-
1
-
-
0036869473
-
Andean impasses
-
November-December
-
Jeremy Adelman, 'Andean Impasses', New Left Review, 18 (November-December 2002), p. 41.
-
(2002)
New Left Review
, vol.18
, pp. 41
-
-
Adelman, J.1
-
2
-
-
33745318269
-
-
November
-
Adelman's thoughtful article illustrates the difficulties of comparative political analysis in the Andean region - the origins of instability and correlation of social forces in contemporary Colombia, Peru and Venezuela (as well as Bolivia), vary significantly and are highly complex, rendering attempts to find commonalities problematic. For a recent survey of literature on 'falled states', see the special issue of Development and Change, 33: 5 (November 2002).
-
(2002)
Development and Change
, vol.33
, Issue.5
-
-
-
6
-
-
84923424946
-
-
Boulder, CO, Lynne Rienner
-
and Carol Graham, Peru's APRA: Parties, Politics, and the Elusive Quest for Democracy, Boulder, CO, Lynne Rienner, 1992.
-
(1992)
Peru's APRA: Parties, Politics, and the Elusive Quest for Democracy
-
-
Graham, C.1
-
7
-
-
26244468263
-
-
Barcelona, Editorial Seix Barral
-
A personal account of the 1990 elections can be found in Mario Vargas Llosa, El pez en el agua, Barcelona, Editorial Seix Barral, 1993.
-
(1993)
El Pez en el Agua
-
-
Llosa, M.V.1
-
9
-
-
0004476127
-
-
Maxwell Cameron and Philip Mauceri (eds), Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State University Press
-
Maxwell Cameron and Philip Mauceri (eds), The Peruvian Labyrinth: Politics, Society, Economy, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997;
-
(1997)
The Peruvian Labyrinth: Politics, Society, Economy
-
-
-
10
-
-
0003828517
-
-
John Crabtree and Jim Thomas (eds), London, Institute of Latin American Studies
-
John Crabtree and Jim Thomas (eds), Fujimori's Peru: The Political Economy, London, Institute of Latin American Studies, 1998;
-
(1998)
Fujimori's Peru: the Political Economy
-
-
-
14
-
-
0030324713
-
Neopopulism and neoliberalism in latin america: Unexpected affinities
-
Fall
-
Kurt Weyland, 'Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America: Unexpected Affinities', Studies in Comparative International Development, 31: 3 (Fall 1996), pp. 3-31;
-
(1996)
Studies in Comparative International Development
, vol.31
, Issue.3
, pp. 3-31
-
-
Weyland, K.1
-
15
-
-
0034009659
-
Populisms old and new: The peruvian case
-
April
-
John Crabtree, 'Populisms Old and New: The Peruvian Case', Bulletin of Latin American Research, 19: 2 (April 2000), pp. 163-76;
-
(2000)
Bulletin of Latin American Research
, vol.19
, Issue.2
, pp. 163-176
-
-
Crabtree, J.1
-
16
-
-
1842437462
-
Delegative democracy
-
January
-
Guillermo O'Donnell, 'Delegative Democracy', Journal of Democracy, 5 (January 1994), pp. 55-69;
-
(1994)
Journal of Democracy
, vol.5
, pp. 55-69
-
-
O'Donnell, G.1
-
17
-
-
84937264039
-
The emergence of "guardian democracy"
-
November
-
Patrice McSherry, 'The Emergence of "Guardian Democracy"', NACLA Report on the Americas, 32: 3 (November 1998), pp. 16-24;
-
(1998)
NACLA Report on the Americas
, vol.32
, Issue.3
, pp. 16-24
-
-
McSherry, P.1
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18
-
-
0004616144
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The rise of illiberal democracy
-
November
-
Fareed Zakaria, 'The Rise of Illiberal Democracy', Foreign Affairs, 76: 6 (November 1997), pp. 22-44;
-
(1997)
Foreign Affairs
, vol.76
, Issue.6
, pp. 22-44
-
-
Zakaria, F.1
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19
-
-
0001265182
-
Democracy with adjectives: Conceptual innovation in comparative research
-
April
-
David Collier and Steven Levitsky, 'Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research', World Politics, 49: 3 (April 1997), pp. 430-51;
-
(1997)
World Politics
, vol.49
, Issue.3
, pp. 430-451
-
-
Collier, D.1
Levitsky, S.2
-
20
-
-
0009889521
-
State policy and social conflict in Peru
-
Cameron and Mauceri (eds)
-
Carol Wise, 'State Policy and Social Conflict in Peru', in Cameron and Mauceri (eds), The Peruvian Labyrinth, pp. 70-103;
-
The Peruvian Labyrinth
, pp. 70-103
-
-
Wise, C.1
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21
-
-
84937337342
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The montesinos virus
-
Winter
-
and Adam Michnik, 'The Montesinos Virus', Social Research, 68: 4 (Winter 2001), pp. 905-16.
