L. (1995). Increased fruit set and retention in mango with exogenous application of polyamines. J. Hort. Sci., 70: 271-277.
148. Sinha, M. and Rajam, M.V. (1992). Control of zoopathogenic fungi in vitro by polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors. Ind. J. Exp. Biol., 30: 538-540.
149. Slocum, R.D., Kaur-Shawney, R. and Galston, A.W. (1984). The physiology and biochemistry of polyamines in plants. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 235: 283-303.
150. Slocum, R.D. and Weinstein, L.H. (1991). In: Polyamines and ethylene: Biochemistry, physiology and interactions (Flores HE, Arteca RN,Shanon JC; eds). American Society of Plant Physiologists. pp- 157-165.
151. Smith, T.A. (1990). Plant polyamines-metabolism and functions. In: Polyamines and ethylene: Biochemistry, physiology, and interactions. (Flores HE, Arteca RN,Shannon JC. eds.) AmericanSociety of Plant physiologists. Rockville, pp 1-23.
152. Srivastava, S.K., Vashi, D.J. and Naik, B.I. (1983). Control of senescence by polyamines and guanidines in young and mature barley leaves. Phytochem., 22: 2151-2154.
153. Tabet, M., Labroo, V., Sheppard, P. and Sasaki, T. (1993). Spermine induced conformational changes of a synthetic peptide. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115: 3866-3868.
154. Tadolini, B. (1998). Polyamine inhibition of lipoperoxidation: the influence of polyamines on iron oxidation in the presence of compounds mimicking phospholipid polar heads. Biochem J., 249: 33-36.
155. Tassoni, A., Antognoni, F., Battistini, M.L., Savindo, O. and Bagni, N. (1998). Characterization of spermidine binding to solubilized plasma membrane proteins from zucchini hypocotyls. Plant Physiol., 117: 971-977.
156. Thomas, T. and Thomas, T.J. (2001). Polyamines in cell growth and cell death: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic applications. Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 58: 244-258.
157. Thu-Hang, P., Bassie, L., Safwat, G., Trung-Nghia, P., Christou, P. and Capell, T. (2002). Expression of heterologous S-Adenosyl methionine decarboxylase cDNA in plants demonstrates that S-adenosyl-L- methionine decarboxylase activity determine levels of the higher polyamines spermidine and spermine. Plant Physiol., 129: 1744-1754.
158. Tiburcio, A.F., Masdeu, M.A., Dumortier, F.M. and Galston, A.W. (1986). Polyamine metabolism and osmotic stress, Plant Physiol., 82: 369-374.
159. Tiburcio, A.F., Kaur-Sawney, R. and Galston, A.W. (1987). Effect of polyamine biosynthetic inhibitors on alkaloids and organogenesis in tobacco callus cultures. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult., 9: 111-120.
160. Trung-Nghia, P., Bassie, L., Safwat, G., Thu-Hang, P., Lepri, O., Rocha, P., Christou, P. and Capell, T. (2003). Reduction in the endogenous arginine decarboxylase transcript levels in rice leads to depletion of the putrescine and spermidine pools with no concomitant changes in the expression of downstream genes in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway. Planta, 218:125-134
161. Valero, D., Martinez-Romero, D. and Serrano, M. (2002). The role of polyamines in the improvement of the shelf life of fruit. Food Sci. Technol., 13: 228-234.
162. Valero, D., Martinez-Romero, D., Serrano, M. and Riquelme, F. (1998). Polyamine response to external mechanical bruising in two mandarin cultivars. Hort Sci., 33: 1220-1223.
163. Velicova, V., Yardonav, I. and Edreva, A. (2000). Oxidative stress and some anti oxidant system in acid rain -treated bean plants. Protective role of exogenous polyamines. Plant Sci., 151: 59-66.
164. Waie, B. (2001) Genetic engineering of polyamine metabolism for osmotic stress tolerance in rice and tobacco. PhD Thesis, University of Delhi.
165. Waie, B. and Rajam, M.V. (2003). Effect of increased polyamine
166. Walden, E., Cordeiro, A. and Tiburcio, A.R. (1997). Polyamines : small molecules triggering pathways in plant growth and development. Plant Physiol., 113: 1009-1013.
167. Walters, D.R. (1989). Polyamines and plant disease. Plants Today, 2: 22-26.
168. Walters, D.R. (2003). Polyamines and plant diseases. Phytochem., 64: 97-107.
169. Wang, S.P., Song, C.B., Li, L.C. and Zang, Y.M. (1996). Physiological functions of polyamine during blossoming and fruit setting in apple. Acta Hort.Sin., 23: 319-325
170. Watson, M.B. and Malmberg, R.L. (1996). Regulation of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) heynh arginine decarboxylase by potassium deficiency stress. Plant Physiol., 111: 1077-1083.
171. Willadino, L., Camara, T., Boget, N., Claparols, I., Santos, M. and Torne, J.M. (1996). Polyamine and free aminoacid variations in NaCl treated embryogenic maize callus from sensitive and resistant cultivars. J. Plant. Physiol., 149: 179-185.
172. Wisniewski, J.P. and Brewin, N.J. (2000). Construction of transgenic pea lines with modified expression of diamine oxydase and modified nodulation responses with exogenous putrescine. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact., 13: 922-928.
173. Yadav, J.S. and Rajam, M.V. (1997). Spatial distribution and temporal changes in free and bound polyamines in leaves of Solanum melongena L. associated with differential morphogenetic capacity: efficient somatic embryogenesis with putrescine. J. Exp. Bot., 48: 1537-1545.
174. Yadav, J.S. and Rajam, M.V. (1998). Temporal regulation of somatic embryogenesis by adjusting cellular polyamine content in eggplant. Plant Physiol., 116: 617-625.
175. Yang, J.C., Zu, Q.S., Wang, Z.Q. and Cao, X.Z. (1996). Polyamines in developing rice grain and their relationship with grain filling. Chin. Rice News Lett., 4:5
176. Ye, X.S., Avdishko, S.A. and Kuc, J. (1994). Effect of polyamines on in vitro phosphorylation of soluble pasma membrane proteins in tobacco, and Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Sci., 97: 109-118.
177. Yoshida, M., Meksuriyen, D., Kasshiwagi, K., Kawai, G. and Igarashi, K. (1999). Polyamine stimulation of the synthesis of the oligopeptide binding protein (OppA). Involvement of a structural change of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and the initiation codon aug in oppa mRNA. J. Biol. Chem., 274: 22723-22728.
178. 38 subunit by suppression of an amber termination codon in the open reading frame. J. Biol. Chem., 277: 37139-37146.
179. Young, N.D. and Galston, A.W. (1984). Physiological control of arginine decarboxylase activity in K-deficient oat shoots, Plant Physiol., 76: 331-335.
180. Zuzunaga, M., Serrano, M., MartInez-Romero, D., Valero, D. and Riquelme, F. (2001). Comparative study of two plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) cultivars during growth and ripening. Food Sci. Technol. Internat., 7: 123-130.