-
(2001)
Social Research
, vol.68
, Issue.4
, pp. 905-916
-
-
Michnik, A.1
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22
-
-
0034357433
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Patterns of electoral corruption in Peru: The april 2000 general election
-
December
-
Accounts of the 2000 elections and their immediate aftermath can be found in Lewis Taylor, 'Patterns of Electoral Corruption in Peru: The April 2000 General Election', Crime, Law and Social Change, 34: 4 (December 2000), pp. 391-415;
-
(2000)
Crime, Law and Social Change
, vol.34
, Issue.4
, pp. 391-415
-
-
Taylor, L.1
-
23
-
-
84937339327
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'Alberto Fujimori's Peripeteia: From "re-reelección" to regime collapse'
-
April
-
and Lewis Taylor, 'Alberto Fujimori's Peripeteia: From "re-reelección" to regime collapse', European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 70 (April 2001), pp. 3-24.
-
(2001)
European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies
, vol.70
, pp. 3-24
-
-
Taylor, L.1
-
24
-
-
25044442799
-
-
23 April
-
Polling data from the Apoyo agency published in El Comercio, 23 April 2001, indicated that voter approval regarding the conduct of ONPE and the National Electoral Tribunal, both highly questioned organizations under Fujimori, stood at 74 and 71 per cent respectively. The president's personal standing registered 68 per cent, that of his government 62 per cent; a substantial 42 per cent wanted Paniagua to remain in office.
-
(2001)
El Comercio
-
-
-
25
-
-
25044442799
-
-
23 January
-
El Comercio, 23 January 2001.
-
(2001)
El Comercio
-
-
-
26
-
-
0002350757
-
-
Occasional Paper No. 12, London, Institute of Latin American Studies
-
Such attitudes had been spread initially by the actions of incompetent governments in the 1980s, which produced a collapse of the party system. They were encouraged by Fujimori throughout the 1990s as a ploy to neutralize potential opposition. On this, see John Crabtree, The 1995 Election in Peru: End of the Road for the Party System?, Occasional Paper No. 12, London, Institute of Latin American Studies, 1995;
-
(1995)
The 1995 Election in Peru: End of the Road for the Party System?
-
-
Crabtree, J.1
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28
-
-
25044442799
-
-
18 January
-
El Comercio, 18 January 2001.
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(2001)
El Comercio
-
-
-
29
-
-
33745295980
-
-
19 April
-
On this incident, see Caretas, 1615 (19 April 2000);
-
(2000)
Caretas
, vol.1615
-
-
-
30
-
-
33745302301
-
-
22 March
-
Caretas 1662 (22 March 2001);
-
(2001)
Caretas
, vol.1662
-
-
-
31
-
-
33745303171
-
-
29 March
-
Caretas 1663 (29 March 2001)
-
(2001)
Caretas
, vol.1663
-
-
-
32
-
-
33745323934
-
-
22 March 23 March 2001.
-
and the reports in La República and El Comercio, 22 March 2001 and 23 March 2001.
-
(2001)
La República and El Comercio
-
-
-
33
-
-
25044442799
-
-
3 February
-
Early opinion polls indicated that 65 per cent would 'definitely not' support the APRA candidate, while a substantial 74 per cent stated that García's pronouncements were 'not believable'. El Comercio, 3 February 2001.
-
(2001)
El Comercio
-
-
-
34
-
-
25044442799
-
-
12 March
-
El Comercio, 12 March 2001.
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(2001)
El Comercio
-
-
-
35
-
-
33745299903
-
-
26 February
-
The level of voter rejection towards García fell from 74 per cent to 46 per cent in the month following his return to Peru. Caretas, 1658 (26 February 2001).
-
(2001)
Caretas
, vol.1658
-
-
-
36
-
-
33745316237
-
-
note
-
FIM presidential candidate, Fernando Olivera, had built his reputation during the 1990s by fulminating consistently against political corruption. This included a personal crusade directed at ex-president García, conducted via protracted parliamentary investigations into allegations of personal enrichment and foreign bank accounts. While only a small percentage of the FIM's supporters would have found an alternative home in APRA, Olivera wrested many votes from Toledo and Flores.
-
-
-
-
37
-
-
25044442799
-
-
5 June
-
El Comercio, 5 June 2001.
-
(2001)
El Comercio
-
-
-
38
-
-
33745297461
-
-
6 June
-
La República, 6 June 2001.
-
(2001)
La República
-
-
-
39
-
-
12344321460
-
-
16 May
-
El Comercio, 16 May 2004. The poll was conducted among electors in Lima.
-
(2004)
El Comercio
-
-
-
40
-
-
33745311883
-
-
note
-
Peru's deep ethnic and class divisions compound the negative impact of Toledo's personal foibles, for his behaviour is subjected to intense scrutiny and ridicule by a Lima-based media. Television and the press are staffed largely with coastal Spanish-speaking white or mortizo journalists of elite or middle-class extraction, who focus obsessively on the president's humble Andean peasant background. Toledo's accent and errors in syntax form the topic of extensive comment and generate much derision around dinner tables in well-heeled neighbourhoods. On occasions the abuse goes beyond the normal rough-and-tumble of everyday politics (one satirical piece labelled Toledo a 'shitty half breed'). His red-haired partner is also targeted regularly, being referred to as 'the raw carrot', 'the crazy carrot', 'the raging carrot' and similar jibes. Fujimori would not have tolerated such mockery. It undermines Toledo's standing, but is an indication of greater press freedom.
-
-
-
-
41
-
-
33745316449
-
-
January
-
Figures in this paragraph are taken from the Economist Intelligence Unit, Peru Country Report, January 2004.
-
(2004)
Peru Country Report
-
-
-
42
-
-
33745297670
-
-
2 June
-
On the rift between investment/economic growth and employment/incomes, see the article by eminent Peruvian economist Javier Iguíñiz published in La República, 2 June 2003.
-
(2003)
La República
-
-
-
43
-
-
33745297038
-
-
13 June
-
Caretas, 1776 (13 June 2003);
-
(2003)
Caretas
, vol.1776
-
-
-
45
-
-
33745305265
-
-
16 May
-
El Camercio, 16 May 2004.
-
(2004)
El Camercio
-
-
-
46
-
-
33745297461
-
-
14 October
-
On the question of military reform, see the interview with Defence Minister David Waisman in La República, 14 October 2001. The following examples illustrate recent changes in civilian-military relations. After the televising (5 April 2001) of a video showing scores of high-ranking military personnel signing a pledge of loyalty to Fujimori-Montesinos and the 5 April 1992 autogolpe that dissolved Congress, the army chief of staff broadcast a public apology, promised reform of the institution and a commitment to democracy. A purge of Montesinos loyalists sent 486 officers into retirement in December 2001. March-April 2002 saw an arms sale involving the air force closely scrutinized by the Congress Audit Commission. This has become regular procedure. Arms deals conducted under Fujimori's watch (when no auditing occurred) are being investigated and comprise part of the prosecution case in trials against disgraced ex-generals. In November 2002, ex-major Santiago Martín and other members of the 'Grupo Colina' paramilitary death squad (allegedly responsible for 35 killings and 15 disappearances in the early 1990s), were arrested and proceedings opened against them. On the military during the 1990s,
-
(2001)
La República
-
-
-
49
-
-
33745311882
-
-
3 May
-
In a typical opinion poll, 88.4 per cent of respondents voiced preference for a democratic polity, some 7.6 per cent for an authoritarian government. El Comercio, 3 May 2003.
-
(2003)
El Comercio
-
-
-
50
-
-
0036115950
-
Political support, political skepticism, and political stability in new democracies: An empirical examination of mass support for coups d'état in Peru
-
February
-
On the authoritarian tradition in Peruvian politics, see Mitchell Seligson and Julio Carrión, 'Political Support, Political Skepticism, and Political Stability in New Democracies: An Empirical Examination of Mass Support for Coups d'État in Peru', Comparative Political Studies, 35: 1 (February 2002), pp. 58-82.
-
(2002)
Comparative Political Studies
, vol.35
, Issue.1
, pp. 58-82
-
-
Seligson, M.1
Carrión, J.2
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52
-
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33745323513
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We want this government to complete its term and that's what will happen. Alan García has reiterated this when Toledo's approval rating has been very low and rumours of a conspiracy circulated
-
18 December
-
In the words of APRA veteran Armando Villanueva, 'We want this government to complete its term and that's what will happen. Alan García has reiterated this when Toledo's approval rating has been very low and rumours of a conspiracy circulated'. Expreso, 18 December 2002.
-
(2002)
Expreso
-
-
Villanueva, A.1
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53
-
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33745291355
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-
Felipe Agüero and Jeffery Stark (eds), Miami, University of Miami Press
-
Felipe Agüero and Jeffery Stark (eds), Fault Lines of Democracy in Post-Transition Latin America, Miami, University of Miami Press, 1998, p. 2;
-
(1998)
Fault Lines of Democracy in Post-transition Latin America
, pp. 2
-
-
-
55
-
-
55149121711
-
-
Scott Mainwaring and Christopher Welna (eds), Oxford, Oxford University Press
-
On accountability, see Scott Mainwaring and Christopher Welna (eds), Democratic Accountability in Latin America, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003.
-
(2003)
Democratic Accountability in Latin America
-
-
-
56
-
-
0002428069
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Horizontal accountability in new democracies
-
Andreas Schedler et al. (eds), Boulder, CO, Lynne Rienner
-
On continuing military influence, see Guillermo O'Donnell, 'Horizontal Accountability in New Democracies', in Andreas Schedler et al. (eds), The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies, Boulder, CO, Lynne Rienner, 1999, pp. 29-51;
-
(1999)
The Self-restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies
, pp. 29-51
-
-
O'Donnell, G.1
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57
-
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85010134779
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Reflections on contemporary South American democracies
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October
-
Guillermo O'Donnell, 'Reflections on Contemporary South American Democracies', Journal of Latin American Studies, 33: 3 (October 2001), pp. 599-609;
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(2001)
Journal of Latin American Studies
, vol.33
, Issue.3
, pp. 599-609
-
-
O'Donnell, G.1
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58
-
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18744421120
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The new military autonomy in Latin America
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October
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Consuelo Cruz and Rut Diamint, 'The New Military Autonomy in Latin America', Journal of Democracy, 9: 4 (October 1998), pp. 115-27.
-
(1998)
Journal of Democracy
, vol.9
, Issue.4
, pp. 115-127
-
-
Cruz, C.1
Diamint, R.2
-
60
-
-
0009191071
-
-
Collier and Levitsky, 'Democracy with Adjectives', p. 443. Peru's armed forces have contained various ideological strands since the 1930s and relations with civil society have always been more complex than one of straightforward repression (as epitomized by the Velasco regime, 1968-75). In the late 1980s some commanders moved beyond a 'shoot to kill' policy when confronting Sendero Luminoso, initiating a 'hearts and minds' strategy that involved minimizing civilian casualties and arming the population. Since the late 1990s the Ombudsman's office has been running courses on human and citizens' rights among the military and police. An appreciation of levels of awareness on human rights can be attained from Eduardo Fournier, 'Feliciano': captura de un senderista rojo, Lima, NRC Corporación Gráfica, 2002. A former general in the intelligence services, Fournier headed the team that captured the leader of the dissident Sendero Luminoso faction that opted to continue insurrectionary politics after the arrest of Abimael Guzmán. On changes in counter-insurgency practices,
-
Democracy with Adjectives
, pp. 443
-
-
Collier1
Levitsky2
-
61
-
-
0031959880
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Counter-insurgency strategy, the PCP-sendero luminoso and the civil war in Peru, 1980-1996
-
January
-
see Lewis Taylor, 'Counter-insurgency Strategy, the PCP-Sendero Luminoso and the Civil War in Peru, 1980-1996', Bulletin of Latin American Research, 17: 1 (January 1998), pp. 35-58.
-
(1998)
Bulletin of Latin American Research
, vol.17
, Issue.1
, pp. 35-58
-
-
Taylor, L.1
-
62
-
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0038456538
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Democratization studies: Citizenship, globalization and governance
-
Jean Grugel, 'Democratization Studies: Citizenship, Globalization and Governance', Government and Opposition, 38: 2 (2003), p. 250.
-
(2003)
Government and Opposition
, vol.38
, Issue.2
, pp. 250
-
-
Grugel, J.1
-
63
-
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33745308908
-
-
May
-
On the Citizen Watch movement, see Peru Solidarity Forum, 37 (May 2003). 'Judicial Watch' (Vigilancia de Justicia) groups are currently being established to monitor provincial courts and improve their performance. An informed discussion of recent initiatives in the area of judicial reform is provided via the 'Justicia Viva' series circulated by the Instituto de Defensa Legal at ideelemail@idl.org.pe.
-
(2003)
Peru Solidarity Forum
, vol.37
-
-
-
64
-
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33745317098
-
-
note
-
One high-profile case of media control under Fujimori involved the owner of TV Channel 2, Baruch Ivcher, who was stripped of his citizenship and business in June 1997, after his station transmitted accusations embarrassing to the regime. In the runup to the 2000 elections, Montesinos distributed $180,000 per week to buy support from the publishers of seven tabloids. The owner of national daily Expreso, Eduardo Calmell del Solar, was captured on video receiving a payment of $1 million from Montesinos in return for supporting Fujimori's third presidential campaign. Calmell and fellow members of the business community are in prison and facing trial, while others in exile attempt to keep one step ahead of Interpol.
-
-
-
-
65
-
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77949408036
-
-
O'Donnell, 'Reflections', p. 607. Advances and retreats have occurred in the reform of state institutions, with criticism regularly being made about the pace of change. However, momentum over the past three years has clearly been in a forward direction vis-à-vis the military, police, legal system, local government, fiscal management, tax collection and related areas of public administration.
-
Reflections
, pp. 607
-
-
O'Donnell1
-
66
-
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0003405706
-
-
Boulder, CO, Lynne Rienner
-
Larry Diamond et al., Democracy in Developing Countries: Latin America, Boulder, CO, Lynne Rienner, 1999, pp. 25-9;
-
(1999)
Democracy in Developing Countries: Latin America
, pp. 25-29
-
-
Diamond, L.1
-
67
-
-
0142026239
-
Democracy without parties? Political parties and regime change in Fujimori's Peru
-
Fall
-
Steven Levitsky and Maxwell Cameron, 'Democracy Without Parties? Political Parties and Regime Change in Fujimori's Peru', Latin American Politics and Society, 45: 3 (Fall 2003), pp. 3-5.
-
(2003)
Latin American Politics and Society
, vol.45
, Issue.3
, pp. 3-5
-
-
Levitsky, S.1
Cameron, M.2
-
68
-
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0242467147
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The death and rebirth of a party system, Peru 1978-2001
-
December
-
Charles Kenney, 'The Death and Rebirth of a Party System, Peru 1978-2001', Comparative Political Studies, 36: 10 (December 2003), pp. 1235-6.
-
(2003)
Comparative Political Studies
, vol.36
, Issue.10
, pp. 1235-1236
-
-
Kenney, C.1
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69
-
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33745318105
-
-
note
-
According to one report, 10 PP members of Congress intend to resign and join a new organization, Perú Ahora, established by parliamentarians who left in February 2003. See the anti-Toledo daily Correo, 28 June 2004. Such defections would make the Toledo government more dependent on reaching consensus with APRA and UN to pass legislation through Congress. The potential negative impact on governability led the executive to strive to consolidate the Acuerdo Nacional with opposition political forces during the first semester of 2004.
-
-
-
-
70
-
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12344321460
-
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15 March
-
Throughout Latin America between 1996 and 2001, legislatures, parties and key state institutions have experience a collapse in public confidence. Peru forms part of this wider trend: one recent poll placed the approval rating of Congress at 8 per cent, the executive at 9 per cent and judiciary at 12 per cent. El Comercio, 15 March 2004.
-
(2004)
El Comercio
-
-
-
71
-
-
1942510025
-
Public opinion
-
Jorge Domínguez and Michael Shifter (eds), Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press
-
For the continent-wide data, see Marta Lagos, 'Public Opinion', in Jorge Domínguez and Michael Shifter (eds), Constructing Democratic Governance in Latin America, 2nd edition, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003, p. 145.
-
(2003)
Constructing Democratic Governance in Latin America, 2nd Edition
, pp. 145
-
-
Lagos, M.1
|